贵州少数民族聚居地古树资源组成及分布特征——以务川县为例
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摘要
古树是其分布地传统文化的重要载体,也是生物多样性的重要组成部分,研究古树组成和分布特征对古树保护具有重要意义。本研究对我国西南地区贵州省少数民族自治县务川的古树物种组成和分布特征进行了调查。共记录古树5105棵,分属于65属38科79种,优势种为柏木(Cupressus funebris)、银杏(Ginkgo biloba)、枫香树(Liquidambar formosana)和楠木(Phoebe zhennan),含物种数较多的科有壳斗科、樟科、榆科和豆科;古树中包含10种国家级保护植物,如银杏、红豆杉(Taxus wallichiana var.chinensis)、蓝果树(Nyssa sinensis)、鹅掌楸(Liriodendron chinense)等。古树胸径集中在50~100 cm,树高集中在18~26 m,冠幅集中在3~9 m,各优势种胸径级结构具有一定差异。古树主要分布在沟谷(50.49%)和坡面(41.84%)两种地形单元中,并集中分布在村落(59.33%)、住宅边(13.82%)和墓地旁(12.14%)3类生境类型中。各乡镇间古树数量和物种数具有较大差异。务川古树总体保护较好,90%以上的个体长势良好,受损个体较多的树种为柏木、银杏和杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata),受损程度较为严重的为杉木。总体上,务川县古树资源丰富,保存良好,具有很高的保护价值。
Heritage trees,important carriers of traditional culture,are important components of terrestrial biodiversity. Understanding species composition and distribution of heritage trees will provide valuable insights into heritage tree conservation. Here,we investigated the species composition and distribution of heritage trees in Wuchuan County,a minority autonomous county in Southwest China. A total of 5105 heritage trees were recorded,belonging to 79 species,65 genera,and 38 families. The dominant families were Fagaceae,Lauraceae,Ulmaceae and Leguminosae. The dominant species were Cupressus funebris,Ginkgo biloba,Liquidambar formosana and Phoebe zhennan. Among those species,10 were nationally protected species,including Ginkgo biloba,Liriodendron chinense,Taxus wallichiana var. chinensis,Liriodendron chinense and Nyssa sinensis. The majority of the heritage trees were concentrated in the DBH size-class of 50-100 cm,and the height-class of 18-26 m,and the crown size-class of 3-9 m. Heritage trees were mainly distributed at two types of topographic positions,with 50.49% in the valleys and 41.84%on the slopes. For habitats,59.33% of the individuals were distributed in the villages,13.82%were in the residential sides,and 12.14% were in the cemeteries. Heritage trees were generally well protected( more than 90% of the individuals are healthy ones). The most frequently-occurring damaged tree species were Cupressus funebris,Ginkgo biloba,and Cunninghamia lanceolata.Among the three species,C. lanceolata suffered the most severe damages. Overall,heritage trees in Wuchuan County with high conservation values were abundant and were relatively well-protected.
Heritage trees,important carriers of traditional culture,are important components of terrestrial biodiversity. Understanding species composition and distribution of heritage trees will provide valuable insights into heritage tree conservation. Here,we investigated the species composition and distribution of heritage trees in Wuchuan County,a minority autonomous county in Southwest China. A total of 5105 heritage trees were recorded,belonging to 79 species,65 genera,and 38 families. The dominant families were Fagaceae,Lauraceae,Ulmaceae and Leguminosae. The dominant species were Cupressus funebris,Ginkgo biloba,Liquidambar formosana and Phoebe zhennan. Among those species,10 were nationally protected species,including Ginkgo biloba,Liriodendron chinense,Taxus wallichiana var. chinensis,Liriodendron chinense and Nyssa sinensis. The majority of the heritage trees were concentrated in the DBH size-class of 50-100 cm,and the height-class of 18-26 m,and the crown size-class of 3-9 m. Heritage trees were mainly distributed at two types of topographic positions,with 50.49% in the valleys and 41.84%on the slopes. For habitats,59.33% of the individuals were distributed in the villages,13.82%were in the residential sides,and 12.14% were in the cemeteries. Heritage trees were generally well protected( more than 90% of the individuals are healthy ones). The most frequently-occurring damaged tree species were Cupressus funebris,Ginkgo biloba,and Cunninghamia lanceolata.Among the three species,C. lanceolata suffered the most severe damages. Overall,heritage trees in Wuchuan County with high conservation values were abundant and were relatively well-protected.
引文
柴荣怡,罗一航.2014.西南少数民族自然崇拜折射出的环保习惯法则.贵州民族研究,(11):55-58.
董冬,周志翔,何云核,等.2011.安徽省九华山风景区古树群落景观美学评价.生态学杂志,30(8):1786-1792.
关传友.2002.中国古代风水林探析.农业考古,(3):239-243.
黄应锋,孙冰,廖绍波,等.2015.深圳市古树资源特征与分布格局.植物资源与环境学报,24(2):104-111.
国家林业局,农业部.2000.国家重点保护野生植物名录.中华人民共和国国务院公报,(13):39-47.
钱长江,徐建,黎明,等.2014.古树资源保护与民族文化的关系.黑龙江农业科学,(9):76-82.
全国绿化委员会.2001.全国古树名木普查建档技术规定.北京:国家林业局.
裴盛基.2011.民族文化与生物多样性保护.中国科学院院刊,26(2):190-196.
务川仡佬族苗族自治县志编纂委员会.2013.务川仡佬族苗族自治县志:1978-2007.北京:方志出版社.
吴征镒.1980.中国植被.北京:科学出版社.
谢爱临.2008.仡佬族百年实录.北京:中国文史出版社.
杨平恒,章程,孙玉川,等.2007.土壤环境因子对土下岩溶溶蚀速率的影响---以重庆金佛山国家自然保护区为例.中国地质,34(5):920-926.
杨永川,穆建平,杨轲.2011.残存银杏群落的结构及种群更新特征.生态学报,31(21):6396-6409.
赵理文,余少华,罗开文.2016.广西三江侗族自治县古树名木资源特征分析.广西林业科学,45(2):225-228.
Blicharska M,Mikusiński G.2014.Incorporating social and cultural significance of large old trees in conservation policy.Conservation Biology,28:1558-1567.
Briffa KR.2000.Annual climate variability in the Holocene:Interpreting the message of ancient trees.Quaternary Science Reviews,19:87-105.
Esper J,Niederer R,Bebi P,et al.2008.Climate signal age effects-evidence from young and old trees in the Swiss Engadin.Forest Ecology and Management,255:3783-3789.
Frascaroli F,Bhagwat S,Guarino R,et al.2016.Shrines in central Italy conserve plant diversity and large trees.Ambio,45:468-479.
Jan E,Rolf N,Peter B,et al.2008.Climate signal age effects:Evidence from young and old trees in the Swiss Engadin.Forest Ecology and Management,255:3783-3789.
Jim CY.2005.Monitoring the performance and decline of heritage trees in urban Hong Kong.Journal of Environmental Management,74:161-172.
Jim CY,Zhang H.2013.Defect-disorder and risk assessment of heritage trees in urban Hong Kong.Urban Forestry and Urban Greening,12:585-596.
Keith H,Mackey BG,Lindenmayer DB.2009.Re-evaluation of forest biomass carbon stocks and lessons from the world’s most carbon-dense forests.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,106:11635-11640.
Lindenmayer DB.2017.Conserving large old trees as small natural features.Biological Conservation,211:51-59.
Liu Y,An ZS,Linderholm HW,et al.2009.Annual temperatures during the last 2485 years in the mid-eastern Tibetan Plateau inferred from tree rings.Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,52:348-359.
Ohsawa M.1984.Differentiation of vegetation zones and species strategies in the subalpine region of Mt.Fuji.Vegetatio,57:15-52.
Tang CQ.2015.The Subtropical Vegetation of Southwestern China.Netherlands:Springer.
Tang CQ,Yang Y,Ohsawa M,et al.2012.Evidence for the persistence of wild Ginkgo biloba(Ginkgoaceae)populations in the Dalou Mountains,southwestern China.American Journal of Botany,99:1408-1414.
Tang CQ,Yang Y,Ohsawa M,et al.2013.Survival of a tertiary relict species,Liriodendron chinense(Magnoliaceae),in southern China,with special reference to village fengshui forests.American Journal of Botany,100:2112-2119.
Yuan J,Liu J.2009.Fengshui forest management by the Buyi ethnic minority in China.Forest Ecology and Management,257:2002-2009.
Zhang H,Lai PY,Jim CY.2017.Species diversity and spatial pattern of old and precious trees in Macau.Landscape and Urban Planning,162:56-67.
董冬,周志翔,何云核,等.2011.安徽省九华山风景区古树群落景观美学评价.生态学杂志,30(8):1786-1792.
关传友.2002.中国古代风水林探析.农业考古,(3):239-243.
黄应锋,孙冰,廖绍波,等.2015.深圳市古树资源特征与分布格局.植物资源与环境学报,24(2):104-111.
国家林业局,农业部.2000.国家重点保护野生植物名录.中华人民共和国国务院公报,(13):39-47.
钱长江,徐建,黎明,等.2014.古树资源保护与民族文化的关系.黑龙江农业科学,(9):76-82.
全国绿化委员会.2001.全国古树名木普查建档技术规定.北京:国家林业局.
裴盛基.2011.民族文化与生物多样性保护.中国科学院院刊,26(2):190-196.
务川仡佬族苗族自治县志编纂委员会.2013.务川仡佬族苗族自治县志:1978-2007.北京:方志出版社.
吴征镒.1980.中国植被.北京:科学出版社.
谢爱临.2008.仡佬族百年实录.北京:中国文史出版社.
杨平恒,章程,孙玉川,等.2007.土壤环境因子对土下岩溶溶蚀速率的影响---以重庆金佛山国家自然保护区为例.中国地质,34(5):920-926.
杨永川,穆建平,杨轲.2011.残存银杏群落的结构及种群更新特征.生态学报,31(21):6396-6409.
赵理文,余少华,罗开文.2016.广西三江侗族自治县古树名木资源特征分析.广西林业科学,45(2):225-228.
Blicharska M,Mikusiński G.2014.Incorporating social and cultural significance of large old trees in conservation policy.Conservation Biology,28:1558-1567.
Briffa KR.2000.Annual climate variability in the Holocene:Interpreting the message of ancient trees.Quaternary Science Reviews,19:87-105.
Esper J,Niederer R,Bebi P,et al.2008.Climate signal age effects-evidence from young and old trees in the Swiss Engadin.Forest Ecology and Management,255:3783-3789.
Frascaroli F,Bhagwat S,Guarino R,et al.2016.Shrines in central Italy conserve plant diversity and large trees.Ambio,45:468-479.
Jan E,Rolf N,Peter B,et al.2008.Climate signal age effects:Evidence from young and old trees in the Swiss Engadin.Forest Ecology and Management,255:3783-3789.
Jim CY.2005.Monitoring the performance and decline of heritage trees in urban Hong Kong.Journal of Environmental Management,74:161-172.
Jim CY,Zhang H.2013.Defect-disorder and risk assessment of heritage trees in urban Hong Kong.Urban Forestry and Urban Greening,12:585-596.
Keith H,Mackey BG,Lindenmayer DB.2009.Re-evaluation of forest biomass carbon stocks and lessons from the world’s most carbon-dense forests.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,106:11635-11640.
Lindenmayer DB.2017.Conserving large old trees as small natural features.Biological Conservation,211:51-59.
Liu Y,An ZS,Linderholm HW,et al.2009.Annual temperatures during the last 2485 years in the mid-eastern Tibetan Plateau inferred from tree rings.Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,52:348-359.
Ohsawa M.1984.Differentiation of vegetation zones and species strategies in the subalpine region of Mt.Fuji.Vegetatio,57:15-52.
Tang CQ.2015.The Subtropical Vegetation of Southwestern China.Netherlands:Springer.
Tang CQ,Yang Y,Ohsawa M,et al.2012.Evidence for the persistence of wild Ginkgo biloba(Ginkgoaceae)populations in the Dalou Mountains,southwestern China.American Journal of Botany,99:1408-1414.
Tang CQ,Yang Y,Ohsawa M,et al.2013.Survival of a tertiary relict species,Liriodendron chinense(Magnoliaceae),in southern China,with special reference to village fengshui forests.American Journal of Botany,100:2112-2119.
Yuan J,Liu J.2009.Fengshui forest management by the Buyi ethnic minority in China.Forest Ecology and Management,257:2002-2009.
Zhang H,Lai PY,Jim CY.2017.Species diversity and spatial pattern of old and precious trees in Macau.Landscape and Urban Planning,162:56-67.