中国城镇污水处理行业温室气体排放核算及其时空特征分析
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摘要
随着中国城镇污水处理行业的迅速发展,行业的温室气体排放在近年来经历了快速的增长。根据估算,我国城镇污水处理行业温室气体排放总量从2007年的8.4 Mt CO_2-eq增长至2016年的31.4Mt CO_2-eq,增长了2.7倍。温室气体排放中,以CH_4及N_2O的直接排放为主,其占排放总量的比例从2007年的52%增长至2016年的68%。从空间分布特征来看,排放总量表现为东部地区高于西部地区,排放强度则表现为北方地区高于南方地区。污水处理规模对于排放强度的影响不显著,而技术的影响则比较明显,氧化沟以及曝气生物滤池和生物膜法的排放强度相对较低。
With the development of urban sewage treatment in China,the greenhouse gas emissions(GHG)of this industry has undergone a rapid growth these years.The total emission has grown from 8.4 Mt CO_2-eq in 2007 to 31.4 Mt CO_2-eq in 2016,which increased by 2.7 times.The direct emission of CH_4 and N_2O accounts for the most of total emission,which increased from 52% to 68%.From the view of prefecture level,the total GHG emission in eastern region is higher than the western region.While for emission intensity,the northern region has higher intensity than the southern region.On the plant level,scale may not significantly affect the emission intensity while the technologies can cause a difference to the emission intensity.Oxidation ditch,aerated biofilter and biofilm method tend to have lower emission intensities.
With the development of urban sewage treatment in China,the greenhouse gas emissions(GHG)of this industry has undergone a rapid growth these years.The total emission has grown from 8.4 Mt CO_2-eq in 2007 to 31.4 Mt CO_2-eq in 2016,which increased by 2.7 times.The direct emission of CH_4 and N_2O accounts for the most of total emission,which increased from 52% to 68%.From the view of prefecture level,the total GHG emission in eastern region is higher than the western region.While for emission intensity,the northern region has higher intensity than the southern region.On the plant level,scale may not significantly affect the emission intensity while the technologies can cause a difference to the emission intensity.Oxidation ditch,aerated biofilter and biofilm method tend to have lower emission intensities.
引文
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[29]http://qhs.ndrc.gov.cn.
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[31]Parravicini V,Svardal K,Krampe J.Greenhouse gas emissions from wastewater treatment plants[J].Energy Procedia,2016,97(2):246-253.
[32]Koutsou O P,Gatidou G,Stasinakis A S.Domestic wastewater management in Greece:Greenhouse gas emissions estimation at country scale[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2018,(188):851-859.
[33]Singh V,Phuleria H C,Chandel M K.Estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from municipal wastewater treatment systems in India[J].Water&Environment Journal,2017,31(4):537-544.
[34]Chang J,Lee W,Yoon S.Energy consumptions and associated greenhouse gas emissions in operation phases of urban water reuse systems in Korea[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2017,(141):728-736.
[35]Laakso T,Toivikko S,Vahala R.Centralized water and wastewater treatment as a greenhouse gas producer in Finland[J].Journal of Water and Climate Change,2011,3(1):18.
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[37]https://www.epa.gov/cwns/clean-watersheds-needs-surveycwns-2012-report-and-data.
[2]Mannina G,Ekama G,Caniani D,et al.Greenhouse gases from wastewater treatment-A review of modelling tools[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,551-552:254-270.
[3]周兴,郑有飞,吴荣军,等.2003-2009年中国污水处理部门温室气体排放研究[J].气候变化研究进展,2012,8(2):131-136.
[4]付加锋,侯贵光,马欣,等.污水处理行业温室气体排放特征的实证分析[C]//中国环境科学学会2012学术年会.2012.
[5]马欣.中国城镇生活污水处理厂温室气体排放研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2011.
[6]闫旭,邱德志,郭东丽,等.中国城镇污水处理厂温室气体排放时空分布特征[J].环境科学,2018,(3):1256-1263.
[7]赛莱默公司,中国人民大学环境学院.中国污水处理行业碳减排路径及潜力研究[M],2016.
[8]杨世琪.城镇污水处理系统碳核算方法与模型研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2013.
[9]亓鹏玉.城市污水处理厂温室气体的释放量估算研究[J].低碳世界,2016,(33):7-8.
[10]张程.污水处理系统碳排放规律研究与量化评价[D].西安:西安理工大学,2017.
[11]翟萌,邵越,徐福军.西安污水处理厂温室气体排放及减排对策研究[J].环境工程,2016,34(2):23-26.
[12]张成,易建婷,陈宏,等.重庆市城镇生活污水处理碳排放核算[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版),2014,36(9):135-139.
[13]王雪松,宋蕾,白润英.呼和浩特地区污水厂能耗评价与碳排放分析[J].环境科学与技术,2013,(2):196-199.
[14]郑思伟,唐伟,徐海岚,等.城市污水处理厂甲烷排放量估算及控制对策研究[J].水处理技术,2016(12):46-49.
[15]李静.污水处理系统温室气体排放量化评价及减排研究[D].济南:山东建筑大学,2013.
[16]李惠娟,彭党聪,刘文博,等.不同污水处理工艺非二氧化碳温室气体的释放[J].环境科学,2017,38(4):1640-1646.
[17]王金鹤.城镇污水处理厂中温室气体的释放研究[D].济南:山东大学,2011.
[18]Bao Z,Sun S,Sun D.Assessment of greenhouse gas emission from A/O and SBR wastewater treatment plants in Beijing,China[J].International Biodeterioration&Biodegradation,2016,108:108-114.
[19]Bao Z,Sun S,Sun D.Characteristics of direct CO2 emissions in four full-scale wastewater treatment plants[J].Desalination&Water Treatment,2015,54(4-5):1070-1079.
[20]李慧,孙伟香.城市污泥有机质测定方法研究[J].环境与可持续发展,2016,41(5):222-224.
[21]郭金平,梁文涛.城市生活污泥性质的研究[J].广东化工,2012,39(5):146-148.
[22]王志玉,金宜英,王兴润,等.城市污水污泥中有机质的资源化技术综述[J].给水排水,2007,33(s1):41-44.
[23]李艳霞,陈同斌,罗维,等.中国城市污泥有机质及养分含量与土地利用[J].生态学报,2003,23(11):2464-2474.
[24]王涛.我国城镇污泥营养成分与重金属含量分析[J].中国环保产业,2015,(4):42-45.
[25]郭广慧,杨军,陈同斌,等.中国城市污泥的有机质和养分含量及其变化趋势[J].中国给水排水,2009,25(13):120-121.
[26]邓震,陈阶亮,朱荣彦,等.污泥的有机成分测定方法探究[J].环境卫生工程,2016,24(6):52-55.
[27]蔡博峰,高庆先,李中华,等.中国城市污水处理厂甲烷排放因子研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015,25(4):118-124.
[28]Dong X,Zhang X,Zeng S.Measuring and explaining eco-efficiencies of wastewater treatment plants in China:An uncertainty analysis perspective[J].Water Research,2017,112:195-207.
[29]http://qhs.ndrc.gov.cn.
[30]http://di.unfccc.int/detailed_data_by_party.
[31]Parravicini V,Svardal K,Krampe J.Greenhouse gas emissions from wastewater treatment plants[J].Energy Procedia,2016,97(2):246-253.
[32]Koutsou O P,Gatidou G,Stasinakis A S.Domestic wastewater management in Greece:Greenhouse gas emissions estimation at country scale[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2018,(188):851-859.
[33]Singh V,Phuleria H C,Chandel M K.Estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from municipal wastewater treatment systems in India[J].Water&Environment Journal,2017,31(4):537-544.
[34]Chang J,Lee W,Yoon S.Energy consumptions and associated greenhouse gas emissions in operation phases of urban water reuse systems in Korea[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2017,(141):728-736.
[35]Laakso T,Toivikko S,Vahala R.Centralized water and wastewater treatment as a greenhouse gas producer in Finland[J].Journal of Water and Climate Change,2011,3(1):18.
[36]Hall M R,West J,Sherman B,et al.Long-Term Trends and Opportunities for Managing Regional Water Supply and Wastewater Greenhouse Gas Emissions[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2011,45(12):5434-5440.
[37]https://www.epa.gov/cwns/clean-watersheds-needs-surveycwns-2012-report-and-data.