金沙江梯级大坝运行和三峡水库运行水位增高对长江上游干流寡鳞飘鱼仔鱼丰度和分布的影响
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摘要
2009年、2012年和2015年在长江上游干流宜宾江段、朱杨江段和木洞江段采集鱼类早期资源,确定寡鳞飘鱼(Pseudolaubuca engraulis (Nichols))仔鱼的发生动态和丰度。金沙江梯级大坝运行前的2009年和2012年,寡鳞飘鱼仔鱼出现高峰开始于5月中旬;运行后的2015年, 6月下旬之前很少有仔鱼出现,高峰开始于7月中旬。梯级大坝低温清水下泄是导致坝下江段寡鳞飘鱼仔鱼发生高峰期推迟的主要原因。与2009年和2012年相比, 2015年寡鳞飘鱼仔鱼丰度在宜宾江段有明显的增加,在朱杨江段略有增加;这表明寡鳞飘鱼种群能够适应大坝运行导致的生境条件的变化。木洞江段2009年至2015年间寡鳞飘鱼仔鱼丰度持续显著升高,可能与该江段位于三峡水库变动回水区相关;调查期间三峡水库运行水位由156 m增至175 m,变动回水区缓流生境为寡鳞飘鱼仔鱼等提供了优良的育幼环境。基于研究结果,我们认为寡鳞飘鱼仔鱼丰度和分布的时空差异是上游梯级大坝和下游三峡水库运行共同作用的结果,反映出广适应性鱼类对建坝水域环境变化的更高的适应能力;同时,我们提出水库上游河流与水库库尾(甚至整个水库)形成的"河-库"复合生态系统可能具有与"河流-泛滥平原"复合生态系统相似的结构和功能,对产漂流性卵鱼类的种群补充具有十分重要的价值。
Ichthyoplankton were collected in the upper mainstem of the Yangtze River at Yibin, Zhuyang and Mudong in 2009, 2012 and 2015 to determine the occurrence dynamic and abundance of Pseudolaubuca engraulis(Nichols) larvae. The abundance of P. engraulis larval peaked from mid-May in 2009 and 2012(pre-impoundment of dam cascade in the Jinsha River), while few larvae occurred before late-June and the abundance peaked from mid-July in 2015(postimpoundment of the dam cascade). Hypolimnetic and clean water discharge from the dam cascade are critical factors on delaying spawning seasons and peak occurrence of the larval fish. The abundance of P. engraulis larvae showed an apparent increase at Yibin and a slight increase at Zhuyang in 2015 comparing to that in 2012 and 2013, indicating that the fish may adapt to the altered habitat environments by the dam cascade. Abundance of P. engraulis larvae at Mudong showed a significant increase during 2009 to 2015. The increase of the fish is probably related to the increasing operational water level(from 156 m to 175 m) of the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR), which created slow flow habitats at Mudong section and then offered a favorable nursery for the larvae. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that the temporal-spatial variation of P. engraulis larvae was jointly controlled by the upstream dam cascade and downstream TGR. Meanwhile, we suggest that the "River-Reservoir" ecosystem, constrained by the tail of reservoir(even all the reservoir) and its upstream river section, may have similar functions as the river-floodplain ecosystem in natural systems, and is valuable to the successful recruitment of fishes which produce drifting-egg.
Ichthyoplankton were collected in the upper mainstem of the Yangtze River at Yibin, Zhuyang and Mudong in 2009, 2012 and 2015 to determine the occurrence dynamic and abundance of Pseudolaubuca engraulis(Nichols) larvae. The abundance of P. engraulis larval peaked from mid-May in 2009 and 2012(pre-impoundment of dam cascade in the Jinsha River), while few larvae occurred before late-June and the abundance peaked from mid-July in 2015(postimpoundment of the dam cascade). Hypolimnetic and clean water discharge from the dam cascade are critical factors on delaying spawning seasons and peak occurrence of the larval fish. The abundance of P. engraulis larvae showed an apparent increase at Yibin and a slight increase at Zhuyang in 2015 comparing to that in 2012 and 2013, indicating that the fish may adapt to the altered habitat environments by the dam cascade. Abundance of P. engraulis larvae at Mudong showed a significant increase during 2009 to 2015. The increase of the fish is probably related to the increasing operational water level(from 156 m to 175 m) of the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR), which created slow flow habitats at Mudong section and then offered a favorable nursery for the larvae. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that the temporal-spatial variation of P. engraulis larvae was jointly controlled by the upstream dam cascade and downstream TGR. Meanwhile, we suggest that the "River-Reservoir" ecosystem, constrained by the tail of reservoir(even all the reservoir) and its upstream river section, may have similar functions as the river-floodplain ecosystem in natural systems, and is valuable to the successful recruitment of fishes which produce drifting-egg.
引文
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[19]Song Y,Cheng F,Murphy B R,et al.Downstream effects of the Three Gorges Dam on larval dispersal,spatial distribution,and growth of the four major Chinese carps call for reprioritizing conservation measures[J].Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,2017,72(1):141-151
[20]Cao W X,Chang J B,Qiao Y,et al.Fish Resource of Early Life History Stages in Yangtze River[M].China Water Power Press.2007,107[曹文宣,常剑波,乔晔,等.长江鱼类早期资源.中国水利水电出版.2007,107]
[21]Zhou C S,Liang Z S,Huang H N.Ecological features of the spawning of certain fishes in the Hanjiang River after the construction of dams[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,1980,7(2):175-188[周春生,梁秩燊,黄鹤年.兴修水利枢纽后汉江产漂流性卵鱼类的繁殖生态.水生生物学报,1980,7(2):175-188]
[22]Wolf A E,Willis D W,Power G J.Larval fish community in the Missouri River below Garrison Dam,North Dakota[J].Journal of Freshwater Ecology,1996,11(1):11-19
[23]Zhang G,Wu L,Li H,et al.Preliminary evidence of delayed spawning and suppressed larval growth and condition of the major carps in the Yangtze River below the Three Gorges Dam[J].Environmental Biology of Fishes,2012,93(3):439-447
[24]Gao T X.Studies on Gobioninae fish resources and habitat selections in the upper Yangtze River[D].Thesis for Doctoral of Science.Southwest University.2016[高天珩.长江上游亚科鱼类资源及生境选择策略研究.博士学位论文,西南大学,重庆.2016]
[25]Gong W B.Studies on reproductive biology and resource fluctuation of icefish Neosalanx taihuensis Chen[D].Thesis for Doctoral of Science.Institute of Hydrobiology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Wuhan.2009[龚望宝.太湖新银鱼繁殖生物学与资源动态研究.博士学位论文.中国科学院水生生物研究所,武汉.2009]
[26]Wang X L,Xiang J G,Liu J S,et al.Reduced growth and reproductive investment of Hemiculter leucisculus(Cyprinidae)in a reservoir with introduced icefish Neosalanx taihuensis(Salangidae)[J].Environmental Biology of Fishes,2013,96(7):895-903
[27]Lin P C,Liu F,Li M Z,et al.Spatial pattern of fish assemblages along the river-reservoir gradient caused by the Three Gorge Reservoir(TGR)[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2018,42(6):1124-1134[林鹏程,刘飞,黎明政,等.三峡水库蓄水后长江上游鱼类群聚沿河流-水库梯度的空间格局.水生生物学报,2018,42(6):1124-1134]
[28]Buckmeier D L,Smith N G,Fleming B P,et al.Intra-annual variation in river-reservoir interface fish assemblages:implications for fish conservation and management in regulated rivers[J].River Research and Applications,2014,30(6):780-790
[29]Miranda L E,Wigen S L,Dagel J D.Reservoir floodplains support distinct fish assemblages[J].River Research&Applications,2014,30(3):338-346
[30]Santos A B I,Terra B F,Araújo F G.Influence of the river flow on the structure of fish assemblage along the longitudinal gradient from river to reservoir[J].Zoologia(Curitiba),2010,27(5):732-740
[31]Va?ek M,PrchalováM,?íha M,et al.Fish community response to the longitudinal environmental gradient in Czech deep-valley reservoirs:implications for ecological monitoring and management[J].Ecological Indicators,2016,63:219-230
[32]Jiang W,Liu H Z,Duan Z H,et al.Seasonal variation in drifting eggs and larvae in the upper Yangtze,China[J].Zoological Science,2010,27(5):402-409
[2]Gehrke P C,Brown P,Schiller C B,et al.River regulation and fish communities in the Murray-Darling river system,Australia[J].River Research&Applications,1995,11(3-4):363-375
[3]Gehrke P C,Harris J H.Regional-scale effects of flow regulation on lowland riverine fish communities in New South Wales,Australia[J].River Research&Applications,2001,17(4-5):369-391
[4]Humphries P,Lake P S.Fish larvae and the management of regulated rivers[J].River Research&Applications,2015,16(5):421-432
[5]Havel J E,Lee C E,Vander Zanden J M.Do reservoirs facilitate invasions into landscapes[J]?AIBS Bulletin,2005,55(6):518-525
[6]Vitule J R S,Skóra F,Abilhoa V.Homogenization of freshwater fish faunas after the elimination of a natural barrier by a dam in Neotropics[J].Diversity and Distributions,2012,18(2):111-120
[7]Liew J H,Tan H H,Yeo D C J.Dammed rivers:impoundments facilitate fish invasions[J].Freshwater Biology,2016,61(9):1421-1429
[8]Suzuki F M,Pompeu P S.Influence of abiotic factors on ichthyoplankton occurrence in stretches with and without dams in the upper Grande River basin,south-eastern Brazil[J].Fisheries Management and Ecology,2016,23(2):99-108
[9]Liu J K,Cao W X.Fish resources of the Yangtze River basin and the tactics for their conservation[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Valley,1992,1(1):17-23[刘建康,曹文宣.长江流域的鱼类资源及其保护对策.长江流域资源与环境,1992,1(1):17-23]
[10]Wu Q,Duan X B,Xu S Y,et al.Three Gorges Reservoir of the Yangtze River[J].Freshwater Fisheries,2007,37(2):70-75[吴强,段辛斌,徐树英,等.长江三峡库区蓄水后鱼类资源现状.淡水渔业,2007,37(2):70-75]
[11]Gao X,Zeng Y,Wang J,et al.Immediate impacts of the second impoundment on fish communities in the Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Environmental Biology of Fishes,2010,87(2):163-173
[12]Yang S R.Fish community ecology in the Yangtze River Basin[D].Thesis for Doctoral of Science.Institute of Hydrobiology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Wuhan,2012[杨少荣.长江流域鱼类群落生态学研究.博士学位论文,中国科学院水生生物研究所,武汉.2012]
[13]Park Y S,Chang J,Lek S,et al.Conservation strategies for endemic fish species threatened by the Three Gorges Dam[J].Conservation Biology,2003,17(6):1748-1758
[14]Yang Z,Tang H Y,Gong Y,et al.The spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of the endemic fish in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River under the normal operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Ecology and Environmental Monitoring of Three Gorges,2017,2(1):1-10[杨志,唐会元,龚云,等.正常运行条件下三峡库区干流长江上游特有鱼类时空分布特征研究.三峡生态环境监测,2017,2(1):1-10]
[15]Wang H,Tian H W,Chen D Q,et al.Early Resource Investigation of Pseudolaubuca engraulis(Nichols)in the Jiangjin Section of the Upper Yangtze River[J].Journal of Hydroecology,2017,38(2):82-87[王涵,田辉伍,陈大庆,等.长江上游江津段寡鳞飘鱼早期资源研究.水生态学杂志,2017,38(2):82-87]
[16]Chen Y Y.Fauna Sinica.Osteichthyes:CypriniformesⅡ[M].Beijing:Science Press.1998,157-158[陈宜瑜.中国动物志,硬骨鱼纲:鲤形目,中卷.北京:科学出版社.1998,157-158]
[17]Ding R H.The fishes of Sichuan,China[M].Sichuan Public House of Science and Technology.1994,194-195[丁瑞华.四川鱼类志.四川科学技术出版社.1994,194-195]
[18]Ren P,He H,Song Y,et al.The spatial pattern of larval fish assemblages in the lower reach of the Yangtze River:potential influences of river-lake connectivity and tidal intrusion[J].Hydrobiologia,2016,766(1):365-379
[19]Song Y,Cheng F,Murphy B R,et al.Downstream effects of the Three Gorges Dam on larval dispersal,spatial distribution,and growth of the four major Chinese carps call for reprioritizing conservation measures[J].Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,2017,72(1):141-151
[20]Cao W X,Chang J B,Qiao Y,et al.Fish Resource of Early Life History Stages in Yangtze River[M].China Water Power Press.2007,107[曹文宣,常剑波,乔晔,等.长江鱼类早期资源.中国水利水电出版.2007,107]
[21]Zhou C S,Liang Z S,Huang H N.Ecological features of the spawning of certain fishes in the Hanjiang River after the construction of dams[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,1980,7(2):175-188[周春生,梁秩燊,黄鹤年.兴修水利枢纽后汉江产漂流性卵鱼类的繁殖生态.水生生物学报,1980,7(2):175-188]
[22]Wolf A E,Willis D W,Power G J.Larval fish community in the Missouri River below Garrison Dam,North Dakota[J].Journal of Freshwater Ecology,1996,11(1):11-19
[23]Zhang G,Wu L,Li H,et al.Preliminary evidence of delayed spawning and suppressed larval growth and condition of the major carps in the Yangtze River below the Three Gorges Dam[J].Environmental Biology of Fishes,2012,93(3):439-447
[24]Gao T X.Studies on Gobioninae fish resources and habitat selections in the upper Yangtze River[D].Thesis for Doctoral of Science.Southwest University.2016[高天珩.长江上游亚科鱼类资源及生境选择策略研究.博士学位论文,西南大学,重庆.2016]
[25]Gong W B.Studies on reproductive biology and resource fluctuation of icefish Neosalanx taihuensis Chen[D].Thesis for Doctoral of Science.Institute of Hydrobiology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Wuhan.2009[龚望宝.太湖新银鱼繁殖生物学与资源动态研究.博士学位论文.中国科学院水生生物研究所,武汉.2009]
[26]Wang X L,Xiang J G,Liu J S,et al.Reduced growth and reproductive investment of Hemiculter leucisculus(Cyprinidae)in a reservoir with introduced icefish Neosalanx taihuensis(Salangidae)[J].Environmental Biology of Fishes,2013,96(7):895-903
[27]Lin P C,Liu F,Li M Z,et al.Spatial pattern of fish assemblages along the river-reservoir gradient caused by the Three Gorge Reservoir(TGR)[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2018,42(6):1124-1134[林鹏程,刘飞,黎明政,等.三峡水库蓄水后长江上游鱼类群聚沿河流-水库梯度的空间格局.水生生物学报,2018,42(6):1124-1134]
[28]Buckmeier D L,Smith N G,Fleming B P,et al.Intra-annual variation in river-reservoir interface fish assemblages:implications for fish conservation and management in regulated rivers[J].River Research and Applications,2014,30(6):780-790
[29]Miranda L E,Wigen S L,Dagel J D.Reservoir floodplains support distinct fish assemblages[J].River Research&Applications,2014,30(3):338-346
[30]Santos A B I,Terra B F,Araújo F G.Influence of the river flow on the structure of fish assemblage along the longitudinal gradient from river to reservoir[J].Zoologia(Curitiba),2010,27(5):732-740
[31]Va?ek M,PrchalováM,?íha M,et al.Fish community response to the longitudinal environmental gradient in Czech deep-valley reservoirs:implications for ecological monitoring and management[J].Ecological Indicators,2016,63:219-230
[32]Jiang W,Liu H Z,Duan Z H,et al.Seasonal variation in drifting eggs and larvae in the upper Yangtze,China[J].Zoological Science,2010,27(5):402-409