算法技术对传统新闻理念的解构与涵化
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摘要
从传统新闻理念的演进到新闻文体的成型都有技术的身影显现。以往,人们习惯于从实用角度审视技术在新闻业的应用,评价技术对新闻生产和传播的作用而容易忽略技术和新闻业的内在关联。随着算法技术在新闻业的运用,它正在影响着传统的新闻理念和新闻生产以及新闻消费。这种影响主要体现在对新闻理念的解构和涵化。算法对新闻理念的解构包括对新闻价值选择、新闻客观理论和新闻伦理规范的解构,算法对新闻理念的涵化体现为对新闻生产、受众心理和新闻伦理的涵化。媒体算法的灵魂是受众。"灵魂"限制了算法技术只是新闻机构逐利的工具,它必须以刚性标准坚持传统的新闻价值和新闻客观标准,将合规、不损害受众利益放在首要地位。
There are technical presences from the evolution of traditional journalism ideology to the formation of news styles. In the past,people used to examine the application of technology in the media industry from a practical perspective,and evaluated the role of technology in news production and dissemination,and easily ignored the inherent relationship between technology and the media industry. With the application of algorithmic technology in journalism,algorithms are affecting traditional journalism ideology and news production as well as news consumption. This influence is mainly reflected in the deconstruction and acculturation of the journalism ideology. The deconstruction of the journalism ideology by the algorithm includes the deconstruction of news value selection,news objective theory and media ethic. The acculturation of the journalism ideology by the algorithm is embodied in the acculturation of news production,audience psychology and media ethic. The soul of the media algorithm is the audience. The audience is the highest goal. " Soul" limits the algorithm technology is only a profit-seeking tool for media companies. It must adhere to the traditional news value and objective standards with rigid standards,and put the compliance and the interests of the audience at the forefront.
There are technical presences from the evolution of traditional journalism ideology to the formation of news styles. In the past,people used to examine the application of technology in the media industry from a practical perspective,and evaluated the role of technology in news production and dissemination,and easily ignored the inherent relationship between technology and the media industry. With the application of algorithmic technology in journalism,algorithms are affecting traditional journalism ideology and news production as well as news consumption. This influence is mainly reflected in the deconstruction and acculturation of the journalism ideology. The deconstruction of the journalism ideology by the algorithm includes the deconstruction of news value selection,news objective theory and media ethic. The acculturation of the journalism ideology by the algorithm is embodied in the acculturation of news production,audience psychology and media ethic. The soul of the media algorithm is the audience. The audience is the highest goal. " Soul" limits the algorithm technology is only a profit-seeking tool for media companies. It must adhere to the traditional news value and objective standards with rigid standards,and put the compliance and the interests of the audience at the forefront.
引文
(1)陶若谷等:《漩涡中的“基因狂人”贺建奎》,新京报网,2018年11月28日。
(2)邹瑞雪:《基因编辑婴儿事件:别让“超级人类”担忧成真》,《新京报》2018年11月28日。
(3)Pavlik,J.V.,New media and news:Implications for the future of journalism,New Media&Society,1(1),54.
(4)Heidegger,The Question Concerning Technology,trans.&ed.By William Lovitt,Harper&Row,1977,p.7.
(5)[美]费斯克等:《关键概念:传播与文化研究辞典》(第二版),李彬译,新华出版社2006年版,第184页。
(6)(41)(45)[美]李普曼:《公众舆论》,阎克文、江红译,上海人民出版社2006年版,第246、240-247、253页。
(7)(21)(46)[德]弗里德里希·拉普:《技术哲学导论》,刘武等译,辽宁科学技术出版社1986年版,第34-35、148、149页。
(8)[加]麦克卢汉:Understanding media:The extensions of man,Cambridge,MA:MIT Press,p.xxi.
(9)[德]弗里德里希·黑格尔:《小逻辑》,李智谋译,重庆出版社2006年版,第52-53页。
(10)[德]卡尔·曼海姆:《意识形态与乌托邦·序言》,黎鸣、李书崇译,商务印书馆2000年版,第10页。
(11)(16)(22)[美]纳尔逊·安特宁·克劳福德:《新闻伦理学》,江作苏、王敏译,中国人民大学出版社2018年版,第43;48、89;157页。
(12)Michael Schudson,The Objectivity Norm in American Journalism,Journalism,2(2)August,2001,pp.149-170.
(13)参见吴飞、田野《新闻专业主义2.0:理念重构》,《国际新闻界》2015年第7期。
(14)郭镇之:《“客观新闻学”》,《新闻与传播研究》1998年第4期。
(15)(25)[美]纳尔逊·安特宁·克劳福德:《新闻伦理学·译者跋》,江作苏、王敏译,中国人民大学出版社2018年版,第189、191页。
(17)[美]利昂·纳尔逊·弗林特:《报纸的良知》,萧严译,中国人民大学出版社2005年版,第87页。
(18)Heidegger,Overcoming Metaphysics,tran.By Joan Stambaugh,ed.By Richard Wollin,The MIT Press,1993,p.75.
(19)参见张祥龙《技术、道术与家---海德格尔批判现代技术本质的意义及局限》,《现代哲学》2016年第5期。
(20)Langdon Winner,Citizen Virtues in a Technological Order,Andrew Feenberg and Alastair Hannay(eds.),Technology and the Politics of Knowledge,Broomington and ndianapolis.Indiana University Press,1995,pp.65-84.
(23)Hackett,Robert A.and Zhao,Yuezhi,Sustaining Democracy?Journalism and the Politics of Objectivity,Toronto:Garamond Press.1998,p.41.
(24)Turner B,Talcott Parsons,Universalism and the educational revolution:democracy versus professionalism,British Journal of Sociology,44,1,pp.1-24.
(26)Mager,A.,Algorithmic Ideology,Information Communication&Society,15(5),pp.269-787.
(27)Viktor Mayer-Schnberger and Kenneth Cukier,Big Data:ARevolution That Will Transform How We Live,Work and Think,New York:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company,pp.34-70.
(28)Yue Zheng,Bu Zhong,Fan Yang,When algorithms meet journalism:The user perception to automated news in a cross-cultural context,Computers in Human Behavior,86(2018),p.273.
(29)Melvin Kranzberg,Technology and History:Kranzberg’s Laws,Technology and Culture,Vol.27.No.3.pp.545。
(30)Daewon Kim,Seongcheol Kim,Newspaper companies'determinants in adopting robot journalism,Technological Forecasting&Social Change?Volume 117,April 2017,p.185.
(31)(32)(42)(49)Lyn Adams Headley,Algorithms and the Organization of Independent Journalism,University of California,2014,p.5,pp.53-54,p.30,pp.25-26.
(33)Gillespie,Tarleton,The Relevance of Algorithms,edited by Tarleton Gillespie,Pablo Boczkowski,and Kirsten Foot,pp.167-194.London:MIT Press.
(34)Mc Bride,Kelly and Tom Rosenstiel,New Guiding Principles for a New Era of Journalism,The New Ethics of Journalism,pp.1-6,Thousand Oaks,CA:CQ Press.
(35)Zion,Lawrie,and David Craig,Ethics for Digital Journalists,E-merging Best Practices,New York:Routledge.
(36)Napoli,Philip M.,Automated Media:An Institutional Theory Perspective on Algorithmic Media Production and Consumption,Communication Theory,(24)3,pp.340-360.
(37)曹卫东:《开放社会及其数据敌人》,《读书》2014年第11期。
(38)[美]保罗·莱文森:《数字麦克卢汉》,何道宽译,社会科学文献出版社2001年版,第262页。
(39)Graefe,A.,Guide to automated journalism,Columbia Journalism Review,p.4.
(40)(48)高兆明、高昊:《信息安全风险防范与算法法则的价值原则---自动驾驶汽车研发的两个实践哲学问题》,《哲学动态》2017年第9期。
(43)Graves T.D.,Psychological acculturation in a tri-ethnic community,Southwestern Journal of Anthropology,1967,23,pp.337-350.
(44)Yue Zheng,Bu Zhong,Fan Yang,When algorithms meet journalism:The user perception to automated news in a cross-cultural context,Computers in Human Behavior,86(2018),pp.266-275.
(47)[美]弗雷德·特纳:《数字乌托邦:从反主流文化到赛博文化》,张行舟译,电子工业出版社2013年版,引言,第VI页。
(50)Zelizer,B.,Terms of Choice:Uncertainty,journalism,and crisis,Journal of Communication,65(5),pp.888-908.
(51)[美]保罗·莱文森:《思想无羁:技术时代的认识论》,何道宽译,南京大学出版社2003年版,第209页。
(52)James Carey,The Press and the Public Discourse,Center Magazine,21March/April1987,4-16,p.15.
(53)段伟文:《基因编辑婴儿亟待刚性生命伦理规制》,《学习时报》2018年12月5日。
(2)邹瑞雪:《基因编辑婴儿事件:别让“超级人类”担忧成真》,《新京报》2018年11月28日。
(3)Pavlik,J.V.,New media and news:Implications for the future of journalism,New Media&Society,1(1),54.
(4)Heidegger,The Question Concerning Technology,trans.&ed.By William Lovitt,Harper&Row,1977,p.7.
(5)[美]费斯克等:《关键概念:传播与文化研究辞典》(第二版),李彬译,新华出版社2006年版,第184页。
(6)(41)(45)[美]李普曼:《公众舆论》,阎克文、江红译,上海人民出版社2006年版,第246、240-247、253页。
(7)(21)(46)[德]弗里德里希·拉普:《技术哲学导论》,刘武等译,辽宁科学技术出版社1986年版,第34-35、148、149页。
(8)[加]麦克卢汉:Understanding media:The extensions of man,Cambridge,MA:MIT Press,p.xxi.
(9)[德]弗里德里希·黑格尔:《小逻辑》,李智谋译,重庆出版社2006年版,第52-53页。
(10)[德]卡尔·曼海姆:《意识形态与乌托邦·序言》,黎鸣、李书崇译,商务印书馆2000年版,第10页。
(11)(16)(22)[美]纳尔逊·安特宁·克劳福德:《新闻伦理学》,江作苏、王敏译,中国人民大学出版社2018年版,第43;48、89;157页。
(12)Michael Schudson,The Objectivity Norm in American Journalism,Journalism,2(2)August,2001,pp.149-170.
(13)参见吴飞、田野《新闻专业主义2.0:理念重构》,《国际新闻界》2015年第7期。
(14)郭镇之:《“客观新闻学”》,《新闻与传播研究》1998年第4期。
(15)(25)[美]纳尔逊·安特宁·克劳福德:《新闻伦理学·译者跋》,江作苏、王敏译,中国人民大学出版社2018年版,第189、191页。
(17)[美]利昂·纳尔逊·弗林特:《报纸的良知》,萧严译,中国人民大学出版社2005年版,第87页。
(18)Heidegger,Overcoming Metaphysics,tran.By Joan Stambaugh,ed.By Richard Wollin,The MIT Press,1993,p.75.
(19)参见张祥龙《技术、道术与家---海德格尔批判现代技术本质的意义及局限》,《现代哲学》2016年第5期。
(20)Langdon Winner,Citizen Virtues in a Technological Order,Andrew Feenberg and Alastair Hannay(eds.),Technology and the Politics of Knowledge,Broomington and ndianapolis.Indiana University Press,1995,pp.65-84.
(23)Hackett,Robert A.and Zhao,Yuezhi,Sustaining Democracy?Journalism and the Politics of Objectivity,Toronto:Garamond Press.1998,p.41.
(24)Turner B,Talcott Parsons,Universalism and the educational revolution:democracy versus professionalism,British Journal of Sociology,44,1,pp.1-24.
(26)Mager,A.,Algorithmic Ideology,Information Communication&Society,15(5),pp.269-787.
(27)Viktor Mayer-Schnberger and Kenneth Cukier,Big Data:ARevolution That Will Transform How We Live,Work and Think,New York:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company,pp.34-70.
(28)Yue Zheng,Bu Zhong,Fan Yang,When algorithms meet journalism:The user perception to automated news in a cross-cultural context,Computers in Human Behavior,86(2018),p.273.
(29)Melvin Kranzberg,Technology and History:Kranzberg’s Laws,Technology and Culture,Vol.27.No.3.pp.545。
(30)Daewon Kim,Seongcheol Kim,Newspaper companies'determinants in adopting robot journalism,Technological Forecasting&Social Change?Volume 117,April 2017,p.185.
(31)(32)(42)(49)Lyn Adams Headley,Algorithms and the Organization of Independent Journalism,University of California,2014,p.5,pp.53-54,p.30,pp.25-26.
(33)Gillespie,Tarleton,The Relevance of Algorithms,edited by Tarleton Gillespie,Pablo Boczkowski,and Kirsten Foot,pp.167-194.London:MIT Press.
(34)Mc Bride,Kelly and Tom Rosenstiel,New Guiding Principles for a New Era of Journalism,The New Ethics of Journalism,pp.1-6,Thousand Oaks,CA:CQ Press.
(35)Zion,Lawrie,and David Craig,Ethics for Digital Journalists,E-merging Best Practices,New York:Routledge.
(36)Napoli,Philip M.,Automated Media:An Institutional Theory Perspective on Algorithmic Media Production and Consumption,Communication Theory,(24)3,pp.340-360.
(37)曹卫东:《开放社会及其数据敌人》,《读书》2014年第11期。
(38)[美]保罗·莱文森:《数字麦克卢汉》,何道宽译,社会科学文献出版社2001年版,第262页。
(39)Graefe,A.,Guide to automated journalism,Columbia Journalism Review,p.4.
(40)(48)高兆明、高昊:《信息安全风险防范与算法法则的价值原则---自动驾驶汽车研发的两个实践哲学问题》,《哲学动态》2017年第9期。
(43)Graves T.D.,Psychological acculturation in a tri-ethnic community,Southwestern Journal of Anthropology,1967,23,pp.337-350.
(44)Yue Zheng,Bu Zhong,Fan Yang,When algorithms meet journalism:The user perception to automated news in a cross-cultural context,Computers in Human Behavior,86(2018),pp.266-275.
(47)[美]弗雷德·特纳:《数字乌托邦:从反主流文化到赛博文化》,张行舟译,电子工业出版社2013年版,引言,第VI页。
(50)Zelizer,B.,Terms of Choice:Uncertainty,journalism,and crisis,Journal of Communication,65(5),pp.888-908.
(51)[美]保罗·莱文森:《思想无羁:技术时代的认识论》,何道宽译,南京大学出版社2003年版,第209页。
(52)James Carey,The Press and the Public Discourse,Center Magazine,21March/April1987,4-16,p.15.
(53)段伟文:《基因编辑婴儿亟待刚性生命伦理规制》,《学习时报》2018年12月5日。