降温过程中生物膜CANON反应器的运行特征
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摘要
本文以低温高氨氮废水为着眼点,通过不断地调节运行工况,探讨降温过程中全程自养脱氮(CANON)工艺的运行特征,以探索出低温环境下进水NH_4~+-N浓度较高时,CANON工艺获得稳定短程硝化和良好脱氮效果的方法.结果表明:①相较于直接将生物膜CANON反应器的温度条件由中温转变为低温(30℃±1℃→19℃),逐步降温驯化更有利于脱氮功能菌适应低温环境,且每次降温的幅度应尽量减小,同时还应配合运行工况的调节;②温度经25 d逐步降低至19℃左右,18 d后又继续降至15℃左右,NH_4~+-N和TN去除率均能分别长期稳定在90%、70%以上,甚至当温度下降至12℃时,TN去除率与去除负荷仍能分别达到72. 52%、0. 78 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1);③降温过程中驯化生物膜CANON污泥时,应优先考虑短程硝化控制.可通过维持一定的剩余NH_4~+-N浓度并严格控制DO浓度,以抑制NOB的活性,从而获得稳定的短程硝化效果.
The focus of this paper,was low temperature,high ammonia nitrogen wastewater. The operation characteristics of the biofilm CANON process during the temperature reduction process were determined,by continuously adjusting different operating conditions. The aim was to explore the methods needed for the CANON process to obtain stable shortcut nitrification and a good nitrogen removal effect,when the influent NH_4~+-N concentration is high and the temperature low. The results showed that,① compared with the biofilm CANON reactor temperature changing from medium to low temperature directly( 30℃ ± 1℃→ 19℃),it was more conducive to adapt the nitrogen-removing bacteria to the low-temperature environment,while the temperature was gradually lowered.Moreover,the extent of each reduction should be minimized. Besides,the operating conditions should be adjusted to ensure the nitrogen removal effect. ② The temperature was gradually reduced to about 19℃ after 25 d,and then decreased to about 15℃ after another 18 d. The NH_4~+-N and TN removal rates could be respectively stable at 90% and 70% over a long period of time. The TN removal rate and removal load could still reach 72. 52% and 0. 78 kg·( m~3·d)~(-1),respectively,even when the temperature dropped to12℃. ③ When adapting biological CANON sludge during the temperature reduction process,shortcut nitrification should be given priority. A stable shortcut nitrification effect should be obtained by maintaining a certain concentration of residual NH_4~+-N,and by strictly controlling the DO concentration to restrain NOB activity.
The focus of this paper,was low temperature,high ammonia nitrogen wastewater. The operation characteristics of the biofilm CANON process during the temperature reduction process were determined,by continuously adjusting different operating conditions. The aim was to explore the methods needed for the CANON process to obtain stable shortcut nitrification and a good nitrogen removal effect,when the influent NH_4~+-N concentration is high and the temperature low. The results showed that,① compared with the biofilm CANON reactor temperature changing from medium to low temperature directly( 30℃ ± 1℃→ 19℃),it was more conducive to adapt the nitrogen-removing bacteria to the low-temperature environment,while the temperature was gradually lowered.Moreover,the extent of each reduction should be minimized. Besides,the operating conditions should be adjusted to ensure the nitrogen removal effect. ② The temperature was gradually reduced to about 19℃ after 25 d,and then decreased to about 15℃ after another 18 d. The NH_4~+-N and TN removal rates could be respectively stable at 90% and 70% over a long period of time. The TN removal rate and removal load could still reach 72. 52% and 0. 78 kg·( m~3·d)~(-1),respectively,even when the temperature dropped to12℃. ③ When adapting biological CANON sludge during the temperature reduction process,shortcut nitrification should be given priority. A stable shortcut nitrification effect should be obtained by maintaining a certain concentration of residual NH_4~+-N,and by strictly controlling the DO concentration to restrain NOB activity.
引文
[1]Ahn Y H,Choi H C.Autotrophic nitrogen removal from sludge digester liquids in upflow sludge bed reactor with external aeration[J].Process Biochemistry,2006,41(9):1945-1950.
[2]郝晓地,程慧芹,胡沅胜.碳中和运行的国际先驱奥地利strass污水厂案例剖析[J].中国给水排水,2014,30(22):1-5.Hao X D,Cheng H Q,Hu Y S.International pioneer of carbonneutral operation of wastewater treatment:A case study at strass in Austria[J].China Water&Wastewater,2014,30(22):1-5.
[3]郝晓地,Van Loosdrecht M.荷兰鹿特丹DOKHAVEN污水处理厂介绍[J].给水排水,2003,29(10):19-25.Hao X D,Van Loosdrecht M.DOKHAVEN wastewater treatment plant in rotterdam[J].Water&Wastewater Engineering,2003,29(10):19-25.
[4]Cao Y S,Hong K B,Zhou Y,等.新加坡最大回用水处理厂污水短程硝化厌氧氨氧化脱氮工艺[J].北京工业大学学报,2015,41(10):1441-1454.Cao Y S,Hong K B,Zhou Y,et al.Mainstream partial nitritation/anammox nitrogen removal process in the largest water reclamation plant in Singapore[J].Journal of Beijing University of Technology,2015,41(10):1441-1454.
[5]陈珺,王洪臣,Wett B.城市污水处理工艺迈向主流厌氧氨氧化的挑战与展望[J].给水排水,2015,51(10):29-34.Chen J,Wang H C,Wett B.Challenge and aspect of municipal wastewater treatment going for mainstream deammonification[J].Water&Wastewater Engineering,2015,51(10):29-34.
[6]Wang Z,Peng Y Z,Lei M,et al.Continuous-flow combined process of nitritation and ANAMMOX for treatment of landfill leachate[J].Bioresource Technology,2016,214:514-519.
[7]左早荣,付昆明,仇付国,等.CANON工艺的研究现状及面临困难分析[J].水处理技术,2013,39(9):15-19.Zuo Z R,Fu K M,Qiu F G,et al.Analysis of the research status and difficulties of CANON process[J].Technology of Water Treatment,2013,39(9):15-19.
[8]Grady Jr C P R,Daigger G T,Lim H C.废水生物处理[M].(第二版).张锡辉,刘勇弟,译.北京:化学工业出版社,2003.
[9]Hellinga C,Schellen A A J C,Mulder J W,et al.The sharon process:An innovative method for nitrogen removal from ammonium-rich waste water[J].Water Science and Technology,1998,37(9):135-142.
[10]De Almeida Fernandes L,Pereira A D,Leal C D,et al.Effect of temperature on microbial diversity and nitrogen removal performance of an anammox reactor treating anaerobically pretreated municipal wastewater[J].Bioresource Technology,2018,258:208-219.
[11]Tomaszewski M,Cema G,Ziembińska-Buczyńska A.Influence of temperature and pH on the anammox process:A review and meta-analysis[J].Chemosphere,2017,182:203-214.
[12]Laureni M,Weissbrodt D G,Szivák I,et al.Activity and growth of anammox biomass on aerobically pre-treated municipal wastewater[J].Water Research,2015,80:325-336.
[13]周同,于德爽,李津,等.温度对海洋厌氧氨氧化菌脱氮效能的影响[J].环境科学,2017,38(5):2044-2051.Zhou T,Yu D S,Li J,et al.Effect of temperature on nitrogen removal performance of marine anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(5):2044-2051.
[14]付昆明,周厚田,苏雪莹,等.生物膜短程硝化系统的恢复及其转化为CANON工艺的过程[J].环境科学,2017,38(4):1536-1543.Fu K M,Zhou H T,Su X Y,et al.Short-cut nitrification recovery and its transformation into CANON process in a biofilm reactor[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(4):1536-1543.
[15]Van De Graaf A A,De Bruijn P,Robertson L A,et al.Autotrophic growth of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing microorganisms in a fluidized bed reactor[J].Microbiology,1996,142(8):2187-2196.
[16]国家环境保护总局.水和废水监测分析方法[M].(第四版).北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.258-415.
[17]Anthonisen A C,Loehr R C,Prakasam T B,et al.Inhibition of nitrification by ammonia and nitrous acid[J].Journal-Water Pollution Control Federation,1976,48(5):835-852.
[18]Lotti T,Kleerebezem R,Van Loosdrecht M C M.Effect of temperature change on anammox activity[J].Biotechnology and Bioengineering,2015,112(1):98-103.
[19]张杰,付昆明,曹相生,等.序批式生物膜CANON工艺的运行与温度的影响[J].中国环境科学,2009,29(8):850-855.Zhang J,Fu K M,Cao X S,et al.Performance of CANONprocess in a sequencing batch biofilm reactor and influence of temperarure[J].China Environmental Science,2009,29(8):850-855.
[20]刘文如,杨殿海,沈耀良,等.主流条件下两级式PN-ANAMMOX工艺的高效能脱氮过程[J].环境科学,2018,39(12):5580-5586.Liu W R,Yang D H,Shen Y L,et al.High-rate nitrogen removal in a two-stage partial nitritation-ANAMMOX process at mainstream conditions[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(12):5580-5586.
[21]付昆明,张杰,曹相生,等.CANON反应器运行稳定性及温度冲击的影响[J].环境科学,2012,33(10):3507-3512.Fu K M,Zhang J,Cao X S,et al.Performance stability of CANON reactor and temperature impact[J].Environmental Science,2012,33(10):3507-3512.
[22]Reino C,Suárez-Ojeda M E,Pérez J,et al.Stable long-term operation of an upflow anammox sludge bed reactor at mainstream conditions[J].Water Research,2017,128:331-340.
[23]Sliekers A O,Derwort N,Gomez J L C,et al.Completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite in one single reactor[J].Water Research,2002,36(10):2475-2482.
[24]Hendrickx T L,Kampman C,Zeeman G,et al.High specific activity for anammox bacteria enriched from activated sludge at10℃[J].Bioresource Technology,2014,163:214-221.
[25]De Cocker P,Bessiere Y,Hernandez-Raquet G,et al.Enrichment and adaptation yield high anammox conversion rates under low temperatures[J].Bioresource Technology,2017,250:505-512.
[26]Yang Y D,Zhang L,Cheng J,et al.Microbial community evolution in partial nitritation/anammox process:From sidestream to mainstream[J].Bioresource Technology,2018,251:327-333.
[27]Yang Y D,Zhang L,Han X Y,et al.Determine the operational boundary of a pilot-scale single-stage partial nitritation/anammox system with granular sludge[J].Water Science&Technology,2016,73(9):2085-2092.
[28]Persson F,Sultana R,Suarez M,et al.Structure and composition of biofilm communities in a moving bed biofilm reactor for nitritation-anammox at low temperatures[J].Bioresource Technology,2014,154:267-273.
[29]李祥,黄勇,郑宇慧,等.温度对厌氧氨氧化反应器脱氮效能稳定性的影响[J].环境科学,2012,33(4):1288-1292.Li X,Huang Y,Zheng Y H,et al.Effect of temperature on stability of nitrogen removal in the ANAMMOX reactor[J].Environmental Science,2012,33(4):1288-1292.
[30]宋成康,王亚宜,韩海成,等.温度降低对厌氧氨氧化脱氮效能及污泥胞外聚合物的影响[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(7):2006-2013.Song C K,Wang Y Y,Han H C,et al.Effect of decreasing temperature on the performance and extracellular polymer substance of anaerobic ammonia oxidation sludge[J].China Environmental Science,2016,36(7):2006-2013.
[31]Liu T,Li D,Zhang J,et al.Effect of temperature on functional bacterial abundance and community structure in CANON process[J].Biochemical Engineering Journal,2016,105:306-313.
[32]Gonzalez-Martinez A,Rodriguez-Sanchez A,Garcia-Ruiz M J,et al.Performance and bacterial community dynamics of a CANONbioreactor acclimated from high to low operational temperatures[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2016,287:557-567.
[33]Liu T,Li D,Zeng H P,et al.Distribution and genetic diversity of functional microorganisms in different CANON reactors[J].Bioresource Technology,2012,123:574-580.
[34]付昆明,付巢,李慧,等.主流厌氧氨氧化工艺的运行优化及其微生物的群落变迁[J].环境科学,2018,39(12):5596-5604.Fu K M,Fu C,Li H,et al.Optimization of mainstream anaerobic ammonia oxidation process and its changes of microbial community[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(12):5596-5604.
[35]Wiesmann U.Biological nitrogen removal from wastewater[J].Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology,1994,51:114-154.
[2]郝晓地,程慧芹,胡沅胜.碳中和运行的国际先驱奥地利strass污水厂案例剖析[J].中国给水排水,2014,30(22):1-5.Hao X D,Cheng H Q,Hu Y S.International pioneer of carbonneutral operation of wastewater treatment:A case study at strass in Austria[J].China Water&Wastewater,2014,30(22):1-5.
[3]郝晓地,Van Loosdrecht M.荷兰鹿特丹DOKHAVEN污水处理厂介绍[J].给水排水,2003,29(10):19-25.Hao X D,Van Loosdrecht M.DOKHAVEN wastewater treatment plant in rotterdam[J].Water&Wastewater Engineering,2003,29(10):19-25.
[4]Cao Y S,Hong K B,Zhou Y,等.新加坡最大回用水处理厂污水短程硝化厌氧氨氧化脱氮工艺[J].北京工业大学学报,2015,41(10):1441-1454.Cao Y S,Hong K B,Zhou Y,et al.Mainstream partial nitritation/anammox nitrogen removal process in the largest water reclamation plant in Singapore[J].Journal of Beijing University of Technology,2015,41(10):1441-1454.
[5]陈珺,王洪臣,Wett B.城市污水处理工艺迈向主流厌氧氨氧化的挑战与展望[J].给水排水,2015,51(10):29-34.Chen J,Wang H C,Wett B.Challenge and aspect of municipal wastewater treatment going for mainstream deammonification[J].Water&Wastewater Engineering,2015,51(10):29-34.
[6]Wang Z,Peng Y Z,Lei M,et al.Continuous-flow combined process of nitritation and ANAMMOX for treatment of landfill leachate[J].Bioresource Technology,2016,214:514-519.
[7]左早荣,付昆明,仇付国,等.CANON工艺的研究现状及面临困难分析[J].水处理技术,2013,39(9):15-19.Zuo Z R,Fu K M,Qiu F G,et al.Analysis of the research status and difficulties of CANON process[J].Technology of Water Treatment,2013,39(9):15-19.
[8]Grady Jr C P R,Daigger G T,Lim H C.废水生物处理[M].(第二版).张锡辉,刘勇弟,译.北京:化学工业出版社,2003.
[9]Hellinga C,Schellen A A J C,Mulder J W,et al.The sharon process:An innovative method for nitrogen removal from ammonium-rich waste water[J].Water Science and Technology,1998,37(9):135-142.
[10]De Almeida Fernandes L,Pereira A D,Leal C D,et al.Effect of temperature on microbial diversity and nitrogen removal performance of an anammox reactor treating anaerobically pretreated municipal wastewater[J].Bioresource Technology,2018,258:208-219.
[11]Tomaszewski M,Cema G,Ziembińska-Buczyńska A.Influence of temperature and pH on the anammox process:A review and meta-analysis[J].Chemosphere,2017,182:203-214.
[12]Laureni M,Weissbrodt D G,Szivák I,et al.Activity and growth of anammox biomass on aerobically pre-treated municipal wastewater[J].Water Research,2015,80:325-336.
[13]周同,于德爽,李津,等.温度对海洋厌氧氨氧化菌脱氮效能的影响[J].环境科学,2017,38(5):2044-2051.Zhou T,Yu D S,Li J,et al.Effect of temperature on nitrogen removal performance of marine anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(5):2044-2051.
[14]付昆明,周厚田,苏雪莹,等.生物膜短程硝化系统的恢复及其转化为CANON工艺的过程[J].环境科学,2017,38(4):1536-1543.Fu K M,Zhou H T,Su X Y,et al.Short-cut nitrification recovery and its transformation into CANON process in a biofilm reactor[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(4):1536-1543.
[15]Van De Graaf A A,De Bruijn P,Robertson L A,et al.Autotrophic growth of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing microorganisms in a fluidized bed reactor[J].Microbiology,1996,142(8):2187-2196.
[16]国家环境保护总局.水和废水监测分析方法[M].(第四版).北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.258-415.
[17]Anthonisen A C,Loehr R C,Prakasam T B,et al.Inhibition of nitrification by ammonia and nitrous acid[J].Journal-Water Pollution Control Federation,1976,48(5):835-852.
[18]Lotti T,Kleerebezem R,Van Loosdrecht M C M.Effect of temperature change on anammox activity[J].Biotechnology and Bioengineering,2015,112(1):98-103.
[19]张杰,付昆明,曹相生,等.序批式生物膜CANON工艺的运行与温度的影响[J].中国环境科学,2009,29(8):850-855.Zhang J,Fu K M,Cao X S,et al.Performance of CANONprocess in a sequencing batch biofilm reactor and influence of temperarure[J].China Environmental Science,2009,29(8):850-855.
[20]刘文如,杨殿海,沈耀良,等.主流条件下两级式PN-ANAMMOX工艺的高效能脱氮过程[J].环境科学,2018,39(12):5580-5586.Liu W R,Yang D H,Shen Y L,et al.High-rate nitrogen removal in a two-stage partial nitritation-ANAMMOX process at mainstream conditions[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(12):5580-5586.
[21]付昆明,张杰,曹相生,等.CANON反应器运行稳定性及温度冲击的影响[J].环境科学,2012,33(10):3507-3512.Fu K M,Zhang J,Cao X S,et al.Performance stability of CANON reactor and temperature impact[J].Environmental Science,2012,33(10):3507-3512.
[22]Reino C,Suárez-Ojeda M E,Pérez J,et al.Stable long-term operation of an upflow anammox sludge bed reactor at mainstream conditions[J].Water Research,2017,128:331-340.
[23]Sliekers A O,Derwort N,Gomez J L C,et al.Completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite in one single reactor[J].Water Research,2002,36(10):2475-2482.
[24]Hendrickx T L,Kampman C,Zeeman G,et al.High specific activity for anammox bacteria enriched from activated sludge at10℃[J].Bioresource Technology,2014,163:214-221.
[25]De Cocker P,Bessiere Y,Hernandez-Raquet G,et al.Enrichment and adaptation yield high anammox conversion rates under low temperatures[J].Bioresource Technology,2017,250:505-512.
[26]Yang Y D,Zhang L,Cheng J,et al.Microbial community evolution in partial nitritation/anammox process:From sidestream to mainstream[J].Bioresource Technology,2018,251:327-333.
[27]Yang Y D,Zhang L,Han X Y,et al.Determine the operational boundary of a pilot-scale single-stage partial nitritation/anammox system with granular sludge[J].Water Science&Technology,2016,73(9):2085-2092.
[28]Persson F,Sultana R,Suarez M,et al.Structure and composition of biofilm communities in a moving bed biofilm reactor for nitritation-anammox at low temperatures[J].Bioresource Technology,2014,154:267-273.
[29]李祥,黄勇,郑宇慧,等.温度对厌氧氨氧化反应器脱氮效能稳定性的影响[J].环境科学,2012,33(4):1288-1292.Li X,Huang Y,Zheng Y H,et al.Effect of temperature on stability of nitrogen removal in the ANAMMOX reactor[J].Environmental Science,2012,33(4):1288-1292.
[30]宋成康,王亚宜,韩海成,等.温度降低对厌氧氨氧化脱氮效能及污泥胞外聚合物的影响[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(7):2006-2013.Song C K,Wang Y Y,Han H C,et al.Effect of decreasing temperature on the performance and extracellular polymer substance of anaerobic ammonia oxidation sludge[J].China Environmental Science,2016,36(7):2006-2013.
[31]Liu T,Li D,Zhang J,et al.Effect of temperature on functional bacterial abundance and community structure in CANON process[J].Biochemical Engineering Journal,2016,105:306-313.
[32]Gonzalez-Martinez A,Rodriguez-Sanchez A,Garcia-Ruiz M J,et al.Performance and bacterial community dynamics of a CANONbioreactor acclimated from high to low operational temperatures[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2016,287:557-567.
[33]Liu T,Li D,Zeng H P,et al.Distribution and genetic diversity of functional microorganisms in different CANON reactors[J].Bioresource Technology,2012,123:574-580.
[34]付昆明,付巢,李慧,等.主流厌氧氨氧化工艺的运行优化及其微生物的群落变迁[J].环境科学,2018,39(12):5596-5604.Fu K M,Fu C,Li H,et al.Optimization of mainstream anaerobic ammonia oxidation process and its changes of microbial community[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(12):5596-5604.
[35]Wiesmann U.Biological nitrogen removal from wastewater[J].Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology,1994,51:114-154.