精密水准测量控制装置设计
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摘要
精密水准测量中,为减小大气折光误差、i角误差及地球曲率对高程精度的影响,提高高程测量精度,测量规范明确规定了前后视距差及视距累积差的限差,降低了水准测量的工作效率。以精密水准测量为背景,采用"无线测距装置+精密计时装置+显示器+无线探测棱镜"的集成技术设计思路,基于无线测距原理,设计出了一种可以实时确定仪器位置的精密水准测量控制装置。经现场实验对比分析,验证精密水准测量控制装置的可行性和有效性。结果表明:采用优化设计的精密水准测量控制装置,在满足国家精密水准测量规范的前提下,进行闭合水准和附合水准路线测量,高程精度平均提高7.3%,测量效率平均提高23.6%,解决了精密水准测量前后视距差极易超限的问题,提高了精密水准测量的整体质量。
In the precision leveling,the measurement specification clearly stipulates that the difference between the backsight length and foresight length as well as the visual range cumulative difference in order to reduce the influence of the atmospheric refraction error,the "i"angle error and the earth curvature on the height precision,but which lower the working efficiency of leveling.In light of the background of the precision leveling,a set of integrated technology design ideas such as radio ranging device,precision timing device,display and wireless detection are used,based on the principle of wireless distance measurement,to design a precision leveling measurement control device to determine the location of real-time instrument.The feasibility and effectiveness of such precision leveling measurement control device is verified through the comparative analysis of the field experiment.The experimental results show that the usage of the precision leveling measurement control device after optimal design,under the premise of meeting the measurement specification of the national precision leveling,can averagely improve the accuracy of the height measurement by 7.3% and its efficiency by 23.6% in the closed level and aptitude level route measurement,solving the problem of easy over-limit backsight and foresight length difference in the precision leveling and improving the whole quality of the precision leveling.
In the precision leveling,the measurement specification clearly stipulates that the difference between the backsight length and foresight length as well as the visual range cumulative difference in order to reduce the influence of the atmospheric refraction error,the "i"angle error and the earth curvature on the height precision,but which lower the working efficiency of leveling.In light of the background of the precision leveling,a set of integrated technology design ideas such as radio ranging device,precision timing device,display and wireless detection are used,based on the principle of wireless distance measurement,to design a precision leveling measurement control device to determine the location of real-time instrument.The feasibility and effectiveness of such precision leveling measurement control device is verified through the comparative analysis of the field experiment.The experimental results show that the usage of the precision leveling measurement control device after optimal design,under the premise of meeting the measurement specification of the national precision leveling,can averagely improve the accuracy of the height measurement by 7.3% and its efficiency by 23.6% in the closed level and aptitude level route measurement,solving the problem of easy over-limit backsight and foresight length difference in the precision leveling and improving the whole quality of the precision leveling.
引文
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[19]李书亮,刘成龙,倪先桃,等.高速铁路CPⅢ高程控制网测量方法研究[J].测绘科学,2011,36(1):45-47.LI Shu-liang,LIU Cheng-long,NI Xian-tao,et al.Research on measurement method of high speed railway CPIII height control network[J].Science of Surveying and Mapping,2011,36(1):45-47.
[20]何思源,范东明,谷延超,等.不等视距水准测量应用及精度分析[J].测绘科学,2018(2):1-7.HE Si-yuan,FAN Dong-ming,GU Yan-chao,et al.Application and precision analysis of unequal stadia leveling[J].Science of Surveying and Mapping,2018(2):1-7.
[21]吕慧,张国鹏.精密水准测量中的系统误差分析[J].浙江工业大学学报,2001(4):82-84.LU Hui,ZHANG Guo-peng.Analysis of system errors and accurate leveling[J].Journal of Zhejiang University of Technology,2001(4):82-84.
[22]Yi C,Ma C,Kong D.Development of high precision time-measuring instrument based on TDC-GP2[C]//Second International Conference on Instrumentation,Measurement,Computer,Communication and Control.IEEE Computer Society,2012:1621-1623.
[23]ZHANG Jian-wu,ZHANG Shu-ming.Application of TD-C-GP2 in laser range sensor[J].Instrument Technique and Sensor,2009,31(8):74-76.
[2]张正禄,邓勇,罗长林,等.精密三角高程代替一等水准测量的研究[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2006(1):5-8.ZHANG Zheng-lu,DENG Yong,LUO Chang-lin,et al.Research on precise triangulated height surveying in place of first order leveling[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2006(1):5-8.
[3]周建林,岳东杰.全站仪竖直高程传递技术及其在苏通大桥测控中的应用[J].土木工程学报,2007,40(5):100-104.ZHOU Jian-lin,YUE Dong-jie.Total station height transmission technology and its application in height control of sutong bridge tower construction[J].China Civil Engineering Journal,2007,40(5):100-104.
[4]严勇,龚忆清,袁铭.GPS RTK技术在苏州西部地区像控测量中的应用[J].工程勘察,2006(1):61-63.YAN Yong,GONG Yi-qing,YUAN Ming.The application of GPS RTK technology in photo-control-point survey in west area of Suzhou city[J].Engineering Investigation,2006(1):61-63.
[5]Bakula M,Pelc-Mieczkowska R,Walawski M.Reliable and redundant RTK positioning for applications in hard observational conditions[J].Artificial Satellites,2012,47(1):23-33.
[6]郭宗河,郑进凤.电磁波测距三角高程测量公式误差的研究[J].测绘通报,2004(7):12-13.GUO Zong-he,ZHENG Jin-feng.A study of formula error on EDM trigonometric leveling[J].Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping,2004(7):12-13.
[7]杨晓明,杨帆,宋玮,等.中间法电磁波测距三角高程代替精密水准测量的研究[J].测绘科学,2012,37(2):182-184.YANG Xiao-ming,YANG Fan,SONG Wei,et al.Study on intermediate method with the trigonometric height survey using electromagnetic distance measurement instead of precise leveling[J].Science of Surveying and Mapping,2012,37(2):182-184.
[8]孔宁,林鸿,欧海平,等.基于自动照准全站仪的精密三角高程测量代替二等水准测量的研究与应用[J].测绘通报,2016(2):107-109.KONG Ning,LIN Hong,OU Hai-ping,et al.Research and application of precise trigonometric leveling to replace second-order leveling based on intelligent total station[J].Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping,2016(2):107-109.
[9]朱庆伟,王家伟,王涛.工程测量中高精度对中杆设计研究[J].西安科技大学学报,2017,37(2):280-284.ZHU Qing-wei,WANG Jia-wei,WANG Tao.Design of plumbing pole with high precision in engineering survey[J].Journal of Xi’an University of Science and Technology,2017,37(2):280-284.
[10]陆优.数字水准仪原理及检测方法的研究[D].武汉:武汉大学,2004.LU You.Study on principle and testing method of the digital level[D].Wuhan:Wuhan University,2004.
[11]El-Ashmawy K L A.A comparison between analytical aerial photogrammetry,laser scanning,total station and global positioning system surveys for generation of digital terrain model[J].Geocar to International,2015,30(2):154-162.
[12]徐执明.数字水准仪硬件电路设计和实现[D].南京:南京理工大学,2004.XU Zhi-ming.Digital level hardware circuit design and implementation[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University of Science and Technology,2004.
[13]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.国家一、二等水准测量规范:GB/T 12897-2006[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2006.General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of People’s Republic of China.Specifications for the first and second order leveling:GB/T 12897-2006[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2006.
[14]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.国家三、四等水准测量规范:GB/T 12898-2009[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1992.General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of People’s Republic of China.Specifications for the third and fourth order leveling:GB/T 12898-2009[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,1992.
[15]黄声享,叶晓明,沈凤娇.视距非对称式水准测量方法及应用研究[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2010,35(7):798-801.HUANG Sheng-xiang,YE Xiao-ming,SHEN Feng-jiao.Application and method of stadia asymmetrical-like leveling[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2010,35(7):798-801.
[16]杨义辉,李杰,何开发.不等前后视距精密水准测量实验与精度分析[J].工程地球物理学报,2015,12(6):857-862.YANG Yi-hui,LI Jie,HE Kai-fa.Practice and precision analysis of unequal stadia-precise leveling[J].Chinese Journal of Engineering Geophysics,2015,12(6):857-862.
[17]张伟富,刘文谷.水准仪i角检验方法及其精度分析[J].重庆建筑大学学报,2003,25(5):47-51.ZHANG Wei-fu,LIU Wen-gu.Testing methods for level’s‘i’angle and their accuracy analysis[J].Journal of Chongqing Jianzhu University,2003,25(5):47-51.
[18]Woschitz H.System calibration of digital levels:calibration,facility,procedures and results[D].Aachen:Shaker Verlag,2003.
[19]李书亮,刘成龙,倪先桃,等.高速铁路CPⅢ高程控制网测量方法研究[J].测绘科学,2011,36(1):45-47.LI Shu-liang,LIU Cheng-long,NI Xian-tao,et al.Research on measurement method of high speed railway CPIII height control network[J].Science of Surveying and Mapping,2011,36(1):45-47.
[20]何思源,范东明,谷延超,等.不等视距水准测量应用及精度分析[J].测绘科学,2018(2):1-7.HE Si-yuan,FAN Dong-ming,GU Yan-chao,et al.Application and precision analysis of unequal stadia leveling[J].Science of Surveying and Mapping,2018(2):1-7.
[21]吕慧,张国鹏.精密水准测量中的系统误差分析[J].浙江工业大学学报,2001(4):82-84.LU Hui,ZHANG Guo-peng.Analysis of system errors and accurate leveling[J].Journal of Zhejiang University of Technology,2001(4):82-84.
[22]Yi C,Ma C,Kong D.Development of high precision time-measuring instrument based on TDC-GP2[C]//Second International Conference on Instrumentation,Measurement,Computer,Communication and Control.IEEE Computer Society,2012:1621-1623.
[23]ZHANG Jian-wu,ZHANG Shu-ming.Application of TD-C-GP2 in laser range sensor[J].Instrument Technique and Sensor,2009,31(8):74-76.