两种典型温度下农村化粪池出水氮素在原地土壤中的迁移转化过程
|
摘要
为探究典型温度下(25℃和5℃)农村化粪池出水氮素在排污口原地土壤中的迁移转化过程,采集原地表层土壤及化粪池出水,构建室内模拟系统,分析化粪池出水经土壤渗滤前后氮素组成。结果表明,农村化粪池出水氮素以可溶性无机氮(DIN)为主,其中NH_4~+-N占70%以上;两种温度条件下化粪池出水DIN差异不显著(P>0.05,n=12),NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N、NO_3~--N浓度均具有极显著性差异(P<0.01,n=12),25℃时硝化作用明显,导致出水NH_4~+-N低于5℃,NO_2~--N、NO_3~--N高于5℃;两种温度条件下原地土壤对化粪池出水DIN均有削减作用,其中NH_4~+-N削减量均占DIN削减量60%以上;25℃和5℃条件下,NH_4~+-N削减率分别为23.11%～47.37%和25.37%～43.47%;25℃时NH_4~+-N削减主要通过氨挥发、反硝化、厌氧氨氧化等作用完成,而5℃时NH_4~+-N削减主要通过土壤NH_4~+-N吸附作用完成;25℃时土壤对NO_3~--N还存在蓄积作用。研究表明,两种温度下化粪池出水NO-_2~--N和NO_3~--N在原地土壤中可发生反硝化或异化还原作用进而得到削减。
With the purpose to estimate the in-situ translocation and transformation of nitrogen of rural septic tank effluent in the soil at two typical temperatures(25 ℃ and 5 ℃), an indoor simulation system was constructed with effluent sample collected from a rural septic tank and in-situ surface soil at the sewage drain, and the transformation of nitrogen of sewage through soil filtration process was discussed. The results showed that, the nitrogen of rural septic tank effluent was mainly dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN), and NH_4~+-N accounted for more than 70% of DIN, an insignificant difference(P>0.05, n=12)in DIN concentrations and a significant difference(P<0.01, n=12)in NH_4~+-N, NO_2~--N and NO_3~--N concentrations in effluent between the two temperatures were found. The concentration of NH_4~+-N in effluent at25 ℃ was lower than 5 ℃, but NO_2~--N and NO_3~--N were higher due to the stronger nitrification. DIN reduction was found in soil at both two temperatures, and more than 60% of which was NH_4~+-N. After soil infiltration, the reduction rate of NH_4~+-N was 23.11%～47.37% at 25℃,and 25.37%～43.47% at 5 ℃. The NH_4~+-N was mainly eliminated by ammonia volatilization, denitrification, anammox and so on at 25℃,while by the adsorption effect of soil on NH_4~+-N at 5 ℃ principally. Besides, soil could also accumulate NO_3~--N at 25 ℃.
With the purpose to estimate the in-situ translocation and transformation of nitrogen of rural septic tank effluent in the soil at two typical temperatures(25 ℃ and 5 ℃), an indoor simulation system was constructed with effluent sample collected from a rural septic tank and in-situ surface soil at the sewage drain, and the transformation of nitrogen of sewage through soil filtration process was discussed. The results showed that, the nitrogen of rural septic tank effluent was mainly dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN), and NH_4~+-N accounted for more than 70% of DIN, an insignificant difference(P>0.05, n=12)in DIN concentrations and a significant difference(P<0.01, n=12)in NH_4~+-N, NO_2~--N and NO_3~--N concentrations in effluent between the two temperatures were found. The concentration of NH_4~+-N in effluent at25 ℃ was lower than 5 ℃, but NO_2~--N and NO_3~--N were higher due to the stronger nitrification. DIN reduction was found in soil at both two temperatures, and more than 60% of which was NH_4~+-N. After soil infiltration, the reduction rate of NH_4~+-N was 23.11%～47.37% at 25℃,and 25.37%～43.47% at 5 ℃. The NH_4~+-N was mainly eliminated by ammonia volatilization, denitrification, anammox and so on at 25℃,while by the adsorption effect of soil on NH_4~+-N at 5 ℃ principally. Besides, soil could also accumulate NO_3~--N at 25 ℃.
引文
[1]陈海洋,滕彦国,王金生,等.晋江流域非点源氮磷负荷及污染源解析[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(5):213-219.CHEN Hai-yang,TENG Yan-guo,WANG Jin-sheng,et al.Pollution load and source apportionment of non-point source nitrogen and phosphorus in Jinjiang River watershed[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2012,28(5):213-219.
[2]吴雅丽,许海,杨桂军,等.太湖水体氮素污染状况研究进展[J].湖泊科学,2014,26(1):19-28.WU Ya-li,XU Hai,YANG Gui-jun,et al.Progress in nitrogen pollution research in Lake Taihu[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2014,26(1):19-28.
[3]王文林,胡孟春,唐晓燕.太湖流域农村生活污水产排污系数测算[J].生态与农村环境学报,2010,26(6):616-621.WANG Wen-lin,HU Meng-chun,TANG Xiao-yan.Estimation of sewage production and discharge coefficients of rural areas in Taihu Lake basin[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2010,26(6):616-621.
[4]董文杰,陆广,严立,等.分散式面源生活污水生态处理技术研究进展[J].环境污染与防治,2014,36(8):84-88.DONG Wen-jie,LU Guang,YAN Li,et al.Research progress on the ecological treatment technology of distributed non-point sewage[J].Environmental Pollution and Control,2014,36(8):84-88.
[5]华永新.杭州市农村生活污水处理情况调查和分析[J].农业工程技术(新能源产业),2008(6):30-33.HUA Yong-xin.Investigation and analysis of rural domestic wastewater treatment in Hangzhou City[J].Agricultural Engineering Technology(New Energy Industry),2008(6):30-33.
[6]李海明.农村生活污水分散式处理系统与实用技术研究[J].环境科学与技术,2009,32(9):177-181.LI Hai-ming.Distributed rural sewage treatment system and practical technology[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2009,32(9):177-181.
[7]李健,金小林,徐祥珍,等.2008年江苏省农村改厕无害化处理效果评价[J].中国血吸虫病防治杂志,2009,21(4):293-296.LI Jian,JIN Xiao-lin,XU Xiang-zhen,et al.Effect evaluation of nonhazardous treatment for lavatory improvement in rural areas of Jiangsu Province in 2008[J].Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control,2009,21(4):293-296.
[8]王玉华,方颖,焦隽.江苏农村“三格式”化粪池污水处理效果评价[J].生态与农村环境学报,2008,24(2):80-83.WANG Yu-hua,FANG Ying,JIAO Jun.Evaluation of night soil treatment efficiency of"Three-Grille-Mode"septic tanks in the rural area of Jiangsu[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2008,24(2):80-83.
[9]朱兆良.土壤中氮素转化研究的近况[J].干旱区研究,1986(4):3-15.ZHU Zhao-liang.Status of nitrogen transformation in soil[J].Arid Zone Research,1986(4):3-15.
[10]朱兆良.中国土壤氮素研究[J].土壤学报,2008,45(5):778-783.ZHU Zhao-liang.Research on soil nitrogen in China[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2008,45(5):778-783.
[11]黄映恩,雷中方,张振亚,等.土壤渗滤系统中土壤酶活性与系统脱氮效果的关系研究[J].复旦学报(自然科学版),2009,48(1):94-99.HUANG Ying-en,LEI Zhong-fang,ZHANG Zhen-ya,et al.Relationship between soil enzymatic activities and nitrogen removal in soil infiltration treatment system[J].Journal of Fudan University(Natural Science),2009,48(1):94-99.
[12]小菅伸郎.淹水土壤脱氮的研究概况[J].王家玉,译.土壤学进展,1981(4):29-33.XIAOJIAN Shen-lang.A survey of research on nitrogen removal from flooded soil[J].WANG Jia-yu,Translate.Progress in Soil Science,1981(4):29-33.
[13]杨国治,邵宗臣.苏南水稻土脱氮的土壤条件[J].土壤通报,1981(3):4-7.YANG Guo-zhi,SHAO Zong-chen.Soil conditions for denitrification of paddy soil in south of Jiangsu[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,1981(3):4-7.
[14]刘玉忠,王丽君,张列宇,等.地下土壤渗滤系统脱氮效果的研究[J].环境科学与管理,2012,37(10):28-31.LIU Yu-zhong,WANG Li-jun,ZHANG Lie-yu,et al.Research on denitrification effect of subsurface wastewater infiltration system[J].Environmental Science and Management,2012,37(10):28-31.
[15]李建民,刘培斌,魏炜,等.利用土地处理系统对再生水进行脱氮[J].安徽农业科学,2012,40(15):8667-8669.LI Jian-min,LIU Pei-bin,WEI Wei,et al.Nitrogen removal efficiency of the reclaimed water by land treatment system[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2012,40(15):8667-8669.
[16]周锋,王文林,王国祥,等.化粪池排口处土壤对典型农户生活污水氮素污染物的消减测算研究[J].环境科学,2013,34(10):3954-3962.ZHOU Feng,WANG Wen-lin,WANG Guo-xiang,et al.Estimate the abatement rate of septic tank sewage outfall soil on nitrogen pollutants of typical farmer household sewage[J].Environmental Science,2013,34(10):3954-3962.
[17]田媛,杨昕,花伟军,等.城市周边生活污水排放对绿地土壤环境质量的影响[J].生态学报,2008,28(2):742-748.TIAN Yuan,YANG Xin,HUA Wei-jun,et al.Fuzzy analysis of the effect of city sewage water on environmental quality of greenspace soil[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(2):742-748.
[18]刘波,盛明,唐千,等.有机质对城市污染河道沉积物铵态氮吸附解吸的影响[J].湖泊科学,2015,27(1):50-57.LIU Bo,SHENG Ming,TANG Qian,et al.Effect of organic matter on adsorption/desorption of ammonium in the sediments of heavily polluted urban river[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2015,27(1):50-57.
[19]孙大志.氨氮在土壤中吸附/解吸的动力学与热力学研究[J].北华大学学报(自然科学版),2007,8(6):493-496.SUN Da-zhi.Ammonia absorption/desorption behavior and thermodynamics in soil[J].Journal of Beihua University(Natural Science),2007,8(6):493-496.
[20]朱萌,王强.农村三格化粪池卫生厕所建造技术与改进研究[J].安徽农业科学,2011,39(11):6704-6705.ZHU Meng,WANG Qiang.Study of the construction technologies and improvement of 3-pool septic tank sanitary toilet using by countryside[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2011,39(11):6704-6705.
[21]Huijsmans J F M,Hol J M G,Vermeulen G D.Effect of application method,manure characteristics,weather and field conditions on ammonia volatilization from manure applied to arable land[J].Atmospheric Environment,2003,37(26):3669-3680.
[22]Van der Stelt B,Temminghoff E J M,Van Vliet P C J,et al.Volatilization of ammonia from manure as affected by manure additives,temperature and mixing[J].Bioresource Technology,2007,98(18):3449-3455.
[23]何乐韵.低温冲击下硝化菌抗氧化酶系统响应机制研究[D].成都:西南交通大学,2013.HE Le-yun,Research on the response mechanism of nitrifying bacteria antioxidant enzyme system under low-temperature shock[D].Chengdu:Southwest Jiaotong University,2013.
[24]Jetten M S M.New pathways for ammonia conversion in soil and aquatic systems[J].Plant and Soil,2001,230(1):9-19.
[25]郑宇慧.温度对厌氧氨氧化的影响研究[D].苏州:苏州科技学院,2011.ZHENG Yu-hui.Study of the temperature influence on anammox[D].Suzhou:Suzhou University of Science and Technology,2011.
[26]Rattray J E,Van de Vossenbery J,Jaeschke A,et al.Impact of temperature on ladderane lipid distribution in anammox bacteria[J].Appl Environ Microbiol,2010,76(5):1596-1603.
[27]Van Niftrik L A,Fuerst J A,Sinninghe DamstéJ S,et al.The anammoxosome:An intracytoplasmic compartment in anammox bacteria[J].Fems Microbiology Letters,2010,233(1):7-13.
[28]Kuypers M M,Sliekers A O,Lavik G,et al.Anaerobic ammonium oxidation by anammox bacteria in the Black Sea[J].Nature,2003,422(6932):608.
[29]翟丽华,刘鸿亮,徐红灯,等.浙江某农场土壤和沟渠沉积物对氨氮的吸附研究[J].环境科学,2007,28(8):1770-1773.ZHAI Li-hua,LIU Hong-liang,XU Hong-deng,et al.Property of ammonium adsorption on sediments in ditches and adjacent soils[J].Environmental Science,2007,28(8):1770-1773.
[30]孙大志,李绪谦,潘晓峰.氨氮在土壤中的吸附/解吸动力学行为的研究[J].环境科学与技术,2007,30(8):16-18.SUN Da-zhi,LI Xu-qian,PAN Xiao-feng.Ammonia absorption/desorption behavior in soil[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2007,30(8):16-18.
[31]韦宗敏.微好氧环境中硝酸盐异化还原成铵的影响研究[D].广州:华南理工大学,2012.WEI Zong-min.Preliminary research on dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium in microaerobic condition[D].Guangzhou:South China University of Technology,2012.
[32]Yin S X,Chen D,Chen L M,et al.Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium and responsible microorganisms in two Chinese and Australian paddy soils[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2002,34(8):1131-1137.
[33]陶怡乐,温东辉.细菌硝酸盐异化还原成铵过程及其在河口生态系统中的潜在地位与影响[J].微生物学通报,2016,43(1):172-181.TAO Yi-le,WEN Dong-hui.Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium:The potential and impacts in estuarine regions[J].Microbiology China,2016,43(1):172-181.
[2]吴雅丽,许海,杨桂军,等.太湖水体氮素污染状况研究进展[J].湖泊科学,2014,26(1):19-28.WU Ya-li,XU Hai,YANG Gui-jun,et al.Progress in nitrogen pollution research in Lake Taihu[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2014,26(1):19-28.
[3]王文林,胡孟春,唐晓燕.太湖流域农村生活污水产排污系数测算[J].生态与农村环境学报,2010,26(6):616-621.WANG Wen-lin,HU Meng-chun,TANG Xiao-yan.Estimation of sewage production and discharge coefficients of rural areas in Taihu Lake basin[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2010,26(6):616-621.
[4]董文杰,陆广,严立,等.分散式面源生活污水生态处理技术研究进展[J].环境污染与防治,2014,36(8):84-88.DONG Wen-jie,LU Guang,YAN Li,et al.Research progress on the ecological treatment technology of distributed non-point sewage[J].Environmental Pollution and Control,2014,36(8):84-88.
[5]华永新.杭州市农村生活污水处理情况调查和分析[J].农业工程技术(新能源产业),2008(6):30-33.HUA Yong-xin.Investigation and analysis of rural domestic wastewater treatment in Hangzhou City[J].Agricultural Engineering Technology(New Energy Industry),2008(6):30-33.
[6]李海明.农村生活污水分散式处理系统与实用技术研究[J].环境科学与技术,2009,32(9):177-181.LI Hai-ming.Distributed rural sewage treatment system and practical technology[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2009,32(9):177-181.
[7]李健,金小林,徐祥珍,等.2008年江苏省农村改厕无害化处理效果评价[J].中国血吸虫病防治杂志,2009,21(4):293-296.LI Jian,JIN Xiao-lin,XU Xiang-zhen,et al.Effect evaluation of nonhazardous treatment for lavatory improvement in rural areas of Jiangsu Province in 2008[J].Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control,2009,21(4):293-296.
[8]王玉华,方颖,焦隽.江苏农村“三格式”化粪池污水处理效果评价[J].生态与农村环境学报,2008,24(2):80-83.WANG Yu-hua,FANG Ying,JIAO Jun.Evaluation of night soil treatment efficiency of"Three-Grille-Mode"septic tanks in the rural area of Jiangsu[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2008,24(2):80-83.
[9]朱兆良.土壤中氮素转化研究的近况[J].干旱区研究,1986(4):3-15.ZHU Zhao-liang.Status of nitrogen transformation in soil[J].Arid Zone Research,1986(4):3-15.
[10]朱兆良.中国土壤氮素研究[J].土壤学报,2008,45(5):778-783.ZHU Zhao-liang.Research on soil nitrogen in China[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2008,45(5):778-783.
[11]黄映恩,雷中方,张振亚,等.土壤渗滤系统中土壤酶活性与系统脱氮效果的关系研究[J].复旦学报(自然科学版),2009,48(1):94-99.HUANG Ying-en,LEI Zhong-fang,ZHANG Zhen-ya,et al.Relationship between soil enzymatic activities and nitrogen removal in soil infiltration treatment system[J].Journal of Fudan University(Natural Science),2009,48(1):94-99.
[12]小菅伸郎.淹水土壤脱氮的研究概况[J].王家玉,译.土壤学进展,1981(4):29-33.XIAOJIAN Shen-lang.A survey of research on nitrogen removal from flooded soil[J].WANG Jia-yu,Translate.Progress in Soil Science,1981(4):29-33.
[13]杨国治,邵宗臣.苏南水稻土脱氮的土壤条件[J].土壤通报,1981(3):4-7.YANG Guo-zhi,SHAO Zong-chen.Soil conditions for denitrification of paddy soil in south of Jiangsu[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,1981(3):4-7.
[14]刘玉忠,王丽君,张列宇,等.地下土壤渗滤系统脱氮效果的研究[J].环境科学与管理,2012,37(10):28-31.LIU Yu-zhong,WANG Li-jun,ZHANG Lie-yu,et al.Research on denitrification effect of subsurface wastewater infiltration system[J].Environmental Science and Management,2012,37(10):28-31.
[15]李建民,刘培斌,魏炜,等.利用土地处理系统对再生水进行脱氮[J].安徽农业科学,2012,40(15):8667-8669.LI Jian-min,LIU Pei-bin,WEI Wei,et al.Nitrogen removal efficiency of the reclaimed water by land treatment system[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2012,40(15):8667-8669.
[16]周锋,王文林,王国祥,等.化粪池排口处土壤对典型农户生活污水氮素污染物的消减测算研究[J].环境科学,2013,34(10):3954-3962.ZHOU Feng,WANG Wen-lin,WANG Guo-xiang,et al.Estimate the abatement rate of septic tank sewage outfall soil on nitrogen pollutants of typical farmer household sewage[J].Environmental Science,2013,34(10):3954-3962.
[17]田媛,杨昕,花伟军,等.城市周边生活污水排放对绿地土壤环境质量的影响[J].生态学报,2008,28(2):742-748.TIAN Yuan,YANG Xin,HUA Wei-jun,et al.Fuzzy analysis of the effect of city sewage water on environmental quality of greenspace soil[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(2):742-748.
[18]刘波,盛明,唐千,等.有机质对城市污染河道沉积物铵态氮吸附解吸的影响[J].湖泊科学,2015,27(1):50-57.LIU Bo,SHENG Ming,TANG Qian,et al.Effect of organic matter on adsorption/desorption of ammonium in the sediments of heavily polluted urban river[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2015,27(1):50-57.
[19]孙大志.氨氮在土壤中吸附/解吸的动力学与热力学研究[J].北华大学学报(自然科学版),2007,8(6):493-496.SUN Da-zhi.Ammonia absorption/desorption behavior and thermodynamics in soil[J].Journal of Beihua University(Natural Science),2007,8(6):493-496.
[20]朱萌,王强.农村三格化粪池卫生厕所建造技术与改进研究[J].安徽农业科学,2011,39(11):6704-6705.ZHU Meng,WANG Qiang.Study of the construction technologies and improvement of 3-pool septic tank sanitary toilet using by countryside[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2011,39(11):6704-6705.
[21]Huijsmans J F M,Hol J M G,Vermeulen G D.Effect of application method,manure characteristics,weather and field conditions on ammonia volatilization from manure applied to arable land[J].Atmospheric Environment,2003,37(26):3669-3680.
[22]Van der Stelt B,Temminghoff E J M,Van Vliet P C J,et al.Volatilization of ammonia from manure as affected by manure additives,temperature and mixing[J].Bioresource Technology,2007,98(18):3449-3455.
[23]何乐韵.低温冲击下硝化菌抗氧化酶系统响应机制研究[D].成都:西南交通大学,2013.HE Le-yun,Research on the response mechanism of nitrifying bacteria antioxidant enzyme system under low-temperature shock[D].Chengdu:Southwest Jiaotong University,2013.
[24]Jetten M S M.New pathways for ammonia conversion in soil and aquatic systems[J].Plant and Soil,2001,230(1):9-19.
[25]郑宇慧.温度对厌氧氨氧化的影响研究[D].苏州:苏州科技学院,2011.ZHENG Yu-hui.Study of the temperature influence on anammox[D].Suzhou:Suzhou University of Science and Technology,2011.
[26]Rattray J E,Van de Vossenbery J,Jaeschke A,et al.Impact of temperature on ladderane lipid distribution in anammox bacteria[J].Appl Environ Microbiol,2010,76(5):1596-1603.
[27]Van Niftrik L A,Fuerst J A,Sinninghe DamstéJ S,et al.The anammoxosome:An intracytoplasmic compartment in anammox bacteria[J].Fems Microbiology Letters,2010,233(1):7-13.
[28]Kuypers M M,Sliekers A O,Lavik G,et al.Anaerobic ammonium oxidation by anammox bacteria in the Black Sea[J].Nature,2003,422(6932):608.
[29]翟丽华,刘鸿亮,徐红灯,等.浙江某农场土壤和沟渠沉积物对氨氮的吸附研究[J].环境科学,2007,28(8):1770-1773.ZHAI Li-hua,LIU Hong-liang,XU Hong-deng,et al.Property of ammonium adsorption on sediments in ditches and adjacent soils[J].Environmental Science,2007,28(8):1770-1773.
[30]孙大志,李绪谦,潘晓峰.氨氮在土壤中的吸附/解吸动力学行为的研究[J].环境科学与技术,2007,30(8):16-18.SUN Da-zhi,LI Xu-qian,PAN Xiao-feng.Ammonia absorption/desorption behavior in soil[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2007,30(8):16-18.
[31]韦宗敏.微好氧环境中硝酸盐异化还原成铵的影响研究[D].广州:华南理工大学,2012.WEI Zong-min.Preliminary research on dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium in microaerobic condition[D].Guangzhou:South China University of Technology,2012.
[32]Yin S X,Chen D,Chen L M,et al.Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium and responsible microorganisms in two Chinese and Australian paddy soils[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2002,34(8):1131-1137.
[33]陶怡乐,温东辉.细菌硝酸盐异化还原成铵过程及其在河口生态系统中的潜在地位与影响[J].微生物学通报,2016,43(1):172-181.TAO Yi-le,WEN Dong-hui.Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium:The potential and impacts in estuarine regions[J].Microbiology China,2016,43(1):172-181.