长期不同施肥下南方黄泥田有效磷对磷盈亏的响应特征
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摘要
【目的】黄泥田为南方主要中低产田类型之一。通过研究长期施肥条件下南方黄泥田土壤磷素累积盈亏与有效磷的关系,为黄泥田科学施用磷肥提供理论依据。【方法】基于连续33年水稻长期定位试验,研究了不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、化肥配施牛粪(NPKM)、化肥配施秸秆(NPKS)四个处理土壤有效磷的变化规律及土壤磷累积盈亏状况,计算有效磷–磷盈亏响应系数。【结果】各施肥处理双季稻年份(1983~2004年)土壤有效磷与全磷含量呈年际上升趋势,以NPKM增幅最为明显,改为单季稻后(2005~2015年)则呈下降趋势,也以NPKM降幅最为明显。试验至2015年,NPK、NPKS处理有效磷含量分别为9.7 mg/kg、8.7 mg/kg,较试验初期分别下降8.3 mg/kg、9.3 mg/kg,NPKM处理与试验初期持平。CK、NPK、NPKM、NPKS处理的磷素活化系数(PAC)总体呈年际下降趋势,其多年平均磷素活化系数值(PAC)分别为2.9%、3.5%、4.7%、4.1%,其中NPKM与NPKS处理显著高于NPK与CK处理。除双季稻NPKS处理外,不同施肥模式下双季稻与单季稻年份的土壤有效磷增减与土壤累积磷盈亏均呈显著正相关,其中双季稻年份土壤磷素(P)每盈余100 kg/hm2,NPK、NPKM处理有效磷分别增加4.5 mg/kg与11.2 mg/kg,而单季稻年份土壤磷素每亏缺100 kg/hm2,NPK、NPKM、NPKS处理有效磷分别减少14.6 mg/kg、23.9 mg/kg、25.9 mg/kg。双季稻磷肥年施用量(P)为26.2kg/hm2时,土壤磷素呈盈亏持平状态。【结论】有机无机肥配施比单施化肥能够显著提高黄泥田土壤有效磷、全磷含量和磷素活化系数,有效磷含量与磷素累积盈亏密切相关,等磷素盈亏量下,有机无机肥配施的有效磷响应系数要高于单施化肥,而磷累积亏缺下,有效磷降幅响应比磷累积盈余下有效磷增幅响应大。
【Objectives】In order to provide theory for phosphate(P) fertilizer application in the yellow paddy, a study was conducted to research the relationship between P accumulation and its efficiency.【Methods】The variation and accumulate of P in paddy fields were studied in a 33 years' long-term experiment. Four fertilizer treatments were setup: no fertilizer(CK), chemical fertilizer(NPK), chemical fertilizer plus cattle manure(NPKM), and chemical fertilizer plus straw(NPKS) and available P–P response coefficient was calculated.【Results】The contents of soil available and total P in the CK treatment decreased with the treatment years in both the double-rice and the single-rice systems, and those in the other three treatments increased with the fertilizer treatment years under double-rice system(1983–2004) and decreased in single rice system(2005–2015). Until 2015, the contents of soil available P in the NPK and NPKS treatments were 9.7 mg/kg and8.7 mg/kg, which were significantly lower than that of initial soil sample in 1983, and decreased by 8.3 mg/kg and 9.3 mg/kg, respectively. The available P content in the NPKM treatment was 18.0 mg/kg in 2005, which was in line with initial soil sample. The phosphorous activity coefficients of the CK, NPK, NPKM and NPKS treatments were 2.9%, 3.5%, 4.7% and 4.1% in turn, those in the NPKM and NPKS treatments were significantly higher than that in the NPK treatment. There was a linear relationship between the balance of P and soil available P contents in all the treatments except that in NPKS under double-rice system. Under doublerice system, annual soil P surplus of 100 kg/hm2 would lead to the increment of soil available P contents of 4.5 and 11.2 mg/kg in the NPK and NPKM treatments, and under single-rice system, annual soil P defect of 100 kg/hm2 would lead to the decrement of available P content by 14.6, 23.9 and 25.9 mg/kg in the NPK, NPKM and NKPS treatments, respectively. The soil could keep in balance when the amount of P fertilizers was 26.2 kg/hm2.【Conclusions】Available P content is closely related to the balance of soil P. The available P response coefficient of the NPK combined with manure or straw fertilization is higher than that of NPK fertilization under the equivalent phosphorus balance. Acceleration response of available P is higher under phosphorus-deficient conditions than phosphorus-sufficient conditions.
【Objectives】In order to provide theory for phosphate(P) fertilizer application in the yellow paddy, a study was conducted to research the relationship between P accumulation and its efficiency.【Methods】The variation and accumulate of P in paddy fields were studied in a 33 years' long-term experiment. Four fertilizer treatments were setup: no fertilizer(CK), chemical fertilizer(NPK), chemical fertilizer plus cattle manure(NPKM), and chemical fertilizer plus straw(NPKS) and available P–P response coefficient was calculated.【Results】The contents of soil available and total P in the CK treatment decreased with the treatment years in both the double-rice and the single-rice systems, and those in the other three treatments increased with the fertilizer treatment years under double-rice system(1983–2004) and decreased in single rice system(2005–2015). Until 2015, the contents of soil available P in the NPK and NPKS treatments were 9.7 mg/kg and8.7 mg/kg, which were significantly lower than that of initial soil sample in 1983, and decreased by 8.3 mg/kg and 9.3 mg/kg, respectively. The available P content in the NPKM treatment was 18.0 mg/kg in 2005, which was in line with initial soil sample. The phosphorous activity coefficients of the CK, NPK, NPKM and NPKS treatments were 2.9%, 3.5%, 4.7% and 4.1% in turn, those in the NPKM and NPKS treatments were significantly higher than that in the NPK treatment. There was a linear relationship between the balance of P and soil available P contents in all the treatments except that in NPKS under double-rice system. Under doublerice system, annual soil P surplus of 100 kg/hm2 would lead to the increment of soil available P contents of 4.5 and 11.2 mg/kg in the NPK and NPKM treatments, and under single-rice system, annual soil P defect of 100 kg/hm2 would lead to the decrement of available P content by 14.6, 23.9 and 25.9 mg/kg in the NPK, NPKM and NKPS treatments, respectively. The soil could keep in balance when the amount of P fertilizers was 26.2 kg/hm2.【Conclusions】Available P content is closely related to the balance of soil P. The available P response coefficient of the NPK combined with manure or straw fertilization is higher than that of NPK fertilization under the equivalent phosphorus balance. Acceleration response of available P is higher under phosphorus-deficient conditions than phosphorus-sufficient conditions.
引文
[1]王永壮,陈欣,史奕.农田土壤中磷素有效性及影响因素[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(1):260-268.Wang Y Z,Chen X,Shi Y.Phosphorus availability in cropland soils of China and related affecting factors[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2013,24(1):260-268.
[2]Shen P,Xu M G,Zhang H M,et al.Long-term response of soil Olsen P and organic C to the depletion or addition of chemical and organic fertilizers[J].Catena,2014,118:20-27.
[3]Sanginga N,Lyasse O,Singh B B.Phosphorus use efficiency and nitrogen balance of cowpea breeding lines in a low P soil of the derived savanna zone in West Africa[J].Plant and Soil,2000,220:119-128.
[4]Hooda P S,Truesdale V W,Edwards A C,et al.Manuring and fertilization effects on phosphorus accumulation in soils and potential environmental implications[J].Advances in Environmental Research,2001,5:13-21.
[5]Shen R P,Sun B,Zhao Q G.Spatial and temporal variability of N,Pand K balances for agroecosystems in China[J].Pedosphere,2005,15(3):347-355.
[6]张维理,武淑霞,冀宏杰,等.中国农业面源污染形势估计及控制对策[J].中国农业科学,2004,37(7):1009-1017.Zhang W L,Wu S X,Ji H J,et al.Evaluation and countermeasures of nonpoint pollution in agriculture of China[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2004,37(7):1009-1017.
[7]Aulakh M S,Garg A K,Kabba B S.Phosphorus accumulation,leaching and residual effects on crop yields from long-term application in the subtropics[J].Soil Use and Management,2007,23:417-427.
[8]Tang X,Li J M,Ma Y B,et al.Phosphorus efficiency in long-term(15 years)wheat-maize cropping systems with various soil and climate conditions[J].Field Crops Research,2008,108:231-237.
[9]展晓莹,任意,张淑香,等.中国主要土壤有效磷演变及其与磷平衡的响应关系[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(23):4728-4737.Zhan X Y,Ren Y,Zhang S X,et al.Changes in Olsen phosphorus concentration and its response to phosphorus balance in the main types of soil in China[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2015,48(23):4728-4737.
[10]Cao N,Chen X,Cui Z,Zhang F S.Change in soil available phosphorus in relation to the phosphorus budget in China[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2012,94:161-170.
[11]黄晶,张扬珠,徐明岗,等.长期施肥下红壤水稻土有效磷的演变特征及对磷平衡的响应[J].中国农业科学,2016,49(6):1132-1141.Huang J,Zhang Y Z,Xu M G,et al.Evolution characteristics of soil available phosphorus and its response to soil phosphorus balance in paddy soil derived from red earth under long-term fertilization[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2016,49(6):1132-1141.
[12]李渝,刘彦伶,张雅蓉,等.长期施肥条件下西南黄壤旱地有效磷对磷盈亏的响应[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(7):2321-2328.Li Y,Liu Y L,Zhang Y R,et al.Response of Olsen-P to P balance in yellow soil upland of southwestern China under long-term fertilization[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(7):2321-2328.
[13]沈浦.长期施肥下典型农田土壤有效磷的演变特征及机制[D].北京:中国农业科学院博士学位论文,2014.Shen P.Evolution characteristics and mechanisms of soil available phosphorus in typical croplands under long-term fertilization[D].Beijing:Ph D Dissertation of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2014.
[14]福建省土壤普查办公室.福建土壤[M].福州:福建科学技术出版社,1991:178-186.Soil Common Investigation Department in Fujian.Fujian soil[M].Fuzhou:Fujian Science and Technology Press,1991:178-186.
[15]林诚,王飞,李清华,等.不同施肥制度对黄泥田土壤酶活性及养分的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2009,(6):24-27.Lin C,Wang F,Li Q H,et al.Effects of different fertilizer application strategies on nutrients and enzymatic activities in yellow clayey soil[J].Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China,2009,(6):24-27.
[16]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.Lu R K.The analytical methods for soil and agrochemistry[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2000.
[17]林诚,王飞,何春梅,等.长期不同施肥对南方黄泥田磷库及其形态的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(3):541-549.Lin C,Wang F,He C M,et al.Effects of long-term fertilization on phosphorus pools and forms in yellow paddy fields of southern China[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2014,20(3):541-549.
[18]王飞,李清华,林诚,等.不同施肥模式对南方黄泥田耕层有机碳固存及生产力的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(6):1447-1454.Wang F,Li Q H,Lin C,et al.Effect of different fertilization modes on topsoil carbon sequestration and productivity in yellow paddy field of southern China[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2015,21(6):1447-1454.
[19]蔡岸冬,张文菊,申小冉,等.长期施肥土壤不同粒径颗粒的固碳效率[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(6):1431-1438.Cai A D,Zhang W J,Shen X R,et al.Soil carbon sequestration efficiency of different particle-size fractions after long-term fertilization[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2015,21(6):1431-1438.
[20]Wang Y,He Y,Zhang H,et al.Phosphate mobilization by citric,tartaric and oxalic acids in a clay loam ultisol[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2008,72:1363-1368.
[21]Yusran F H.The relationship between phosphate adsorption and soil organic carbon from organic matter addition[J].Journal of Tropical Soils,2010,15:1-10.
[22]Jugsujinda A,Krairapanond A,Patrick W H.Influence of extractable iron,aluminium,and manganese on P-sorption in flooded acid sulfate soils[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,1995,20:118-124.
[23]李杰,石元亮,陈智文.我国南方红壤磷素研究概况[J].土壤通报,2011,42(3):763-768.Li J,Shi Y L,Chen Z W.Research on phosphorus in southern red soils of China[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2011,42(3):763-768.
[24]王光火.红壤在不同p H下对磷的吸附和解吸作用[J].土壤通报,1989,20(2):70-72.Wang G H.Adsorption and desorption of phosphorus in red soil on the condition of different p H[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,1989,20(2):70-72.
[25]张宝贵,李贵桐.土壤生物在土壤磷有效化中的作用[J].土壤学报,1998,35(1):104-111.Zhang B G,Li G T.Roles of soil organisms on the enhancement of plant availability of soil phosphorous[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,1998,35(1):104-111.
[26]Wang B,Li J M,Ren Y,et al.Validation of a soil phosphorus accumulation model in the wheat-maize rotation production areas of China[J].Field Crops Research,2015,178:42-48.
[27]裴瑞娜,杨生茂,徐明岗,等.长期施肥条件下黑垆土有效磷对磷盈亏的响应[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(19):4008-4015.Pei R N,Yang S M,Xu M G,et al.Response of Olsen-P to P balance in black loessial soil under long-term fertilization[J].Scientia Aricultura Sinica,2010,43(19):4008-4015.
[28]赵晶晶,郭颖,陈欣,等.有机物料对土壤有机磷组分及其矿化进程的影响[J].土壤,2006,38(6):740-744.Zhao J J,Guo Y,Chen X,et al.Influences of organic materials on organic phosphorus fractions and mineralization processes in soils[J].Soils,2006,38(6):740-744.
[29]姜一,步凡,张超,等.土壤有机磷矿化研究进展[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2014,38(3):160-166.Jiang Y,Bu F,Zhang C,et al.Research advance on soil organic phosphorus mineralization[J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University(Natural Sciences Edition),2014,38(3):160-166.
[2]Shen P,Xu M G,Zhang H M,et al.Long-term response of soil Olsen P and organic C to the depletion or addition of chemical and organic fertilizers[J].Catena,2014,118:20-27.
[3]Sanginga N,Lyasse O,Singh B B.Phosphorus use efficiency and nitrogen balance of cowpea breeding lines in a low P soil of the derived savanna zone in West Africa[J].Plant and Soil,2000,220:119-128.
[4]Hooda P S,Truesdale V W,Edwards A C,et al.Manuring and fertilization effects on phosphorus accumulation in soils and potential environmental implications[J].Advances in Environmental Research,2001,5:13-21.
[5]Shen R P,Sun B,Zhao Q G.Spatial and temporal variability of N,Pand K balances for agroecosystems in China[J].Pedosphere,2005,15(3):347-355.
[6]张维理,武淑霞,冀宏杰,等.中国农业面源污染形势估计及控制对策[J].中国农业科学,2004,37(7):1009-1017.Zhang W L,Wu S X,Ji H J,et al.Evaluation and countermeasures of nonpoint pollution in agriculture of China[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2004,37(7):1009-1017.
[7]Aulakh M S,Garg A K,Kabba B S.Phosphorus accumulation,leaching and residual effects on crop yields from long-term application in the subtropics[J].Soil Use and Management,2007,23:417-427.
[8]Tang X,Li J M,Ma Y B,et al.Phosphorus efficiency in long-term(15 years)wheat-maize cropping systems with various soil and climate conditions[J].Field Crops Research,2008,108:231-237.
[9]展晓莹,任意,张淑香,等.中国主要土壤有效磷演变及其与磷平衡的响应关系[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(23):4728-4737.Zhan X Y,Ren Y,Zhang S X,et al.Changes in Olsen phosphorus concentration and its response to phosphorus balance in the main types of soil in China[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2015,48(23):4728-4737.
[10]Cao N,Chen X,Cui Z,Zhang F S.Change in soil available phosphorus in relation to the phosphorus budget in China[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2012,94:161-170.
[11]黄晶,张扬珠,徐明岗,等.长期施肥下红壤水稻土有效磷的演变特征及对磷平衡的响应[J].中国农业科学,2016,49(6):1132-1141.Huang J,Zhang Y Z,Xu M G,et al.Evolution characteristics of soil available phosphorus and its response to soil phosphorus balance in paddy soil derived from red earth under long-term fertilization[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2016,49(6):1132-1141.
[12]李渝,刘彦伶,张雅蓉,等.长期施肥条件下西南黄壤旱地有效磷对磷盈亏的响应[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(7):2321-2328.Li Y,Liu Y L,Zhang Y R,et al.Response of Olsen-P to P balance in yellow soil upland of southwestern China under long-term fertilization[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(7):2321-2328.
[13]沈浦.长期施肥下典型农田土壤有效磷的演变特征及机制[D].北京:中国农业科学院博士学位论文,2014.Shen P.Evolution characteristics and mechanisms of soil available phosphorus in typical croplands under long-term fertilization[D].Beijing:Ph D Dissertation of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2014.
[14]福建省土壤普查办公室.福建土壤[M].福州:福建科学技术出版社,1991:178-186.Soil Common Investigation Department in Fujian.Fujian soil[M].Fuzhou:Fujian Science and Technology Press,1991:178-186.
[15]林诚,王飞,李清华,等.不同施肥制度对黄泥田土壤酶活性及养分的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2009,(6):24-27.Lin C,Wang F,Li Q H,et al.Effects of different fertilizer application strategies on nutrients and enzymatic activities in yellow clayey soil[J].Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China,2009,(6):24-27.
[16]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.Lu R K.The analytical methods for soil and agrochemistry[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2000.
[17]林诚,王飞,何春梅,等.长期不同施肥对南方黄泥田磷库及其形态的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(3):541-549.Lin C,Wang F,He C M,et al.Effects of long-term fertilization on phosphorus pools and forms in yellow paddy fields of southern China[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2014,20(3):541-549.
[18]王飞,李清华,林诚,等.不同施肥模式对南方黄泥田耕层有机碳固存及生产力的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(6):1447-1454.Wang F,Li Q H,Lin C,et al.Effect of different fertilization modes on topsoil carbon sequestration and productivity in yellow paddy field of southern China[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2015,21(6):1447-1454.
[19]蔡岸冬,张文菊,申小冉,等.长期施肥土壤不同粒径颗粒的固碳效率[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(6):1431-1438.Cai A D,Zhang W J,Shen X R,et al.Soil carbon sequestration efficiency of different particle-size fractions after long-term fertilization[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2015,21(6):1431-1438.
[20]Wang Y,He Y,Zhang H,et al.Phosphate mobilization by citric,tartaric and oxalic acids in a clay loam ultisol[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2008,72:1363-1368.
[21]Yusran F H.The relationship between phosphate adsorption and soil organic carbon from organic matter addition[J].Journal of Tropical Soils,2010,15:1-10.
[22]Jugsujinda A,Krairapanond A,Patrick W H.Influence of extractable iron,aluminium,and manganese on P-sorption in flooded acid sulfate soils[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,1995,20:118-124.
[23]李杰,石元亮,陈智文.我国南方红壤磷素研究概况[J].土壤通报,2011,42(3):763-768.Li J,Shi Y L,Chen Z W.Research on phosphorus in southern red soils of China[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2011,42(3):763-768.
[24]王光火.红壤在不同p H下对磷的吸附和解吸作用[J].土壤通报,1989,20(2):70-72.Wang G H.Adsorption and desorption of phosphorus in red soil on the condition of different p H[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,1989,20(2):70-72.
[25]张宝贵,李贵桐.土壤生物在土壤磷有效化中的作用[J].土壤学报,1998,35(1):104-111.Zhang B G,Li G T.Roles of soil organisms on the enhancement of plant availability of soil phosphorous[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,1998,35(1):104-111.
[26]Wang B,Li J M,Ren Y,et al.Validation of a soil phosphorus accumulation model in the wheat-maize rotation production areas of China[J].Field Crops Research,2015,178:42-48.
[27]裴瑞娜,杨生茂,徐明岗,等.长期施肥条件下黑垆土有效磷对磷盈亏的响应[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(19):4008-4015.Pei R N,Yang S M,Xu M G,et al.Response of Olsen-P to P balance in black loessial soil under long-term fertilization[J].Scientia Aricultura Sinica,2010,43(19):4008-4015.
[28]赵晶晶,郭颖,陈欣,等.有机物料对土壤有机磷组分及其矿化进程的影响[J].土壤,2006,38(6):740-744.Zhao J J,Guo Y,Chen X,et al.Influences of organic materials on organic phosphorus fractions and mineralization processes in soils[J].Soils,2006,38(6):740-744.
[29]姜一,步凡,张超,等.土壤有机磷矿化研究进展[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2014,38(3):160-166.Jiang Y,Bu F,Zhang C,et al.Research advance on soil organic phosphorus mineralization[J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University(Natural Sciences Edition),2014,38(3):160-166.