隐喻的身体:民国时期学校中的女子“剪发问题”
|
摘要
近代中国学校是改造国民性、打造身体的重要空间,置于其中的学生身体为充斥学校空间的诸种话语力量所规范和打造。身体可谓是近代教育空间中诸种话语力量的集结点,也成为认识和理解中国近代教育历史的重要切入点。民国时期,女学生的剪发问题为国家话语和男性话语所主导,她们被禁止剪发;"五四"时期,"女性自决"意识觉醒,剪发被符号化为女性对独立的追求,女学生剪发渐兴;20世纪二三十年代,时尚话语与国家话语先后主导着女学生剪发问题,女学生剪发渐渐普及,但头发问题依然未摆脱"妇运国家化"的历史命运。
In Republican China,construction of human body was a vehicle of displacing and displaying social anxieties,and the Chinese body encountered intensive and continuous configuration( Huang jinlin,2006,P. 3). Schools in Republican China,as an enclosed space,organized along with Republican China,are of importance to regulate bodies. Human body gives a privileged access to the research of history of education in Republican China. In this paper,we will examine the conflicts and struggles between school authorities and girls around "girls' hair",which occurred in the early Republican China.Republican China experienced a series of conflicts and struggles around girls' hair in school. It is interesting to find a more traditional view on girls' hair-cutting or hair-perm prevailed,while forbidding feet-binding and liberating breast were seen as a rebellion against body repression. Based on literature review,we analyze the possible reasons behind it. In the early 20 thcentury,inspired by national liberation movement,as well as democratic revolution movement and international feminist movement,women's self-consciousness in China was awakened. Women's pursuit of liberation evoked the anxiety of men,who,for a long time,monitored the discourse on what image of women should be. The right of self-determination of hair was considered as a protest against male domination,hence the conflicts and struggles between girls and schools. That girls' hair cutting or hair-perm was not an endowed symbol of modernity was another reason. In Republican China,women were imbued with "nationalist universality in a masculinist discourse"( Tani Barlow,1996,pp. 58).While girls' hair-cutting or hair-perm even in modern western countries met with opposition,the image of modern women which the progressive intellectual class( overwhelmingly male) constructed,who put all modern western experiences as reference,did not involve hair-cutting or hair-perm.Furthermore,in the article Figuring Modernity: The New Woman and the Modern Girl in Republican China,Sarahe Stevens proposed that there were two images of woman in Republican China,the figure of the New Woman and the figure of Modern Girl,and these two images reflected opposite views of modernity,the former stood for the nation and its quest for modernity and the latter was described as the expression of modernity visually,represented fears for the modern nation and the drawback of modernity. This paper explores the factors which contributed to the construction of girls' hair in school in Republican China,that is,the issue of modernity and nation,the pursuit of women's liberation and being fashionable.
In Republican China,construction of human body was a vehicle of displacing and displaying social anxieties,and the Chinese body encountered intensive and continuous configuration( Huang jinlin,2006,P. 3). Schools in Republican China,as an enclosed space,organized along with Republican China,are of importance to regulate bodies. Human body gives a privileged access to the research of history of education in Republican China. In this paper,we will examine the conflicts and struggles between school authorities and girls around "girls' hair",which occurred in the early Republican China.Republican China experienced a series of conflicts and struggles around girls' hair in school. It is interesting to find a more traditional view on girls' hair-cutting or hair-perm prevailed,while forbidding feet-binding and liberating breast were seen as a rebellion against body repression. Based on literature review,we analyze the possible reasons behind it. In the early 20 thcentury,inspired by national liberation movement,as well as democratic revolution movement and international feminist movement,women's self-consciousness in China was awakened. Women's pursuit of liberation evoked the anxiety of men,who,for a long time,monitored the discourse on what image of women should be. The right of self-determination of hair was considered as a protest against male domination,hence the conflicts and struggles between girls and schools. That girls' hair cutting or hair-perm was not an endowed symbol of modernity was another reason. In Republican China,women were imbued with "nationalist universality in a masculinist discourse"( Tani Barlow,1996,pp. 58).While girls' hair-cutting or hair-perm even in modern western countries met with opposition,the image of modern women which the progressive intellectual class( overwhelmingly male) constructed,who put all modern western experiences as reference,did not involve hair-cutting or hair-perm.Furthermore,in the article Figuring Modernity: The New Woman and the Modern Girl in Republican China,Sarahe Stevens proposed that there were two images of woman in Republican China,the figure of the New Woman and the figure of Modern Girl,and these two images reflected opposite views of modernity,the former stood for the nation and its quest for modernity and the latter was described as the expression of modernity visually,represented fears for the modern nation and the drawback of modernity. This paper explores the factors which contributed to the construction of girls' hair in school in Republican China,that is,the issue of modernity and nation,the pursuit of women's liberation and being fashionable.
引文
陈东原.(1984).中国妇女生活史(影印本).上海:上海书店.
陈独秀.(1916).一九一六,青年杂志,(5),10-13.
戴绪恭.(1981).向警予传.北京:人民出版社.
东方楚人等.(1921).通信:苏州女师剪发潮,民国日报·觉悟,(15),3.
发.(1920-3-3).民国日报,13.
福柯.(1999).知识考古学(谢强,马月译).北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1999.
高岛航,鞠霞.(2013).1920年代中国女性剪发问题---舆论·时尚·革命,当代日本中国研究,(1),61-94
高平叔编.(1984).蔡元培全集(第二卷).北京:中华书局.
高素素.(1917).女子问题之大解决,新青年,(3),104-108.
郜元宝编.(2010).海上文学百家文库·郁达夫卷.上海:上海文艺出版社.
关于“头发革命”的话.(1927-6-25).申报,13.
广东省社科院历史研究室等.(1985).孙中山全集(第2卷).北京:中华书局.
黄女士.(1919-12-5).论妇女们应该剪发.晨报,7.
惠瑭女士.(1919-12-8).我对于妇女剪发的意见.晨报,5.
剪发全任女子自动的主张.(1920).民国日报·觉悟,(14),3.
剪发是自己的事.(1920-4-16).民国日报,13.
金天翮.(2003).女界钟.上海:上海古籍出版社.
决心剪发的女子.(1920-4-4).民国日报,14.
令示.(1912).大总统令内务部通饬各省劝禁缠足文.临时政府公报,(37),4-5。
刘静君.(1920).女子剪发问题.曙光,(3),46-48.
毛飞.(1920-3-30).再论女子剪发问题.民国日报,13.
闵包缉.(1920).答友人论剪发书.江苏省立第二女子师范学校校友会汇刊,(10),23-24.
南京快信.(1916-9-27).申报,3.
女界“先觉”究竟怎么样?.(1920-4-10).民国日报,14.
女子剪发声中之嘉定.(1927-6-6).申报,14.
女子剪发问题的意见.(1920).妇女杂志(上海),(4),6-9.
女子剪发与“自决”.(1920-5-3).民国日报,13.
女子剪发与服装的讨论.(1920-4-10).民国日报,13.
女子剪发之狂热.(1912-4-6).民立报,3.
茜玉.(1919).女子与共和之关系.星期评论(上海),(纪念号4),2-3.
青年的前途与剪发.(1920-4-9).民国日报,13.
首都禁止男女烫发:理发业将自动收藏烫发器具.(1935).新生活运动促进总会会刊,(16),25.
舒芜编录.(1990).女性的发现:知堂妇女论类抄.北京:文化艺术出版社.
舒新城.(1961).中国近代教育史资料(上册).北京:人民教育出版社.
思安.(1920-3-31).上海的女学生注意.民国日报,13.
谈女子剪发.(1925-2-11).申报,17.
天津的女子理发店(一).(1928-9-27).大公报(天津),
王政.(2004).社会性别与中国现代性的越界.天津:天津人民出版社.
我剪发的几句话.(1923).女学界,(72-3)。
我自决的第一声.(1920-5-4).民国日报,14.
蒋夫人谈禁止妇女剪发烫发.(1935).妇女月报,(3),45-46.
心.(1925).女子剪发(杂感).南大周刊,(25),10.
邓小南,王政,游鉴明编.(2011).中国妇女史读本.北京:北京大学出版社.
颜波先.(1927).女子剪发问题.妇女(天津),(4),6.
杨璿玉.(1921).为拒绝剪发女生质大同学院院长(未完).妇女评论,(10),3.
杨璿玉.(1921).为拒绝剪发女生质大同学院院长(未完).妇女评论,(11),3.
姚霏.(2009).近代中国女子剪发运动初探(1903-1927)---以“身体”为视角的分析.史林,(2),52-61.
一个女子的梦.(1920-4-15).民国日报,13.
裕芳.(1923).言论:妇女剪发问题.民国日报·妇女评论,(74),1。
整饬京市学生仪容.(1935).汇文句刊;(25).
Sarah E.Stevens.(2003).Figuring Modernity:The New Woman and the Modern Girl in Republican China.NSWA Journal,15(3),82-103
陈独秀.(1916).一九一六,青年杂志,(5),10-13.
戴绪恭.(1981).向警予传.北京:人民出版社.
东方楚人等.(1921).通信:苏州女师剪发潮,民国日报·觉悟,(15),3.
发.(1920-3-3).民国日报,13.
福柯.(1999).知识考古学(谢强,马月译).北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1999.
高岛航,鞠霞.(2013).1920年代中国女性剪发问题---舆论·时尚·革命,当代日本中国研究,(1),61-94
高平叔编.(1984).蔡元培全集(第二卷).北京:中华书局.
高素素.(1917).女子问题之大解决,新青年,(3),104-108.
郜元宝编.(2010).海上文学百家文库·郁达夫卷.上海:上海文艺出版社.
关于“头发革命”的话.(1927-6-25).申报,13.
广东省社科院历史研究室等.(1985).孙中山全集(第2卷).北京:中华书局.
黄女士.(1919-12-5).论妇女们应该剪发.晨报,7.
惠瑭女士.(1919-12-8).我对于妇女剪发的意见.晨报,5.
剪发全任女子自动的主张.(1920).民国日报·觉悟,(14),3.
剪发是自己的事.(1920-4-16).民国日报,13.
金天翮.(2003).女界钟.上海:上海古籍出版社.
决心剪发的女子.(1920-4-4).民国日报,14.
令示.(1912).大总统令内务部通饬各省劝禁缠足文.临时政府公报,(37),4-5。
刘静君.(1920).女子剪发问题.曙光,(3),46-48.
毛飞.(1920-3-30).再论女子剪发问题.民国日报,13.
闵包缉.(1920).答友人论剪发书.江苏省立第二女子师范学校校友会汇刊,(10),23-24.
南京快信.(1916-9-27).申报,3.
女界“先觉”究竟怎么样?.(1920-4-10).民国日报,14.
女子剪发声中之嘉定.(1927-6-6).申报,14.
女子剪发问题的意见.(1920).妇女杂志(上海),(4),6-9.
女子剪发与“自决”.(1920-5-3).民国日报,13.
女子剪发与服装的讨论.(1920-4-10).民国日报,13.
女子剪发之狂热.(1912-4-6).民立报,3.
茜玉.(1919).女子与共和之关系.星期评论(上海),(纪念号4),2-3.
青年的前途与剪发.(1920-4-9).民国日报,13.
首都禁止男女烫发:理发业将自动收藏烫发器具.(1935).新生活运动促进总会会刊,(16),25.
舒芜编录.(1990).女性的发现:知堂妇女论类抄.北京:文化艺术出版社.
舒新城.(1961).中国近代教育史资料(上册).北京:人民教育出版社.
思安.(1920-3-31).上海的女学生注意.民国日报,13.
谈女子剪发.(1925-2-11).申报,17.
天津的女子理发店(一).(1928-9-27).大公报(天津),
王政.(2004).社会性别与中国现代性的越界.天津:天津人民出版社.
我剪发的几句话.(1923).女学界,(72-3)。
我自决的第一声.(1920-5-4).民国日报,14.
蒋夫人谈禁止妇女剪发烫发.(1935).妇女月报,(3),45-46.
心.(1925).女子剪发(杂感).南大周刊,(25),10.
邓小南,王政,游鉴明编.(2011).中国妇女史读本.北京:北京大学出版社.
颜波先.(1927).女子剪发问题.妇女(天津),(4),6.
杨璿玉.(1921).为拒绝剪发女生质大同学院院长(未完).妇女评论,(10),3.
杨璿玉.(1921).为拒绝剪发女生质大同学院院长(未完).妇女评论,(11),3.
姚霏.(2009).近代中国女子剪发运动初探(1903-1927)---以“身体”为视角的分析.史林,(2),52-61.
一个女子的梦.(1920-4-15).民国日报,13.
裕芳.(1923).言论:妇女剪发问题.民国日报·妇女评论,(74),1。
整饬京市学生仪容.(1935).汇文句刊;(25).
Sarah E.Stevens.(2003).Figuring Modernity:The New Woman and the Modern Girl in Republican China.NSWA Journal,15(3),82-103