短期增温对亚高山草甸生物量和土壤呼吸速率的影响
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摘要
以滇西北亚高山草甸为研究对象,利用开顶式生长室(OTC)提高土壤温度模拟全球气候变暖,探讨增温对夏季和冬季草地土壤水分,土壤呼吸速率和植被生物量等方面的影响。结果表明:在开顶式生长室的作用下,滇西北亚高山草甸地表年均温度较对照提高了1.56℃,冬季增温效果好于夏季。增温显著提高了草地的地上生物量(P<0.05),比对照高出148.76 g/m~2。同时增温促进了根系向10～20 cm土层扩展。在夏季和冬季,增温处理和对照的土壤呼吸速率均呈现单峰曲线,在14∶00时出现峰值,夏季的最高值为5.66μmol/(m~2·s),冬季为2.79μmol/(m~2·s),夏季的土壤呼吸速率较冬季高出2.87μmol/(m~2·s)。相关性分析表明,土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度呈显著正相关(P<0.05),土壤温度和土壤含水量则呈现出了极显著的负相关(P<0.01)。
The open top chambers(OTCs) were introduced to increase soil temperature in order to explore effects of global warming on soil moisture,plant biomass and soil respiration rate of subalpine meadow in northwestern Yunnan province.The results indicated that average soil surface temperature was increased by 1.56℃ compared with the control;warming effects was more obvious in winter than in summer.Moreover,the temperature enhancement obviously increased the aboveground biomass(P<0.05),which was 148.76 g/m~2 higher than the control.At the same time,the increase of temperature promoted the expanding of root system into 10 to 20 cm soil layer.The soil respiration rate of warming treatment and control in both summer and winter showed a single peak curve.The maximal value appeared at 14∶00,and the maximal soil respiration rate in summer was 5.66 μmol/(m~2·s) while it was 2.79μmol/(m~2·s) in winter.The soil respiration rate in summer was 2.87 nm/(m~2·s) higher than that in winter.Correlation analysis indicated that the correlation between soil respiration rate and soil temperature was significant(P<0.05),however,a significant negative correlation was observed between soil temperature and soil water content(P<0.01).
The open top chambers(OTCs) were introduced to increase soil temperature in order to explore effects of global warming on soil moisture,plant biomass and soil respiration rate of subalpine meadow in northwestern Yunnan province.The results indicated that average soil surface temperature was increased by 1.56℃ compared with the control;warming effects was more obvious in winter than in summer.Moreover,the temperature enhancement obviously increased the aboveground biomass(P<0.05),which was 148.76 g/m~2 higher than the control.At the same time,the increase of temperature promoted the expanding of root system into 10 to 20 cm soil layer.The soil respiration rate of warming treatment and control in both summer and winter showed a single peak curve.The maximal value appeared at 14∶00,and the maximal soil respiration rate in summer was 5.66 μmol/(m~2·s) while it was 2.79μmol/(m~2·s) in winter.The soil respiration rate in summer was 2.87 nm/(m~2·s) higher than that in winter.Correlation analysis indicated that the correlation between soil respiration rate and soil temperature was significant(P<0.05),however,a significant negative correlation was observed between soil temperature and soil water content(P<0.01).
引文
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[34] Lin X W,Zhang Z H,Wang S P,et al.Response of ecosystem respiration to warming and grazing during the growing seasons in the alpine meadow on the Tibetan plateau[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2011,151(7):792-802.
[35] Joo S J,Park S U,Park M S,et al.Estimation of soil respiration using automated chamber systems in an oak (Quercus mongolica) forest at the Nam-San site in Seoul,Korea.[J].Science of the total environment,2012,416:400-409.
[2] IPCC.Climate change Mitigation[M]//Metz B,Davidson O R,Bosch P R,et al.Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Cambridge,UK and New York:Cambridge University Press,2007:416.
[3] French H M,Wang B.Climate controls high altitude permafrost,Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau,China[J].Permafrost Periglacial Process,1994(5):87-100.
[4] Thompson L G,Yao T,Mosley-Thompson E.A high-resolution millennial record of the south Asian Monsoon from Himalayan ice cores[J].Science,2000,289:1916-1919.
[5] Xu W F,Yuan W P.Responses of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen to experimental warming:A meta-analysis[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2017,115:265-274.
[6] 耿晓东,旭日.梯度增温对青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统碳交换的影响[J].草业科学,2017,34(12):2407-2415.
[7] Drake J E,Aspinwall M J,Pfautsch S,et al.The capacity to cope with climate warming declines from temperate to tropical latitudes in two widely distributed Eucalyptus species[J].Global Chang Biology,2015,21:459-472.
[8] Sistla S A,Moore J C,Simpson R T,et al.Long-term warming restructures Arctic tundra without changing net soil carbon storage[J].Nature,2013,497(7451):615-618.
[9] Rustad L,Campbell J,Marion G,et al.A meta-analysis of the response of soil respiration,net nitrogen mineralization,and aboveground plant growth to experimental ecosystem warming[J].Oecologia,2001,126(4):543-562.
[10] 周华坤,周兴民,赵新全.模拟增温效应对矮篙草草甸影响的初步研究[J].植物生态学报,2000,24(5):547-553.
[11] Guan S,An Na,Zong N,et al.Climate warming impacts on soil organic carbon fractions and aggregate stability in a Tibetan alpine meadow[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2018,116:224-236.
[12] 李军祥,曾辉,朱军涛,等.藏北高原高寒草甸生态系统呼吸对增温的响应[J].生态环境学报,2016,25(10):1612-1620.
[13] Lin X W,Zhang Z H,Wang S P,et al.Response of ecosystem respiration to warming and grazing during the growing seasons in the alpine meadow on the Tibetan plateau[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2011,151(7):792-802.
[14] Rustard L E,Campbell J L,Marion G M,et al.A meta-analysis of the response of soil respiration,net nitrogen mineralization,and aboveground plant growth to experimental ecosystem warming[J].Oecologia,2001,126:543-562.
[15] Foster D R,Aber J D,Melillon,et al.Forest response to disturbance and anthropogenic stress[J].Bioscience,1997,47:437-445.
[16] Berger B,Johnstone J,Treseder K K.Experimental warming and burn severity alter soil CO2 flux and soil functional groups in a recently burned boreal forest[J].Global Change Biology,2004,10:1996-2004.
[17] Rayment M B,Jarvis P G.Temporal and spatial variation of soil CO2 efflux in a Canadian boreal forest[J].Soil Biol Biochem,2000,32:35-45.
[18] Kutsch W L,Kappen L.Aspects of carbon and nitrogen cycling in soils of the Bornhoved Lake district.II.Modeling the influence of temperature increase on soil respiration and organic carbon content in arable soils under different managements[J].Biogeochemistry,1997,39:207-224.
[19] Giardina C P,Ryan M G.Evidence that decomposition rates of organic carbon in mineral soil do not vary with temperature[J].Nature,2000,404:858-861.
[20] Molau U,M lgaard P.International Tundra Experiment (ITEX) Manual [M].Denmark Copenhagen:Danish Polar Center,1996
[21] 牛书丽,韩兴国,马克平,等.全球变暖与陆地生态系统研究中的野外增温装置[J].植物生态学报,2007,31:262-271.
[22] Debevec E M,MacLean S F J.Design of greenhouses for the manipulation of temperature in tundra plant communities[J].Arctic and Alpine Research,1993,25:56-62.
[23] Flanagana L B,Sharpa E J,Letts M G.Response of plant biomass and soil respiration to experimental warming and precipitation manipulation in a Northern Great Plains grassland[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2013,173:40-52.
[24] Peng F,YOU Q G,XUE X,et al.Evapotranspiration and its source components change under experimental warming in alpine meadow ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau[J].Ecological Engineering,2015,84:653-659.
[25] Carey J C,Tang J,Templer M,et al.Temperature response of soil respiration largely unaltered with experimental warming [J].Proceedings of the National Academy of the United States of America,2016,113:13797-13802.
[26] Li Y Y,Zhou G Y,Huang W J,et al.Potential effects of warming on soil respiration and carbon sequestration in a subtropical forest[J].Plant and Soil,2016,409:247-257.
[27] Milchunas D G,Morgan J A,Mosier A R,et al.Root dynamics and demography in shortgrass steppe under elevated CO2,and comments on minirhizotron methodology[J].Global Change Biology,2005,11:1837-1855.
[28] Liu Y C,Liu S R,Wan S Q,et al.Differential responses of soil respiration to soil warming and experimental throughfall reduction in a transitional oak forest in central China[J].Agricultural and Forest Meterorology,2016,226:186-18.
[29] Singh J S,Gupta S R.Plant decomposition and soil respiration in terrestrial ecosystems[J].Botanical Review,1977,43:449-528.
[30] 王庚辰,杜睿,孔琴心,等.中国温带典型草原土壤呼吸特征的实验研究[J].科学通报,2004,49(7):692-696.
[31] Wu Z,Dijkstra P,Koch G,et al.Responses of terrestrial ecosystems to temperature and precipitation change:a meta-analysis of experimental manipulation[J].Global Change Biology,2011,17:927-942.
[32] Shaver G R,Canadell J,Chapin F S,et al.Global warming and terrestrial ecosystems:a conceptual framework for analysis[J]. BioScience,2000,50:871-882.
[33] Mathes K,Schriefer Th.Soil respiration during secondary succession influence of temperature and moisture[J]. Soil biology and biochemistry,1985,17(2):205-211.
[34] Lin X W,Zhang Z H,Wang S P,et al.Response of ecosystem respiration to warming and grazing during the growing seasons in the alpine meadow on the Tibetan plateau[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2011,151(7):792-802.
[35] Joo S J,Park S U,Park M S,et al.Estimation of soil respiration using automated chamber systems in an oak (Quercus mongolica) forest at the Nam-San site in Seoul,Korea.[J].Science of the total environment,2012,416:400-409.