不同退化程度对高寒草甸土壤无机氮及脲酶活性的影响
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摘要
以东祁连山围封草地(FG)、轻度退化草地(LD)、中度退化草地(MD)、重度退化草地(HD)4种类型高寒草甸为研究对象,分别在春季、夏季和冬季采集各类型高寒草地0~10cm、10~20cm和20~30cm土层的土壤样品,研究了土壤的无机氮总量、铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)含量及土壤脲酶活性,以明确不同退化程度对高寒草甸土壤无机氮和脲酶活性特征及其季节动态的影响。结果表明,草地退化对表层土壤的无机氮总量影响较大,春季和夏季3种不同退化程度高寒草地土壤无机氮总量均显著升高,春季LD、MD和HD分别比FG升高了39.9%、28.9%和68.4%,夏季分别升高了19.1%、28.7%和33.6%,但冬季却显著降低,LD、MD和HD分别比FG降低了20.4%、27.2%和47.4%。土壤无机氮形态的研究结果表明草地退化对土壤无机氮形态的效应存在季节差异,草地退化导致春季表层土壤铵态氮含量升高,而对硝态氮含量影响不大,从而导致土壤无机氮总量升高,而夏季情况正好相反,草地退化对夏季表层土壤的铵态氮含量影响不大,而硝态氮含量升高,同样导致土壤无机氮总量升高。草地退化对脲酶活性的影响同样存在季节差异,相比FG,春季LD和MD的表层土壤脲酶活性显著提高,HD下降,而夏季和冬季随着退化程度的加剧,脲酶活性均表现出逐渐升高的趋势,表明轻度和中度退化加快了春季高寒草甸土壤氮素的转化,增加了土壤无机氮的供应能力。
Four types alpine meadow,fenced grassland(FG),lightly degraded grassland(LD),moderately degraded grassland(MD)and heavily degraded grassland(HD),were selected to study the effects of grassland degradation on soil inorganic nitrogen characteristics and their seasonal dynamics in the eastern Qilian Mountain area.Samples of the 0-10 cm,10-20 cm and 20-30 cm soil layers were collected from the four grassland types in spring,summer and winter.Soil total inorganic nitrogen,ammonium nitrogen(NH_4~+-N),nitrate nitrogen(NO_3~--N)contents and urease activities were measured.The results showed that grassland degradation has more influence on total inorganic nitrogen contents in the surface soils than deeper layers,but these effects varied by season.Compared with FG,the total inorganic nitrogen content of LD,MD and HD soils increased by 39.9%,28.9%and 68.4%in spring and increased by 19.1%,28.7% and 33.6%in summer.In winter,the total inorganic nitrogen content of these three kinds of grassland decreased by 20.4%,27.2% and 47.4%respectively.The results also showed that grassland degradation has varying effects on the forms of soil inorganic nitrogen.In spring,grassland degradation significantly increased NH_4~+-N content in surface soils and there was little effect on NO_3~--N.In summer,NO_3~--N content increased significantly in surface soils while there was little effect on NH_4~+-N content.Degradation levels were also associated with seasonal differences in soil urease activity.Compared with FG,in spring the urease activities of LD and MD soils increased while HD decreased significantly.Soil urease activity increased gradually with increased degradation levels in summer and winter,which indicates that degradation increased soil inorganic nitrogen supplication and improved the soil nitrogen conversion process.
Four types alpine meadow,fenced grassland(FG),lightly degraded grassland(LD),moderately degraded grassland(MD)and heavily degraded grassland(HD),were selected to study the effects of grassland degradation on soil inorganic nitrogen characteristics and their seasonal dynamics in the eastern Qilian Mountain area.Samples of the 0-10 cm,10-20 cm and 20-30 cm soil layers were collected from the four grassland types in spring,summer and winter.Soil total inorganic nitrogen,ammonium nitrogen(NH_4~+-N),nitrate nitrogen(NO_3~--N)contents and urease activities were measured.The results showed that grassland degradation has more influence on total inorganic nitrogen contents in the surface soils than deeper layers,but these effects varied by season.Compared with FG,the total inorganic nitrogen content of LD,MD and HD soils increased by 39.9%,28.9%and 68.4%in spring and increased by 19.1%,28.7% and 33.6%in summer.In winter,the total inorganic nitrogen content of these three kinds of grassland decreased by 20.4%,27.2% and 47.4%respectively.The results also showed that grassland degradation has varying effects on the forms of soil inorganic nitrogen.In spring,grassland degradation significantly increased NH_4~+-N content in surface soils and there was little effect on NO_3~--N.In summer,NO_3~--N content increased significantly in surface soils while there was little effect on NH_4~+-N content.Degradation levels were also associated with seasonal differences in soil urease activity.Compared with FG,in spring the urease activities of LD and MD soils increased while HD decreased significantly.Soil urease activity increased gradually with increased degradation levels in summer and winter,which indicates that degradation increased soil inorganic nitrogen supplication and improved the soil nitrogen conversion process.
引文
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[4] Shi H L,Wang Q J,Jing Z C,et al.Effects of different land-use types on soil carbon and nitrogen contents in alpine region of Tibetan Plateau.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2011,27(20):230-234.史惠兰,王启基,景增春,等.高寒地区土地利用方式对土壤碳氮含量的影响.中国农学通报,2011,27(20):230-234.
[5] Wang C Y,Xiao H G,Liu J,et al.Insights into ecological effects of invasive plants on soil nitrogen cycles.American Journal of Plant Sciences,2015,6(1):34-46.
[6] Ren T Z.Soil bioindicators in sustainable agriculture.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2000,33(1):68-75.任天志.持续农业中的土壤生物指标研究.中国农业科学,2000,33(1):68-75.
[7] Zhou H K,Zhao X Q,Zhou L,et al.A study on correlations between vegetation degradation and soil degradation in the‘Alpine Meadow’of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2005,14(3):31-40.周华坤,赵新全,周立,等.青藏高原高寒草甸的植被退化与土壤退化特征研究.草业学报,2005,14(3):31-40.
[8] Wu X,Li H X,Fu B J,et al.Study on soil characteristics of alpine grassland in different degradation levels in headwater region of Three Rivers in China.Chinese Journal of Grassland,2013,35(3):77-84.伍星,李辉霞,傅佰杰,等.三江源地区高寒草地不同退化程度土壤特征研究.中国草地学报,2013,35(3):77-84.
[9] Geng Z C,Jiang L,Li S S,et al.Profil distribution of organic carbon and nitrogen in major soil types in the middle of Qilian Mountains.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,22(3):665-672.耿曾超,姜林,李珊珊,等.祁连山中段土壤中有机碳和氮素的剖面分布.应用生态学报,2011,22(3):665-672.
[10] Yao T,Long R J,Shi S L,et al.Populations of soil nitrogen bacteria groups in alpine steppe of different disturned habitats in Tianzhu.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2007,44(1):123-129.姚拓,龙瑞军,师尚礼,等.高寒草地不同扰动生境土壤微生物氮素生理群数量特征研究.土壤学报,2007,44(1):123-129.
[11] Yan S Y,Zhou Z Y,Qin Y,et al.Characteristics of nitrogen contents under different land use conditions in alpine grassland of Maqu.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2010,19(2):153-159.颜淑云,周志宇,秦彧,等.玛曲高寒草地不同利用方式下土壤氮素含量特征.草业学报,2010,19(2):153-159.
[12] Cai X B,Zhou J,Qian C.Variation of soil microbial activities in alpine steppes different ini degradation intensity in degradation intensity in the north Tibet Plateau.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2008,45(6):1110-1118.蔡晓布,周进,钱成.不同退化程度高寒草原土壤微生物活性变化特征研究.土壤学报,2008,45(6):1110-1118.
[13] Hu L,Wang C T,Wang G X,et al.Changes in the activities of soil enzymes and microbial community structure at different degradation successional stages of alpine meadows in the headwater region of Three Rivers,China.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2014,23(3):85-90.胡雷,王长庭,王根绪,等.三江源区不同退化演替阶段高寒草甸土壤酶活性和微生物群落结构的变化.草业学报,2014,23(3):85-90.
[14] Liu X N,Sun J L,Zhang D G,et al.A study on the community structure and plant diversity of alpine meadow under different degrees of degradation in the eastern Qilian Mountains.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2008,17(4):1-11.柳小妮,孙九林,张德罡,等.东祁连山不同退化阶段高寒草甸群落结构与植物多样性特征研究.草业学报,2008,17(4):1-11.
[15] Crooke W M,Simpson W.Determination of ammonium in Kjel-dahl extracts of crops by an automated procedure.Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,1971,22:9-10.
[16] Guan S Y.Soil enzymes and research methods.Beijing:Agriculture Press,1986.关松荫.土壤酶及其研究法.北京:农业出版社,1986.
[17] Dong K K,Wang H,Yang L Y,et al.Change characteristics of soil carbon and nitrogen contents in the Yellow River Delta soil after artificial restoration.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(16):4778-4782.董凯凯,王惠,杨丽原,等.人工恢复黄河三角洲湿地土壤碳氮含量变化特征.生态学报,2011,31(16):4778-4782.
[18] Li S Q,Li S X,Li F M,et al.Mineralization and nitrification of soil nitrogen in calcareous soil profile.Journal of Lanzhou University(Natural Sciences),2000,36(1):2055-2059.李世清,李生秀,李凤民,等.石灰性土壤剖面氮素的矿化和硝化作用.兰州大学学报(自然科学版),2000,36(1):2055-2059.
[19] Zhao H L,He Y H,Zhou R L,et al.Effects of desertification on soil organic C and N content in sandy farmland and grassland of Inner Mongolia.Catena,2009,77(3):187-191.
[20] Jiang S L,Hu Y F,Pu Q,et al.Changes in soil nitrogen characteristics during grassland desertification in Northwest Sichuan.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(15):4644-4653.蒋双龙,胡玉福,蒲琴,等.川西北高寒草地沙化过程中土壤氮素变化特征.生态学报,2016,36(15):4644-4653.
[21] Li Y J,Wang Y Y,Cao G M,et al.Effect of land use patterns on soil nitrogen characteristics in Three-river Headwater area.Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2017,35(3):272-277.李亚娟,王亚亚,曹广民,等.三江源区土地利用方式对土壤氮素特征的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2017,35(3):272-277.
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