矿区土地修复的几个基本问题
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摘要
通过对与土地复垦有关的概念梳理后,提出以土地修复作为高一级学科建设的名称涵盖土地复垦的名称。基于生态系统自恢复力的假说,讨论了矿区土地修复过程中,自然恢复与人工干预的作用,提出了引导型矿山土地自修复模式及其应用条件,指出了对关键限制性因素及其阈值的识别与修复是矿山生态系统引导自修复的关键;并进一步讨论了引导型矿区土地修复目标的合理程度。还讨论了采前预防及采后修复在矿区土地修复中的作用,对于露天矿山,采前预防或减损工艺应成为主流,在剥采排复一体化工艺实现后,土壤重构成为露天矿区土地修复成功的关键,而对于井工开采矿山,采前预防措施通常被用于局部需要特殊保护的地表建构筑物或具有重要保护价值的生态类型区,采后修复仍是主要的技术手段。
Based on analyzing the concepts relevant to land reclamation,mined land remediation is proposed to act as the higher hierarchy for discipline development instead of mined land reclamation,which covers restoration,reclamation and rehabilitation.In terms of ecological resilience,the roles of natural restoration and manual intervention are discussed and a kind of self restoration model(SRM) for mined land ecosystem induced by manual intervention is proposed;the identification and remediation of the critical restrictive factors are also emphasized.Further studies on the acceptable conditions and remediation targets for SRM are introduced.Whichever preventive measures before mining or remediation measures after mining to be taken are up to the mining methods,remediation cost and ecological service value.In general situation considering nowadays mining technology,preventive measures before mining and low damage techniques for open-pit mining should be taken as essential methods.After integrated mining,stripping,disposal and reclamation into a whole,resoiling becomes into the key step for successful mined land remediation.On the other hand,preventive measures before mining are only used for protecting special surface buildings or most valuable ecological zones impacted by underground mining.
Based on analyzing the concepts relevant to land reclamation,mined land remediation is proposed to act as the higher hierarchy for discipline development instead of mined land reclamation,which covers restoration,reclamation and rehabilitation.In terms of ecological resilience,the roles of natural restoration and manual intervention are discussed and a kind of self restoration model(SRM) for mined land ecosystem induced by manual intervention is proposed;the identification and remediation of the critical restrictive factors are also emphasized.Further studies on the acceptable conditions and remediation targets for SRM are introduced.Whichever preventive measures before mining or remediation measures after mining to be taken are up to the mining methods,remediation cost and ecological service value.In general situation considering nowadays mining technology,preventive measures before mining and low damage techniques for open-pit mining should be taken as essential methods.After integrated mining,stripping,disposal and reclamation into a whole,resoiling becomes into the key step for successful mined land remediation.On the other hand,preventive measures before mining are only used for protecting special surface buildings or most valuable ecological zones impacted by underground mining.
引文
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[22]O'BRIEN P L,DESUTTER T M,RITTER S S,et al.A large-scale soil-mixing process for reclamation of heavily disturbed soils[J].Ecological Engineering,2017(109):84-91.
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[25]BIAN Z,MIAO X,LEI S,et al.The challenges of reusing mining and mineral-processing wastes[J].Science,2012,337(6095):702.
[2]卞正富.矿区土地复垦界面要素的演替规律及其调控研究[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2001.
[3]LIMAA Ana T,MITCHELLA Kristen,O'CONNELLA David W,et al.The legacy of surface mining:Remediation,restoration,reclamationand rehabilitation[J].Environmental Science&Policy,2016,66:227-233.
[4]卞正富,许家林,雷少刚.论矿山生态建设[J].煤炭学报,2007,32(1):13-19.BIAN Zhengfu,XU Jialin,LEI Shaogang.Discussion on mine ecological construction[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2007,32(1):13-19.
[5]张雪萍.生态学原理[M].北京:科学出版社,2011.
[6]张绍良,杨永均,侯湖平.新型生态系统理论及其争议综述[J].生态学报,2016,36(17):5307-5314.ZHANG Shaoliang,YANG Yongjun,HOU Huping.Overview of novel ecosystems theory and its critiques[J].Acta Ecologica Sinca,2016,36(17):5307-5314.
[7]BRADSHAW A.The use of natural processes in reclamation-advantages and difficulties[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2000,51(2-4):89-100.
[8]BRADSHAW A.Restoration of mined lands-using natural processes[J].Ecological Engineering,1997,8(4):255-269.
[9]FERNANDEZ Montoni M V,FERNANDEZ Honaine M,RIO J L Del.An assessment of spontaneous vegetation recovery in aggregate quarries in coastal sand dunes in Buenos Aires province,Argentina[J].Environmental Management,2014,54(2):180-193.
[10]韩霁.自然修复与人工修复不可偏废[N].经济日报,2007-05-15.
[11]胡振琪,龙精华,王新静.论煤矿区生态环境的自修复、自然修复和人工修复[J].煤炭学报,2014,39(8):1751-1757.HU Zhenqi,LONG Jinghua,WANG Xinjing.Self-healing,natural restoration and artificial restoration of ecological environment for coal mining.[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2014,39(8):1751-1757.
[12]卞正富,雷少刚,刘辉,等.风积沙区超大工作面开采生态环境破坏过程与恢复对策[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2016,33(2):305-310.BIAN Zhengfu,LEI Shaogang,LIU Hui,et al.The process and countermeasures for ecological damage and restoration in coal mining area with super-size mining face at aeolian sandy site[J].Journal of Mining&Safety Engineering,2016,33(2):305-310.
[13]王琦,全占军,韩煜,等.风沙区采煤塌陷不同恢复年限土壤理化性质变化[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(2):118-122,126.WANG Qi,QUAN Zhanjun,HAN Yu,et al.Changes of soil physical and chemical properties under different coal mining subsidence years in windy desert area[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,28(2):118-122,126.
[14]郄晨龙,卞正富,杨德军,等.鄂尔多斯煤田高强度井工煤矿开采对土壤物理性质的扰动[J].煤炭学报,2015,40(6):1448-1456.QIE Chenlong,BIAN Zhengfu,YANG Dejun,et al.Effect of highintensity underground coal mining disturbance on soil physical properties[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2015,40(6):1448-1456.
[15]王新静,杨耀淇,高杨.风沙区采煤沉陷土壤质量演变的时效评价[J].煤炭工程,2013,1(1):89-92.WANG Xinjing,YANG Yaoqi,GAO Yang.Evaluation on evolution time effect of soil quality in mining subsidence ground of windy desert area[J].Coal Engineering,2013,1(1):89-92.
[16]刘辉,雷少刚,邓喀中,等.超高水材料地裂缝充填治理技术[J].煤炭学报,2014,39(1):72-77.LIU Hui,LEI Shaogang,DENG Kazhong,et al.Research on ground fissure treatment filling with super-high-water material[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2014,39(1):72-77.
[17]张绍良,张黎明,侯湖平,等.生态自然修复及其研究综述[J].干旱区资源与环境,2017,31(1):160-166.ZHANG Shaoliang,ZHANG Liming,HOU Huping,et al.Ecological natural restoration and its review[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2017,31(1):160-166.
[18]RICHARD J Hobbs,SALVATORE Arico,JAMES Aronson,et al.Novel ecosystems:Theoretical and management aspects of the new ecological world order[J].Global Ecology and Biogeography,2006,15(1):1-7.
[19]雷少刚.缺水矿区关键环境要素的监测与采动影响规律研究[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,2012.
[20]WANG Yuchen,BIAN Zhengfu,LEI Shaogang,et al.Investigating spatial and temporal variations of soil moisture content in an arid mining area using an improved thermal inertia model[J].Journal of Arid Land,2017,9(5):712-726.
[21]雷少刚,卞正富.西部干旱区煤炭开采环境影响研究[J].生态学报,2014,34(11):2837-2843.LEI Shaogang,BIAN Zhengfu.Research progress on the environment impacts from underground coal mining in arid western area of China[J].Acta Ecological Sinica,2014,34(11):2837-2843.
[22]O'BRIEN P L,DESUTTER T M,RITTER S S,et al.A large-scale soil-mixing process for reclamation of heavily disturbed soils[J].Ecological Engineering,2017(109):84-91.
[23]ESPINOZA R D,ROJO J.Towards sustainable mining(Part I):Valuing investment opportunities inthe mining sector[J].Resources Policy,2017(52):7-18.
[24]ESPINOZA R D,MORRIS J W F.Towards sustainable mining(Part II):Accounting for mine reclamation andpost reclamation care liabilities[J].Resources Policy,2017(52):29-38.
[25]BIAN Z,MIAO X,LEI S,et al.The challenges of reusing mining and mineral-processing wastes[J].Science,2012,337(6095):702.