反应模式对时间空间一致性效应的影响
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摘要
通过3个实验探讨口头和按键反应对汉语被试时间空间一致性效应的影响。结果发现,在前后和上下方向,反应模式会影响时间空间一致性效应的方向,按键反应激活了过去/后/下,未来/前/上的一致性效应,口头反应激活了过去/前/上,未来/后/下的一致性效应;但是在左右方向,反应模式不会影响时间空间一致性效应的方向(过去/左,未来/右)。对3个方向的效应量的分析发现,左右方向的效应量最大,上下方向的效应量最小。时间和空间的关系受反应模式、语言习惯以及方向的影响,支持隐喻构念观理论。汉语被试对时间概念的表征综合了命题符号和知觉符号。
In this study, we examined whether response mode could affect the space-time congruency effect by three behavioral experiments. The results showed that in the front-back and up-down directions, the response mode affected the direction of the spacetime congruency effect. The button reaction activated the past/backward/down and future/forward/up congruency effects, and the verbal reaction activated the past/forward/up and future/backward/down congruency effects. However, in the left-right direction, the response mode did not affect the direction of the space-time congruency effect, and both the past/left and future/right congruency effects were activated. Analysis of the effect size in three directions revealed that the effect size in the left-right direction was the largest, and the effect size in the up-down direction was the smallest. The relationship between time and space would be influenced by the response mode, language habits and directions, supporting the theory of metaphorical structuring view. Chinese subjects' representation of the concept of time combined propositional symbols and perceptual symbols.
In this study, we examined whether response mode could affect the space-time congruency effect by three behavioral experiments. The results showed that in the front-back and up-down directions, the response mode affected the direction of the spacetime congruency effect. The button reaction activated the past/backward/down and future/forward/up congruency effects, and the verbal reaction activated the past/forward/up and future/backward/down congruency effects. However, in the left-right direction, the response mode did not affect the direction of the space-time congruency effect, and both the past/left and future/right congruency effects were activated. Analysis of the effect size in three directions revealed that the effect size in the left-right direction was the largest, and the effect size in the up-down direction was the smallest. The relationship between time and space would be influenced by the response mode, language habits and directions, supporting the theory of metaphorical structuring view. Chinese subjects' representation of the concept of time combined propositional symbols and perceptual symbols.
引文
陈燕,黄希庭.(2006).时间隐喻研究述评.心理科学进展,14(4),604-609.
冯宁.(2015).心理时间线:具身模拟和概念隐喻的双重进程(硕士学位论文).华中师范大学.
顾艳艳,张志杰.(2012).汉语背景下横纵轴上的心理时间线.心理学报,44(8),1015-1024.
李恒,张积家.(2016).听觉任务下汉语母语者对不同类型时间句的加工.心理学报,48(6),617-624.
李金星,王振宏.(2015).空间-时间联合编码效应:表现、影响因素及其理论.心理科学进展,23(1),30-40.
刘湍丽,白学军.(2017).部分线索对记忆提取的影响:认知抑制能力的作用.心理学报,49(9),1158-1171.
宋宜琪,张积家,许峥烨.(2013).汉语讲话者的时间隐喻的视觉-运动通道效应.心理学报,45(11),1200-1216.
谢久书,张常青,王瑞明,陆直.(2011).知觉符号理论及其研究范式.心理科学进展,19(9),1293-1305.
张积家,宋宜琪.(2012).盲人的时间水平方向隐喻的通道特异性.心理学报,44(1),40-50.
张颖颖,于方静,周治金,陈宝国.(2016).汉语时间-空间隐喻加工垂直偏向性的稳固性.心理与行为研究,14(4),446-452,522,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1672-0628.2016.04.003.
Barsalou,L.W.(1999).Perceptions of perceptual symbols.Behavioral&Brain Sciences,22(4),637-660.
Bottini,R.,&Casasanto,D.(2013).Space and time in the child's mind:Metaphoric or ATOMic?Frontiers in Psychology,4,803.
Cai,Z.G.,&Connell,L.(2015).Space-time interdependence:Evidence against asymmetric mapping between time and space.Cognition,136,268-281,doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2014.11.039.
Casasanto,D.,&Bottini,R.(2014).Mirror reading can reverse the flow of time.Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,143(2),473-479,doi:10.1037/a0033297.
Chen,C.(2014).A contrastive study of time as space metaphor in English and Chinese.Theory&Practice in Language Studies,4(1),129-136.
Chen,J.Y.(2007).Do Chinese and English speakers think about time differently?Failure of replicating Boroditsky(2001).Cognition,104(2),427-436,doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2006.09.012.
Dove,G.(2009).Beyond perceptual symbols:A call for representational pluralism.Cognition,110(3),412-431,doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2008.11.016.
Eikmeier,V.,Hoppe,D.,&Ulrich,R.(2015).Response mode does not modulate the space-time congruency effect:Evidence for a space-time mapping at a conceptual level.Acta Psychologica,156,162-167,doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.10.008.
Homma,C.T.,&Ashida,H.(2015).What makes space-time interactions in human vision asymmetrical?Frontiers in Psychology,6,756.
Louwerse,M.M.,&Jeuniaux,P..(2010).The linguistic and embodied nature of conceptual processing.Cognition,114(1),96-104,doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2009.09.002.
Ouellet,M.,Santiago,J.,Funes,M.J.,&Lupiá?ez,J.(2010).Thinking about the future moves attention to the right.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception&Performance,36(1),17-24.
Ouellet,M.,Santiago,J.,Israeli,Z.,&Gabay,S.(2009).Multimodal influences of orthographic directionality on the"Time is Space”conceptual metaphor.In Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society(pp.1840-1845).Austin,TX.
Sell,A.J.,&Kaschak,M.P.(2011).Processing time shifts affects the execution of motor responses.Brain&Language,117(1),39-44.
Torralbo,A.,Santiago,J.,&Lupiá?ez,J.(2006).Flexible conceptual projection of time onto spatial frames of reference.Cognitive Science,30(4),745-757,doi:10.1207/s15516709cog0000_67.
Walsh,V.(2003).A theory of magnitude:Common cortical metrics of time,space and quantity.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,7(11),483-488,doi:10.1016/j.tics.2003.09.002.
冯宁.(2015).心理时间线:具身模拟和概念隐喻的双重进程(硕士学位论文).华中师范大学.
顾艳艳,张志杰.(2012).汉语背景下横纵轴上的心理时间线.心理学报,44(8),1015-1024.
李恒,张积家.(2016).听觉任务下汉语母语者对不同类型时间句的加工.心理学报,48(6),617-624.
李金星,王振宏.(2015).空间-时间联合编码效应:表现、影响因素及其理论.心理科学进展,23(1),30-40.
刘湍丽,白学军.(2017).部分线索对记忆提取的影响:认知抑制能力的作用.心理学报,49(9),1158-1171.
宋宜琪,张积家,许峥烨.(2013).汉语讲话者的时间隐喻的视觉-运动通道效应.心理学报,45(11),1200-1216.
谢久书,张常青,王瑞明,陆直.(2011).知觉符号理论及其研究范式.心理科学进展,19(9),1293-1305.
张积家,宋宜琪.(2012).盲人的时间水平方向隐喻的通道特异性.心理学报,44(1),40-50.
张颖颖,于方静,周治金,陈宝国.(2016).汉语时间-空间隐喻加工垂直偏向性的稳固性.心理与行为研究,14(4),446-452,522,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1672-0628.2016.04.003.
Barsalou,L.W.(1999).Perceptions of perceptual symbols.Behavioral&Brain Sciences,22(4),637-660.
Bottini,R.,&Casasanto,D.(2013).Space and time in the child's mind:Metaphoric or ATOMic?Frontiers in Psychology,4,803.
Cai,Z.G.,&Connell,L.(2015).Space-time interdependence:Evidence against asymmetric mapping between time and space.Cognition,136,268-281,doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2014.11.039.
Casasanto,D.,&Bottini,R.(2014).Mirror reading can reverse the flow of time.Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,143(2),473-479,doi:10.1037/a0033297.
Chen,C.(2014).A contrastive study of time as space metaphor in English and Chinese.Theory&Practice in Language Studies,4(1),129-136.
Chen,J.Y.(2007).Do Chinese and English speakers think about time differently?Failure of replicating Boroditsky(2001).Cognition,104(2),427-436,doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2006.09.012.
Dove,G.(2009).Beyond perceptual symbols:A call for representational pluralism.Cognition,110(3),412-431,doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2008.11.016.
Eikmeier,V.,Hoppe,D.,&Ulrich,R.(2015).Response mode does not modulate the space-time congruency effect:Evidence for a space-time mapping at a conceptual level.Acta Psychologica,156,162-167,doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.10.008.
Homma,C.T.,&Ashida,H.(2015).What makes space-time interactions in human vision asymmetrical?Frontiers in Psychology,6,756.
Louwerse,M.M.,&Jeuniaux,P..(2010).The linguistic and embodied nature of conceptual processing.Cognition,114(1),96-104,doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2009.09.002.
Ouellet,M.,Santiago,J.,Funes,M.J.,&Lupiá?ez,J.(2010).Thinking about the future moves attention to the right.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception&Performance,36(1),17-24.
Ouellet,M.,Santiago,J.,Israeli,Z.,&Gabay,S.(2009).Multimodal influences of orthographic directionality on the"Time is Space”conceptual metaphor.In Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society(pp.1840-1845).Austin,TX.
Sell,A.J.,&Kaschak,M.P.(2011).Processing time shifts affects the execution of motor responses.Brain&Language,117(1),39-44.
Torralbo,A.,Santiago,J.,&Lupiá?ez,J.(2006).Flexible conceptual projection of time onto spatial frames of reference.Cognitive Science,30(4),745-757,doi:10.1207/s15516709cog0000_67.
Walsh,V.(2003).A theory of magnitude:Common cortical metrics of time,space and quantity.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,7(11),483-488,doi:10.1016/j.tics.2003.09.002.