短程硝化过程2种亚硝酸盐氧化菌抑制策略探讨
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摘要
为维持短程硝化稳定,保证亚硝酸盐高效积累,需要对污水处理系统亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的性质进行深入了解。分别对Nitrospira以及Nitrobacter的动力学参数,以及在活性污泥系统、生物膜系统、颗粒污泥系统中2菌属特性进行比较。经分析后认为,Nitrospira相对于Nitrobacter比增长速率较低,对O_2,NO_2~-底物亲和性较好,适宜生长于低浓度环境中,是A~2/O、短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺中的主要NOB菌属;Nitrobacter则适宜在高浓度环境中生长。在颗粒污泥系统中,NOB主要处于污泥内部,由于缺乏O_2,NO_2~-更容易被淘汰出反应器。通过对比短程硝化主要控制参数,认为NOB的抑制策略包括:在活性污泥系统中维持合理的污泥龄(SRT)以及游离氨(FA)浓度;在生物膜系统中对溶解氧(DO)以及水力停留时间(HRT)进行联合控制;在颗粒污泥系统中维持适量剩余NH_4~+-N,并淘洗出掺杂其中的絮状污泥。此外,利用"饱食饥饿"效应间歇曝气并维持较低的曝停比同样有利于阻止亚硝酸盐被NOB进一步氧化,保证短程硝化稳定运行。
For purpose of maintaining the stability of nitritation, ensuring the efficiency of nitrite accumulation,it's essential to have insight into the properties of ordinary nitrite oxidizing bacteria(NOB) species in wastewatertreatment systems. The kinetic parameters of Nitrospira and Nitrobacter, and the characteristics of the two genusbacteria in the activated sludge system, biofilm system, and granular sludge system were compared. Nitrospira had a lower specific growth rate and a better affinity for O_2 and NO_2~- substrates than Nitrobacter. The formerbacteria were suitable for growth in low concentration of substrates, which was considered as the main NOB genusin A~2/O and nitritation-anammox process, while the latter ones were suitable for growth in high concentration ofsubstrates. In granular sludge system, NOB mainly existed in the interior of the sludge, and were easy to beeliminated from the reactor due to the lack of O_2,NO_2~- substrates. Through comparing the main controlparameters for nitritation, the NOB inhibition strategies were proposed as: maintaining a reasonable sludgeretention time(SRT) and free ammonia(FA) concentration in activated sludge system, adjusting dissolvedoxygen(DO) and hydraulic retention time(HRT) systematically in biofilm system, sustaining an appropriateamount of residual NH_4~+-N, and washing out the flocculation from granular sludge. Furthermore, using intermittentaeration based on"cyclic feeding"and maintaining lower ratio of aeration and anaerobic time were propitious toprevent further oxidation of nitrite by NOB, trigger the stability of nitritation.
For purpose of maintaining the stability of nitritation, ensuring the efficiency of nitrite accumulation,it's essential to have insight into the properties of ordinary nitrite oxidizing bacteria(NOB) species in wastewatertreatment systems. The kinetic parameters of Nitrospira and Nitrobacter, and the characteristics of the two genusbacteria in the activated sludge system, biofilm system, and granular sludge system were compared. Nitrospira had a lower specific growth rate and a better affinity for O_2 and NO_2~- substrates than Nitrobacter. The formerbacteria were suitable for growth in low concentration of substrates, which was considered as the main NOB genusin A~2/O and nitritation-anammox process, while the latter ones were suitable for growth in high concentration ofsubstrates. In granular sludge system, NOB mainly existed in the interior of the sludge, and were easy to beeliminated from the reactor due to the lack of O_2,NO_2~- substrates. Through comparing the main controlparameters for nitritation, the NOB inhibition strategies were proposed as: maintaining a reasonable sludgeretention time(SRT) and free ammonia(FA) concentration in activated sludge system, adjusting dissolvedoxygen(DO) and hydraulic retention time(HRT) systematically in biofilm system, sustaining an appropriateamount of residual NH_4~+-N, and washing out the flocculation from granular sludge. Furthermore, using intermittentaeration based on"cyclic feeding"and maintaining lower ratio of aeration and anaerobic time were propitious toprevent further oxidation of nitrite by NOB, trigger the stability of nitritation.
引文
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[3]付昆明,付国,左早荣.厌氧氨氧化技术应用于市政污水处理的前景分析[J].中国给水排水,2015,31(4):8-13.
[4]ISHII K,FUJITANI H,SOH K,et al.Enrichment and physiological characterization of a cold-adapted nitrite-oxidizing Nitrotoga sp.from an eelgrass sediment[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2017,83(14):1-14.
[5]MAIXNER F,NOGUERA D R,ANNESER B,et al.Nitrite concentration influences the population structure of Nitrospiralike bacteria[J].Environmental Microbiology,2006,8(8):1487-1495.
[6]MANSER R,GUJER W,SIEGRIST H.Consequences of mass transfer effects on the kinetics of nitrifiers[J].Water Research,2005,39(19):4633-4642.
[7]BLACKBURNE R,VADIVELU V M,YUAN Z,et al.Kinetic characterization of an enriched Nitrospira culture with comparison to Nitrobacter[J].Water Research,2007,41(14):3033-3042.
[8]FUJITANI H,AOI Y,TSUNEDA S.Selective enrichment of two different types of Nitrospira-like nitrite-oxidizing bacteria from a wastewater treatment plant[J].Microbes and Environments,2013,28(2):236-243.
[9]WU J,ZHANG Y,ZHANG M,et al.Effect of nitrifiers enrichment and diffusion on their oxygen half-saturation value measurements[J].Biochemical Engineering Journal,2017,123:110-116.
[10]COURTENS E N P,DE CLIPPELEIR H,VLAEMINCK S E,et al.Nitric oxide preferentially inhibits nitrite oxidizing communities with high affinity for nitrite[J].Journal of Biotechnology,2015,193:120-122.
[11]PARK M,PARK H,CHANDRAN K.Molecular and kinetic characterization of planktonic Nitrospira spp.selectively enriched from activated sludge[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2017,51(5):2720-2728.
[12]LEYVA-DíAZ J C,CALDERóN K,RODRíGUEZ F A,et al.Comparative kinetic study between moving bed biofilm reactormembrane bioreactor and membrane bioreactor systems and their influence on organic matter and nutrients removal[J].Biochemical Engineering Journal,2013,77:28-40.
[13]CRUVELLIER N,POUGHON L,CREULY C,et al.Growth modelling of Nitrosomonas europaea ATCC?19718 and Nitrobacter winogradskyi ATCC?25391:A new online indicator of the partial nitrification[J].Bioresource Technology,2016,220:369-377.
[14]CIUDAD G,WERNER A,BORNHARDT C,et al.Differential kinetics of ammonia-and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria:A simple kinetic study based on oxygen affinity and proton release during nitrification[J].Process Biochemistry,2006,41(8):1764-1772.
[15]NOWKA B,DAIMS H,SPIECK E.Comparison of oxidation kinetics of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria:Nitrite availability as a key factor in niche differentiation[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2015,81(2):745-753.
[16]RONGSAYAMANONT C,LIMPIYAKORN T,LAW B,et al.Relationship between respirometric activity and community of entrapped nitrifying bacteria:Implications for partial nitrification[J].Enzyme and Microbial Technology,2010,46(3/4):229-236.
[17]姚倩,彭党聪,赵俏迪,等.活性污泥中硝化螺菌(Nitrospira)的富集及其动力学参数[J].环境科学,2017,38(12):5201-5207.
[18]KIM D,KIM S.Effect of nitrite concentration on the distribution and competition of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria in nitratation reactor systems and their kinetic characteristics[J].Water Research,2006,40(5):887-894.
[19]NOGUEIRA R,MELO L F.Competition between Nitrospira spp.and Nitrobacter spp.in nitrite-oxidizing bioreactors[J].Biotechnology and Bioengineering,2006,95(1):169-175.
[20]USHIKI N,JINNO M,FUJITANI H,et al.Nitrite oxidation kinetics of two Nitrospira strains:The quest for competition and ecological niche differentiation[J].Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering,2017,123(5):581-589.
[21]CéBRON A,GARNIER J.Nitrobacter and Nitrospira genera as representatives of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria:Detection,quantification and growth along the lower Seine River(France)[J].Water Research,2005,39(20):4979-4992.
[22]KOCH H,LüCKER S,ALBERTSEN M,et al.Expanded metabolic versatility of ubiquitous nitrite-oxidizing bacteria from the genus Nitrospira[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2015,112(36):11371-11376.
[23]HUANG Z,GEDALANGA P B,ASVAPATHANAGUL P,et al.Influence of physicochemical and operational parameters on Nitrobacter and Nitrospira communities in an aerobic activated sludge bioreactor[J].Water Research,2010,44(15):4351-4358.
[24]于莉芳,杜倩倩,傅学焘,等.城市污水中硝化菌群落结构与性能分析[J].环境科学,2016,37(11):4366-4371.
[25]任武昂.城市污水输送、处理过程中氮组分的迁变特性及转化规律研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2015.
[26]YU L,LI R,DELATOLLA R,et al.Natural continuous influent nitrifier immigration effects on nitrification and the microbial community of activated sludge systems[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2018,74:159-167.
[27]JAUFFUR S,ISAZADEH S,FRIGON D.Should activated sludge models consider influent seeding of nitrifiers?Field characterization of nitrifying bacteria[J].Water Science&Technology,2014,70(9):1526-1532.
[28]曾薇,张丽敏,王安其,等.污水处理系统中硝化菌的菌群结构和动态变化[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(11):3257-3265.
[29]刘国华,陈燕,范强,等.溶解氧对活性污泥系统的脱氮效果和硝化细菌群落结构的影响[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(6):1971-1978.
[30]ABZAZOU T,ARAUJO R M,AUSET M,et al.Tracking and quantification of nitrifying bacteria in biofilm and mixed liquor of a partial nitrification MBBR pilot plant using fluorescence in situ hybridization[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,541:1115-1123.
[31]LEENEN E J T M,VAN BOXTEL A M G A,ENGLUND G,et al.Reduced temperature sensitivity of immobilized Nitrobacter agilis cells caused by diffusion limitation[J].Enzyme and Microbial Technology,1997,20(8):573-580.
[32]PERSSON F,SULTANA R,SUAREZ M,et al.Structure and composition of biofilm communities in a moving bed biofilm reactor for nitritation-anammox at low temperatures[J].Bioresource Technology,2014,154:267-273.
[33]POOT V,HOEKSTRA M,GELEIJNSE M A A,et al.Effects of the residual ammonium concentration on NOB repression during partial nitritation with granular sludge[J].Water Research,2016,106:518-530.
[34]FANG F,NI B,LI X,et al.Kinetic analysis on the two-step processes of AOB and NOB in aerobic nitrifying granules[J].Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,2009,83(6):1159-1169.
[35]ISANTA E,REINO C,CARRERA J,et al.Stable partial nitritation for low-strength wastewater at low temperature in an aerobic granular reactor[J].Water Research,2015,80:149-158.
[36]ZHU T,XU B,WU J.Experimental and mathematical simulation study on the effect of granule particle size distribution on partial nitrification in aerobic granular reactor[J].Biochemical Engineering Journal,2018,134:22-29.
[37]PARK S,BAE W.Modeling kinetics of ammonium oxidation and nitrite oxidation under simultaneous inhibition by free ammonia and free nitrous acid[J].Process Biochemistry,2009,44(6):631-640.
[38]PEDROUSO A,VAL DEL RíOá,MORALES N,et al.Nitrite oxidizing bacteria suppression based on in-situ free nitrous acid production at mainstream conditions[J].Separation and Purification Technology,2017,186:55-62.
[39]KIM D,LEE D,KELLER J.Effect of temperature and free ammonia on nitrification and nitrite accumulation in landfill leachate and analysis of its nitrifying bacterial community by FISH[J].Bioresource Technology,2006,97(3):459-468.
[40]VADIVELU V M,KELLER J,YUAN Z.Effect of free ammonia on the respiration and growth processes of an enriched Nitrobacter culture[J].Water Research,2007,41(4):826-834.
[41]POLLICE A,TANDOI V,LESTINGI C.Influence of aeration and sludge retention time on ammonium oxidation to nitrite and nitrate[J].Water Research,2002,36(10):2541-2546.
[42]WU J,HE C,VAN LOOSDRECHT M C M,et al.Selection of ammonium oxidizing bacteria(AOB)over nitrite oxidizing bacteria(NOB)based on conversion rates[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2016,304:953-961.
[43]WU C,PENG Y,WANG S,et al.Effect of sludge retention time on nitrite accumulation in real-time control biological nitrogen removal sequencing batch reactor[J].Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering,2011,19(3):512-517.
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