大连市某造船企业电焊烟尘的监测结果
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摘要
目的检测大连市某造船企业在不同作业地点的电焊岗位不同空气动力学直径电焊烟尘浓度[总粉尘(总尘)、呼吸性粉尘(呼尘)、细颗粒物(PM2.5)、吸入性颗粒物(PM10)、总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)]水平的差异,以及同一作业地点定点采样与个体采样之间的电焊烟尘浓度差别,以探讨造船行业电焊烟尘的防护策略,并探讨不同作业环境下选择适宜的采样方法。方法根据造船企业焊接作业地点的不同,划分为室外露天、室内作业、有限空间作业3种。每种焊接作业地点采用定点采样和个体采样的方法同时采集焊接作业中的电焊烟尘。在颗粒物检测过程中,同一作业地点颗粒物的采集、个体和定点采样同时进行。结果无论是采用定点采样还是个体采样,根据电焊烟尘浓度水平比较,有限空间作业最高[定点采样(过氯乙烯滤膜)M值为8.00 mg/m3,个体采样M值为19.67 mg/m3],室内作业次之,室外露天最低[定点采样(过氯乙烯滤膜)M值为2.23 mg/m3,个体采样M值为4.81 mg/m3],差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。从电焊烟尘不合格率进行比较,在定点采样中有限空间作业最高(81.82%),室内作业次之,室外露天最低(23.08%),差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。个体采样中有限空间作业最高,室外露天次之,室内作业最低,有限空间作业个体采样的差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。同一作业地点的检测中,个体采样浓度明显高于定点采样浓度,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。不同粒径大小的颗粒物中,PM2.5和PM10所占比例较高。结论大连市某造船企业在有限空间作业的电焊烟尘浓度水平均最高(总尘、呼尘、PM2.5、PM10、TSP),是造船行业最应该加强防护的作业地点。个体采样浓度明显高于定点采样浓度,个体采样的检测数据更有参考价值,更能反映出电焊烟尘的暴露水平。造船企业管理者应提高电焊烟尘中小颗粒物PM2.5和PM10的防护意识,维护焊工的职业健康权益。
[Objective]To detect the differences in the concentrations of welding fumes with different aerodynamic diameters [total dust, respirable dust, fine particulate matter(PM2.5), inhalable particulate matter(PM10) and total suspended particulate matter(TSP)]at different locations of a shipbuilding enterprise in Dalian City, analyze the differences in concentration of welding fume between fixed-point sampling and individual sampling at the same workplace, discuss the protection strategy of welding fumes in shipbuilding industry, and choose suitable sampling methods under different working environments.[Methods]According to the different welding areas of shipbuilding enterprise, there were three types of utdoor welding, indoor welding and limited space welding. Fixed-point sampling and individual sampling were used in each welding area to collect welding fumes simultaneously.The collections of particulate matter, individual and fixed-point sampling were carried out simultaneously in the same welding area in the process of particulate matter detection.[Results] The concentration level of welding fumes was the highest in limited space welding [M value in fixed-point sampling(perchloroethylene filter membrane) was 8.00 mg/m3, M value in individual sampling was 19.67 mg/m3], second in indoor welding, and the lowest in outdoor welding M value in fixed-point sampling(perchloroethylene filter membrane) was 2.23 mg/m3, M value in individual sampling was 4.81 mg/m3], whether using fixed-point sampling or individual sampling. According to the unqualified rates of welding fumes, the limited space welding was the highest in fixed-point sampling(81.82%), the second was indoor welding, and the lowest was outdoor welding(23.08%), and the differencewas statistically significant(all P <0.01). In the individual sampling, limited space welding was the highest, outdoor welding was the second, and indoor welding was the lowest, the difference was not statistically significant(all P>0.05). In the same welding area, the individual sampling concentration was higher than the fixed-point sampling concentration, and the difference was statistically significant(P <0.05). The proportions of PM2.5 and PM10 were higher in particulates with different particle sizes.[Conclusion] The concentration of welding fumes(total dust, respirable dust, PM2.5, PM10 and TSP) in limited space operation is the highest in a shipbuilding enterprise in Dalian City, and it is the most important welding area for protection.The individual sampling concentration is significantly higher than the fixed-point sampling concentration, indicating the measured data of individual sampling have more reference value and can reflect the exposure level of welding dust more effectively. The manager of shipbuilding enterprises should improve the protection consciousness of PM2.5 and PM10 to protect the occupational health rights of welders.
[Objective]To detect the differences in the concentrations of welding fumes with different aerodynamic diameters [total dust, respirable dust, fine particulate matter(PM2.5), inhalable particulate matter(PM10) and total suspended particulate matter(TSP)]at different locations of a shipbuilding enterprise in Dalian City, analyze the differences in concentration of welding fume between fixed-point sampling and individual sampling at the same workplace, discuss the protection strategy of welding fumes in shipbuilding industry, and choose suitable sampling methods under different working environments.[Methods]According to the different welding areas of shipbuilding enterprise, there were three types of utdoor welding, indoor welding and limited space welding. Fixed-point sampling and individual sampling were used in each welding area to collect welding fumes simultaneously.The collections of particulate matter, individual and fixed-point sampling were carried out simultaneously in the same welding area in the process of particulate matter detection.[Results] The concentration level of welding fumes was the highest in limited space welding [M value in fixed-point sampling(perchloroethylene filter membrane) was 8.00 mg/m3, M value in individual sampling was 19.67 mg/m3], second in indoor welding, and the lowest in outdoor welding M value in fixed-point sampling(perchloroethylene filter membrane) was 2.23 mg/m3, M value in individual sampling was 4.81 mg/m3], whether using fixed-point sampling or individual sampling. According to the unqualified rates of welding fumes, the limited space welding was the highest in fixed-point sampling(81.82%), the second was indoor welding, and the lowest was outdoor welding(23.08%), and the differencewas statistically significant(all P <0.01). In the individual sampling, limited space welding was the highest, outdoor welding was the second, and indoor welding was the lowest, the difference was not statistically significant(all P>0.05). In the same welding area, the individual sampling concentration was higher than the fixed-point sampling concentration, and the difference was statistically significant(P <0.05). The proportions of PM2.5 and PM10 were higher in particulates with different particle sizes.[Conclusion] The concentration of welding fumes(total dust, respirable dust, PM2.5, PM10 and TSP) in limited space operation is the highest in a shipbuilding enterprise in Dalian City, and it is the most important welding area for protection.The individual sampling concentration is significantly higher than the fixed-point sampling concentration, indicating the measured data of individual sampling have more reference value and can reflect the exposure level of welding dust more effectively. The manager of shipbuilding enterprises should improve the protection consciousness of PM2.5 and PM10 to protect the occupational health rights of welders.
引文
[1]安玉,宋月,何作力.造船行业存在的职业卫生问题及防护措施[J].职业与健康,2015,31(4):568-570.
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[5]国家环境保护局.环境空气总悬浮颗粒物的测定重量法:GB/T15432-1995[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1995:1-6.
[6]环境保护部.环境空气PM10和PM2..5的测定重量法:HJ 618-2011[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2011:1-8.
[7]中华人民共和国卫生部.工作场所有害因素职业接触限值第1部分:化学有害因素:GBZ 2.1-2007[S].北京:人民卫生出版社,2008:1-22.
[8]中国疾病预防控制中心职业卫生与中毒控制所.职业健康风险评估与国家职业卫生标准制定项目OHRA.职业健康风险评估电焊烟尘.2015.1-2015.12. http://www.niohp.net.cn/2015ndgzxmbg/zyjkfxpg/201611/P020161118396526313168.pdf
[9]李旭,车望军,邱泓,等.《工作场所空气中有害物质监测的采样规范》若干问题探讨[J].中国职业医学,2012,39(1):60-61.
[10]龚伟,何苏敏,倪金玲.个体采样在建设项目职业病危害评价监测中的应用[J].工业卫生与职业病,2007,33(3):166-168.
[11]刘春华.定点与个体采样评价电焊烟接触的对比分析[J].工业卫生与职业病,2009,35(6):367-369.
[12]黄云彪,王宇,施渊.造船行业电焊烟尘检测结果的分析[J].环境与职业医学,2011,28(3):159-160.
[13]徐建,张宏成,王宗南.职业卫生个体采样方法质量控制探讨[J].中国卫生工程学,2016,15(4):413-414,417.
[14]袁伟明,宾平凡,邢鸣鸾,等.电焊作业环境中职业危害因素检测与防护[J].环境与职业医学,2013,30(4):258-261.
[15]孙贵范.职业卫生与职业医学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2013:1.
[16] YEGANEH B,KULL CM,HULL MS,et al. Characterization of airborne particles during production of carbonaceous nanomaterials[J].Environ Sci Techonl,2008,42(12):4600-4606.
[2]中华人民共和国卫生部.工作场所空气中有害物质监测的采样规范:GBZ 159-2004[S].北京:人民卫生出版社,2006:1-19.
[3]中华人民共和国卫生部.工作场所空气中粉尘测定第1部分:总粉尘浓度:GBZ 192.1-2007[S].北京:人民卫生出版社,2008:1-9.
[4]中华人民共和国卫生部.工作场所空气中粉尘测定第2部分:呼吸性粉尘浓度:GBZ 192.2-2007[S].北京:人民卫生出版社,2008:1-5.
[5]国家环境保护局.环境空气总悬浮颗粒物的测定重量法:GB/T15432-1995[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1995:1-6.
[6]环境保护部.环境空气PM10和PM2..5的测定重量法:HJ 618-2011[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2011:1-8.
[7]中华人民共和国卫生部.工作场所有害因素职业接触限值第1部分:化学有害因素:GBZ 2.1-2007[S].北京:人民卫生出版社,2008:1-22.
[8]中国疾病预防控制中心职业卫生与中毒控制所.职业健康风险评估与国家职业卫生标准制定项目OHRA.职业健康风险评估电焊烟尘.2015.1-2015.12. http://www.niohp.net.cn/2015ndgzxmbg/zyjkfxpg/201611/P020161118396526313168.pdf
[9]李旭,车望军,邱泓,等.《工作场所空气中有害物质监测的采样规范》若干问题探讨[J].中国职业医学,2012,39(1):60-61.
[10]龚伟,何苏敏,倪金玲.个体采样在建设项目职业病危害评价监测中的应用[J].工业卫生与职业病,2007,33(3):166-168.
[11]刘春华.定点与个体采样评价电焊烟接触的对比分析[J].工业卫生与职业病,2009,35(6):367-369.
[12]黄云彪,王宇,施渊.造船行业电焊烟尘检测结果的分析[J].环境与职业医学,2011,28(3):159-160.
[13]徐建,张宏成,王宗南.职业卫生个体采样方法质量控制探讨[J].中国卫生工程学,2016,15(4):413-414,417.
[14]袁伟明,宾平凡,邢鸣鸾,等.电焊作业环境中职业危害因素检测与防护[J].环境与职业医学,2013,30(4):258-261.
[15]孙贵范.职业卫生与职业医学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2013:1.
[16] YEGANEH B,KULL CM,HULL MS,et al. Characterization of airborne particles during production of carbonaceous nanomaterials[J].Environ Sci Techonl,2008,42(12):4600-4606.