华南褶皱系典型成矿区多期次构造演化与控矿机制数值模拟
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摘要
本文基于流-固耦合模型对研究区主要控矿构造的发育演化过程和控矿机制进行数值模拟研究.根据研究区不同构造期次下形成的最大主应力、体积应变、剪切应变、岩层渗透率变化、孔隙压力以及流体流动样式等成矿地质环境的定量结果,分析个旧超大型成矿系统的构造-岩浆-流体要素的相互作用机制.模拟结果显示,在成矿期构造应力场作用下,在先存背斜构造部位形成了强烈的张应力环境,构成了一系列沿北北东走向的有利侵位通道和空间.岩浆反复侵位于此并产生巨大浮力作用,控制了背斜构造发育并形成了低压力、高渗透的扩容空间,促进矿液长效聚集成矿.另一方面,根据东西向断裂组的应力-应变状态及共轭剪切断裂成生发育情况,剖析了该组断裂的形成机制以及在成矿期的性质、运动状态及导矿容矿作用.
The Gejiu ore district in Yunnan Province,southwestern China,is a world-class super large tin-polymetallic ore-concentrated area.The aim of this study is to reveal quantitatively the process and mechanism of mineralizing fluids and controlling factors of the study area.The mathematical model,simulation model and boundary conditions were constructed according to the geological setting and experimental objectives.In the research three groups of numerical simulation experiments with various boundary conditions on a simplified regional-scale 3Dmodel,thatis based on the geological tectonic evolution of the study area,were carried out on a fluid-solid coupling model in FLAC3 D.On the basis of calculated quantitative results,including maximum principal stress,volume strain,shear strain,rock permeability,pore pressure and fluid flow pattern,under different geological conditions, we analyzed comparatively and attained more systematic and in-depth understanding of metallogenic geologic conditions in the metallogenic epoch,the development of multistages structural compounding and combination,and the ore-forming process.The simulation results show that high tensile stress values are concentrated upon the existing anticline zone and distributed along the NNE direction under horizontal tectonic stress at metallogenic epoch.This type of structure provided the favorable channel and space for magmatic emplacement.With the great buoyancy effect,a series of superimposed anticline zones with low pore pressure,high permeability and expansion space were formed and promoted the ore fluid long-term gathering and metallogenesis.In addition,according to the stress-strain of the E-W faults and the development of the conjugate shear fracture,we analyze the formation mechanism,property and state in metallogenic epoch and the formation of the fracturerock groove structure,and the ore conducting role of the faults.The results provide insights into the multi-stages composite structures which may have controlled localization of mineralization in the Gejiu ore district and may be of significance for future exploration in the study area and analogous regions elsewhere.These research findings with space-time dual attributes not only verify the existing understanding of the metallogenic regulation,but also have clear implications for complementing knowledge on the evolution process of geologic structures,genetic relationship and internal mechanism.
The Gejiu ore district in Yunnan Province,southwestern China,is a world-class super large tin-polymetallic ore-concentrated area.The aim of this study is to reveal quantitatively the process and mechanism of mineralizing fluids and controlling factors of the study area.The mathematical model,simulation model and boundary conditions were constructed according to the geological setting and experimental objectives.In the research three groups of numerical simulation experiments with various boundary conditions on a simplified regional-scale 3Dmodel,thatis based on the geological tectonic evolution of the study area,were carried out on a fluid-solid coupling model in FLAC3 D.On the basis of calculated quantitative results,including maximum principal stress,volume strain,shear strain,rock permeability,pore pressure and fluid flow pattern,under different geological conditions, we analyzed comparatively and attained more systematic and in-depth understanding of metallogenic geologic conditions in the metallogenic epoch,the development of multistages structural compounding and combination,and the ore-forming process.The simulation results show that high tensile stress values are concentrated upon the existing anticline zone and distributed along the NNE direction under horizontal tectonic stress at metallogenic epoch.This type of structure provided the favorable channel and space for magmatic emplacement.With the great buoyancy effect,a series of superimposed anticline zones with low pore pressure,high permeability and expansion space were formed and promoted the ore fluid long-term gathering and metallogenesis.In addition,according to the stress-strain of the E-W faults and the development of the conjugate shear fracture,we analyze the formation mechanism,property and state in metallogenic epoch and the formation of the fracturerock groove structure,and the ore conducting role of the faults.The results provide insights into the multi-stages composite structures which may have controlled localization of mineralization in the Gejiu ore district and may be of significance for future exploration in the study area and analogous regions elsewhere.These research findings with space-time dual attributes not only verify the existing understanding of the metallogenic regulation,but also have clear implications for complementing knowledge on the evolution process of geologic structures,genetic relationship and internal mechanism.
引文
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Gao J G,Nian H L,Chen S Y.2004.Spatial distribution characteristics of mineralized fracture zone and metallogenetic elements in the south of Gejiu ore district,Yunnan provinceTake Longshujiao fault as an example.Contributions to Geology and Mineral Resources Research(in Chinese),19(4):238-242.
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Jiang S D,Qin D X,Deng M G.2006.Geochemical characteristics and their ore finding significance of Lutangba ore district in Gejiu tin mine.Mineral Resources and Geology(in Chinese),20(6):677-681.
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Liu L M,Zhao Y L,Sun T.2012.3Dcomputational shape-and cooling process-modeling of magmatic intrusion and its implication for genesis and exploration of intrusion-related ore deposits:An example from the Yueshan intrusion in Anqing,China.Tectonophysics,526-529:110-123.
LüB S.2005.A new round of mineral prospecting and prospecting targets in Gejiu,Yunnan province.Geological Review(in Chinese),51(6):640-648.
LüQ T,Dong S W,Shi D N,et al.2014.Lithosphere architecture and geodynamic model of Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze Metallogenic Belt:A review from SinoProbe.Acta Petrologica Sinica,30(4):889-906.
LüQ T,Yan J Y,Shi D N,et al.2013.Reflection seismic imaging of the Lujiang-Zongyang volcanic basin,Yangtze Metallogenic Belt:An insight into the crustal structure and geodynamics of an ore district.Tectonophysics,606:60-77,doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2013.04.006.
Ma D Y,Gao Z M,Tao Y,et al.2004.The characteristics of orecontrolling structures of the interbedded cassiterite-sulfide deposit,Gaosong ore field,Gejiu,Yunnan.Acta Mineralogica Sinica(in Chinese),24(2):153-156.
Meng W J,Chen Z A,Bai W M.2015.Numerical simulation on process of the plume-lithosphere interaction.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),58(2):495-503,doi:10.6038/cjg20150213.
Nield D A,Bejan A.1992.Convection in Porous Media.New York:Spring-Verlag,408pp.
Ord A.1991.Deformation of rock:apressure-sensitive,dilatant material.Pure and Applied Geophysics,137(4):337-366.
Ord A,Oliver N H S.1997.Mechanical controls on fluid flow during regional metamorphism:some numerical models.Journal of Metamorphic Geology,15(3):345-359.
Ramberg H.1970.Folding of laterally compressed multilayers in the field of gravity,I.Phys.Earth Planet.Inter.,2(4):203-232.
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Sun S Y.2004.Study on the multi-episodic activity of faults in the Gaosong field of Gejiu Tin deposits.Acta Mineralogica Sinica(in Chinese),24(2):124-128.
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Cheng Y B,Mao J W,Xie G Q,et al.2009.Zircon U-Pb dating of granites in Gejiu superlarge tin polymetallic orefield and its significance.Mineral Deposits(in Chinese),28(3):297-312.
Cundall P A,Board M.1988.A microcomputer program for modelling large-strain plasticity problems.∥Swoboda G Ed.Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Numerical Methods in Geomechanics.Numerical Methods in Geomechanics,6:2101-2108.
Currie J B,Patnode H W,Trump R P.1962.Development of folds in sedimentary strata.Geol.Soc.Am.Bull.,73(6):655-674.
Deng J,Yang L Q,Zhai Y S,et al.2000.Theoretical framework and methodological system of tectonics-fluids-mineralization system and dynamics.Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences(in Chinese),25(1):71-78.
Deng J,Wang Q F,Huang D H,et al.2004.Structural control of ore-forming fluid activities in shallow crust of Tongling ore concentration area in Yanshanian Period.Mineral Deposits(in Chinese),23(3):399-404.
Fang W X,Hu R Z,Xie G Q,et al.2002.Tectonolithostratigraphic units of the Ailaoshan area in Yunnan,China and their implications of tectonic evolution.Geotectonica et Metallogenia(in Chinese),26(1):28-36.
Fyfe W S,Kerrich R.1985.Fluids and thrusting.Chem.Geol.,49(1-3):353-362.
Gao J G,Nian H L,Chen S Y.2004.Spatial distribution characteristics of mineralized fracture zone and metallogenetic elements in the south of Gejiu ore district,Yunnan provinceTake Longshujiao fault as an example.Contributions to Geology and Mineral Resources Research(in Chinese),19(4):238-242.
Gao Y,Zhang S T.2007.Study on vertical zoning of orefield structures in Laochang Tin orefield in Gejiu area,Yunnan province.Geotectonica et Metallogenia(in Chinese),31(3):335-341.
Gessner K.2009.Coupled models of brittle-plastic deformation and fluid flow:approaches,methods,and application to Mesoproterozoic Mineralisation at Mount Isa,Australia.Surv.Geophys.,30(3):211-232.
Han D M,Tan M.2014.Rock and ore control feature of EW fault in E Gejiu area.Yunnan Geology(in Chinese),33(1):71-75.
Hobbs B E,Zhang Y,Ord A,et al.2000.Application of coupled deformation,fluid flow,thermal and chemical modeling to Predictive mineral exploration.Journal of Geochemical Exploration,69-70:505-509.
Hu S Z,Fu L Y,Pei Z L.2009.A boundary element method for the 2-D wave equation in fluid-saturated porous media.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),52(9):2364-2369,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2009.09.022.
Itasca Consulting Group.2002.FLAC3D User′s Guide.Minneapolis:Itasca Consulting Group,Inc.
Jaeger J C,Cook N G W.1979.Fundamentals of Rock Mechanics,3rd rd.London:Chapman and Hall.
Jia C,Yuan F,Zhang M M,et al.2014.Numerical simulation of the process of deposit formation in Baixiangshan iron deposit,Ningwu Basin.Acta Petrologica Sinica(in Chinese),30(4):1031-1040.
Jiang S D,Qin D X,Deng M G.2006.Geochemical characteristics and their ore finding significance of Lutangba ore district in Gejiu tin mine.Mineral Resources and Geology(in Chinese),20(6):677-681.
Jiang Z W,Oliver N H S,Barr T D,et al.1997.Numerical modeling of fault-controlled fluid flow in the genesis of Tin deposits of the Malage ore field,Gejiu mining district,China.Economic Geology,92(2):228-247.
Li B L,Mao J W,Mo G P,et al.2012.An analysis and measurement of joints developed in typical orefields of the Gejiu tin-copper polymetallic ore concentration area,Yunnan Province.Geology in China(in Chinese),39(6):1657-1669.
Lin G,Zhang Y,Guo F.2005.Numerical modelling of lithosphere evolution in the North China Block:Thermal versus tectonic thinning.Journal of Geodynamics,40(1):92-103.
Liu L M,Zhao Y L,Sun T.2012.3Dcomputational shape-and cooling process-modeling of magmatic intrusion and its implication for genesis and exploration of intrusion-related ore deposits:An example from the Yueshan intrusion in Anqing,China.Tectonophysics,526-529:110-123.
LüB S.2005.A new round of mineral prospecting and prospecting targets in Gejiu,Yunnan province.Geological Review(in Chinese),51(6):640-648.
LüQ T,Dong S W,Shi D N,et al.2014.Lithosphere architecture and geodynamic model of Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze Metallogenic Belt:A review from SinoProbe.Acta Petrologica Sinica,30(4):889-906.
LüQ T,Yan J Y,Shi D N,et al.2013.Reflection seismic imaging of the Lujiang-Zongyang volcanic basin,Yangtze Metallogenic Belt:An insight into the crustal structure and geodynamics of an ore district.Tectonophysics,606:60-77,doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2013.04.006.
Ma D Y,Gao Z M,Tao Y,et al.2004.The characteristics of orecontrolling structures of the interbedded cassiterite-sulfide deposit,Gaosong ore field,Gejiu,Yunnan.Acta Mineralogica Sinica(in Chinese),24(2):153-156.
Meng W J,Chen Z A,Bai W M.2015.Numerical simulation on process of the plume-lithosphere interaction.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),58(2):495-503,doi:10.6038/cjg20150213.
Nield D A,Bejan A.1992.Convection in Porous Media.New York:Spring-Verlag,408pp.
Ord A.1991.Deformation of rock:apressure-sensitive,dilatant material.Pure and Applied Geophysics,137(4):337-366.
Ord A,Oliver N H S.1997.Mechanical controls on fluid flow during regional metamorphism:some numerical models.Journal of Metamorphic Geology,15(3):345-359.
Ramberg H.1970.Folding of laterally compressed multilayers in the field of gravity,I.Phys.Earth Planet.Inter.,2(4):203-232.
Ramsay J G,Huber M I.1987.The Techniques of Modern Structural Geology.Vol.2:Fold and Fractures.London:Academic Press.
Shang B C,Chen J P,Zheng X,et al.2013.Three dimensional quantitative characteristics of fault structures in Gaosong Ore Field,Gejiu.Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition)(in Chinese),43(5):1448-1456.
Sun J C,Jiang Z W,Zhou D P.1988.Dynamic evolution of tectonic stress field and feature of control of ore deposits in Malage Orefield of Gejiu,Yunan.Journal of Kunming Institute of Technology(in Chinese),13(3):177-190.
Sun S Y.2004.Study on the multi-episodic activity of faults in the Gaosong field of Gejiu Tin deposits.Acta Mineralogica Sinica(in Chinese),24(2):124-128.
Vermeer P A,de Borst R.1984.Non-associated plasticity for soils,concrete and rock.Heron,29(3):1-62.
Yu C W,Tang Y J,Shi P F,et al.1988.The Dynamic System of Endogenic Ore Formation in Gejiu Tin-Polimetallic Metallogenic Area,Yunnan Province(in Chinese).Wuhan:China University of Geosciences Press.
Zhai Y S.1996.Problems in the study of structure-fluid-ore-forming processes.Earth Science Frontiers(in Chinese),3(3-4):230-236.
Zhang Y H,Lin G,Roberts P,et al.2007.Numerical modelling of deformation and fluid flow in the Shuikoushan district,Hunan Province,South China.Ore Geology Reviews,31(1-4):261-278.
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