不同睡眠时间参数对学前儿童执行功能的差异化影响
|
摘要
研究选取78名5~7岁的学前儿童为研究对象,采用睡眠日志法测量了儿童的夜间睡眠比、总睡眠时长和周末补偿睡眠三个睡眠时间的指标,同时采用母亲报告法收集儿童的消极情绪性, 3个月后采用美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)的一套标准化测量程序评估儿童的执行功能,探讨三个睡眠时间参数对不同消极情绪性学前儿童执行功能的差异化影响。结果发现,在控制了儿童的同时性语言能力之后,夜间睡眠比能够显著预测儿童三个月之后的执行功能;儿童的消极情绪性与周末补偿睡眠对执行功能的三个子成分存在显著的交互作用。当周末补偿睡眠较少时,高消极情绪性儿童的执行功能显著低于低消极情绪性儿童;当周末补偿睡眠较多时,高消极情绪性儿童的执行功能显著高于低消极情绪性儿童,该结果符合差别易感性模型。
In China, disruptive sleep patterns and sleep deficiency are prevalent in preschool children. Literature has largely focused on the relationship between sleep duration and child development in adolescents and school-age children. Yet little is known about the impact of sleep duration in preschool children, for example, on their advanced neurocognitive function. Given that sleep need and sleep maturation develop rapidly in the first years of life, research findings in older children cannot be generalized to preschoolers.Developmental research indicates individual differences in sleep need. From a developmental perspective, it is crucial to explore whether children's susceptibility to neurocognitive disruptions is associated with sleep problems. Temperament, one aspect of individual susceptibility, is shown to be relatively stable across situations and developmental periods. In this study, negative emotionality in preschool children was used to indicate temperament. The goal of this study was to examine the links between preschoolers' initial sleep duration(i.e., total daily sleep duration, ratio of nighttime sleep to total daily sleep, and sleep compensation over the weekend) and later executive function and the moderating role of children's negative emotionality in the links. The sample was composed of 78 preschool children(Mage = 6.31 years, SD = 0.35) and their mothers. Total daily sleep duration, ratio of nighttime sleep, sleep compensation over the weekend, and child negative emotionality were assessed using parental sleep diaries and mother reports. Child executive function was measured three months later using a set of standardized measurement procedures offered by the National Institutes of Health(NIH). The results of the present study indicated that controlling for children's concurrent language ability, initial ratio of nighttime sleep significantly predicted children's subsequent executive function. In addition, we found that negative emotionality significantly moderated the relation between sleep compensation and the three components of the executive function(working memory, inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility), in support of the differential susceptibility model. Specifically, sleep compensation was positively associated with performance in the executive function tests for preschool children with high negative emotionality whereas the association was nonsignificant for children with low negative emotionality. In conclusion, our findings suggested that children who sleep longer at night would be more advanced in their EF development. For children with high negative emotionality, sleep compensation over the weekend has a positive effect on their executive function skills. The results of this study provided important practical implications for Chinese preschoolers' sleep arrangements.
In China, disruptive sleep patterns and sleep deficiency are prevalent in preschool children. Literature has largely focused on the relationship between sleep duration and child development in adolescents and school-age children. Yet little is known about the impact of sleep duration in preschool children, for example, on their advanced neurocognitive function. Given that sleep need and sleep maturation develop rapidly in the first years of life, research findings in older children cannot be generalized to preschoolers.Developmental research indicates individual differences in sleep need. From a developmental perspective, it is crucial to explore whether children's susceptibility to neurocognitive disruptions is associated with sleep problems. Temperament, one aspect of individual susceptibility, is shown to be relatively stable across situations and developmental periods. In this study, negative emotionality in preschool children was used to indicate temperament. The goal of this study was to examine the links between preschoolers' initial sleep duration(i.e., total daily sleep duration, ratio of nighttime sleep to total daily sleep, and sleep compensation over the weekend) and later executive function and the moderating role of children's negative emotionality in the links. The sample was composed of 78 preschool children(Mage = 6.31 years, SD = 0.35) and their mothers. Total daily sleep duration, ratio of nighttime sleep, sleep compensation over the weekend, and child negative emotionality were assessed using parental sleep diaries and mother reports. Child executive function was measured three months later using a set of standardized measurement procedures offered by the National Institutes of Health(NIH). The results of the present study indicated that controlling for children's concurrent language ability, initial ratio of nighttime sleep significantly predicted children's subsequent executive function. In addition, we found that negative emotionality significantly moderated the relation between sleep compensation and the three components of the executive function(working memory, inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility), in support of the differential susceptibility model. Specifically, sleep compensation was positively associated with performance in the executive function tests for preschool children with high negative emotionality whereas the association was nonsignificant for children with low negative emotionality. In conclusion, our findings suggested that children who sleep longer at night would be more advanced in their EF development. For children with high negative emotionality, sleep compensation over the weekend has a positive effect on their executive function skills. The results of this study provided important practical implications for Chinese preschoolers' sleep arrangements.
引文
Acebo,C.,Sadeh,A.,Seifer,R.,Tzischinsky,O.,Hafer,A.,&Carskadon,M.A.(2005).Sleep/wake patterns derived from activity monitoring and maternal report for healthy 1-to5-year-old children.Sleep,28(12),1568-1577.
Anders,T.F.,Sadeh,A.,&Appareddy,V.(1995).Normal sleep in neonates and children.In R.Ferber&M.Kryger(Eds.),Principles and practice of sleep medicine in the child(pp.7-18).Philadelphia:W.B.Saunders Company.
Becker,S.P.,Pfiffner,L.J.,Stein,M.A.,Burns,G.L.,&Mcburnett,K.(2016).Sleep habits in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder predominantly inattentive type and associations with comorbid psychopathology symptoms.Sleep Medicine,21,151-159.
Belsky,J.(2005).Differential susceptibility to rearing influences:An evolutionary hypothesis and some evidence.In B.J.Ellis&D.F.Bjorklund(Eds.),Origins of the social mind:Evolutionary psychology and child development(pp.139-163).New York.NY:Guildford.
Bernier,A.,Beauchamp,M.H.,Bouvette-turcot,A-A.,Carlson,S.M.,&Carrier,J.(2013).Sleep and cognition in preschool years:Specific links to executive functioning.Child Development,84(5),1542-1553.
Bernier,A.,Carlson,S.M.,Bordeleau,S.,&Carrier,J.(2010).Relations between physiological and cognitive regulatory systems:Infant sleep regulation and subsequent executive functioning.Child Development,81(6),1739-1752.
Boyce,W.T.,&Ellis,B.J.(2005).Biological sensitivity to context:I.An evolutionary-developmental theory of the origins and functions of stress reactivity.Development and Psychopathology,17(2),271-301.
Bub,K.L.,Buckhalt,J.A.,&El-sheikh,M.(2011).Children's sleep and cognitive performance:A cross-domain analysis of change over time.Developmental Psychology,47(6),1504-1514.
Buckhalt,J.A.,El-Sheikh,M.,Keller,P.S.,&Kelly,R.J.(2009).Concurrent and longitudinal relations between children's sleep and cognitive functioning:The moderating role of parent education.Child Development,80(3),875-892.
Byars,K.C.,Yolton,K.,Rausch,J.,Lanphear,B.,&Beebe,D.W.(2012).Prevalence,patterns,and persistence of sleep probblems in the first 3 years of life.Pediatrics,129(2),e276-e284.
Cai,Y-M.,Yi,Z.-W.,Huang,H.,Li,J-M.,&Luo,X-M.(2008).Epidemiological investigation of sleep disorders for children at ages of 2-12 years in Changsha City.Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics,10(3),353-356.[蔡益民,易著文,黄辉,李介民,罗雪梅.(2008).长沙市2~12岁儿童睡眠障碍流行病学调查.中国当代儿科杂志,10(3),353-356.]
Cain,N.,&Gradisar,M.(2010).Electronic media use and sleep in school-aged children and adolescents:A review.Sleep Medicine,11(8),735-742.
Carskadon,M.A.(2011).Sleep in adolescents:The perfect storm.Pediatric Clinics of North America,58(3),637-647.
Conway,A.,Modrek,A.,&Gorroochurn,P.(2017).Maternal sensitivity predicts fewer sleep problems at early adolescence for toddlers with negative emotionality:A case of differential susceptibility.Child Psychiatry&Human Development,49(1),1-14.
Cremone,A.,de Jong,D.M.,Kurdziel,L.F.,Desrochers,P.,Sayer,A.,LeBourgeois,M.K.,...McDermott,J.M.(2018).Sleep tight,act right:Negative affect,sleep and behavior problems during early childhood.Child Development,89(2),e42-e59.
Curcio,G.,Ferrara,M.,&De Gennaro,L.(2006).Sleep loss,learning capacity and academic performance.Sleep Medicine Reviews,10(5),3-27.
Dahl,R.E.(1996).The regulation of sleep and arousal:Development and psychopathology.Development and Psychopathology,8(1),3-27.
Davis,K.F.,Parker,K.P.,&Montgomery,G.L.(2004).Sleep in infants and young children:Part one:normal sleep.Journal of Pediatric Health Care,18(2),65-71.
Dewald,J.F.,Meijer,A.M.,Oort,F.J.,Kerkhof,G.A.,&B?gels,S.M.(2010).The influence of sleep quality,sleep duration and sleepiness on school performance in children and adolescents:A meta-analytic review.Sleep Medicine Reviews,14(3),179-189.
Dionne,G.,Touchette,E.,Forget-Dubois,N.,Petit,D.,Tremblay,R.E.,Montplaisir,J.Y.,&Boivin,M.(2011).Associations between sleep-wake consolidation and language development in early childhood:A longitudinal twin study.Sleep,34(8),987-995.
El-Sheikh,M.,Bagley,E.J.,Keiley,M.,Elmore-Staton,L.,Chen,E.,&Buckhalt,J.A.(2013).Economic adversity and children's sleep problems:Multiple indicators and moderation of effects.Health Psychology,32(8),849-859.
El-Sheikh,M.,Erath,S.A.,&Keller,P.S.(2007).Children's sleep and adjustment:The moderating role of vagal regulation.Journal of Sleep Research,16(4),396-405.
Gao,X.,Ding,B.L.,Feng,S.H.,&Xing,S.F.(2018).The joint effects of paternal and maternal psychological control and children temperament on children problem behaviors:Diathesis stress or differential susceptibility.Psychological Development&Education.34(1),28-37.[高鑫,丁碧蕾,冯姝慧,邢淑芬.(2018).父母心理控制和儿童消极情绪性对学前儿童问题行为的共同作用:“素质-压力”还是“差别易感性”.心理发展与教育,34(1),28-37.]
Goodnight,J.A.,Bates,J.E.,Staples,A.D.,Pettit,G.S.,&Dodge,K.A.(2007).Temperamental resistance to control increases the association between sleep problems and externalizing behavior development.Journal of Family Psychology,21(1),39-48.
Groeger,J.A.,Viola,A.U.,Lo,J.Y.,von Schantz,M.,Archer,S.N.,&Dijk,D-J.(2008).Early morning executive functioning during sleep deprivation is compromised by a PERIOD3 polymorphism.Sleep:Journal of sleep and sleep Disorders Research,31(8),1159-1167.
Hardell,L.(2018).Effects of mobile phones on children's and adolescents'health:A commentary.Child Development,89(1),137-140.
Harrison,Y.,Jones,K.,&Waterhouse,J.(2007).The influence of time awake and circadian rhythm upon performance on a frontal lobe task.Neuropsychologia,45(8),1966-1972.
Hartz,K.,&Williford,A.(2015).Child negative emotionality and caregiver sensitivity across context:Links with children’s kindergarten behavior problems.Infant and Child Development,24(2),107-129.
Hentges,R.F.,Davies,P.T.,&Cicchetti,D.(2015).Temperament and interparental conflict:The role of negativeemotionality in predicting child behavioral problems.Child Development,86(5),1333-1350.
Huttenlocher,P.R.(2002).Morphometric study of human cerebral cortex development.In M.H.Johnson,Y.Munakata,&R.O.Gilmore,(Eds.),Brain development and cognition:A reader(pp.117-128).Malden:Blackwell Publishing.
Jones,K.,&Harrison,Y.(2001).Frontal lobe function,sleep loss and fragmented sleep.Sleep Medicine Reviews,5(6),463-475.
Kim,S.J.,Lee,Y.J.,Cho,S.,Cho,I.,Lim,W.,&Lim,W.(2011).Relationship between weekend catch-up sleep and poor performance on attention tasks in Korean adolescents.Archives of Pediatrics&Adolescent Medicine,165(9),806-812.
Knight,R.T.,&Stuss,D.T.(2002).Prefrontal cortex:The present and the future.In D.T.Stuss&R.T.Knight(Eds.),Principles of frontal lobe function.New York:Oxford University Press.
Kuula,L.,Pesonen,A-K.,Martikainen,S.,Kajantie,E.,Lahti,J.,Strandberg,T.,...R?ikk?nen,K.(2015).Poor sleep and neurocognitive function in early adolescence.Sleep Medicine,16(10),1207-1212.
Kuula,L.,Pesonen,A.K.,Heinonen,K.,Kajantie,E.,Eriksson,J.G.,Andersson,S.,...R?ikk?nen,K.(2018).Naturally occurring circadian rhythm and sleep duration are related to executive functions in early adulthood.Journal of Sleep Research,27(1),113-119.
Lam,J.C.,Mahone,E.M.,Mason,T.B.A.,&Scharf,S.M.(2011).The effects of napping on cognitive function in preschoolers.Journal of Developmental And Behavioral Pediatrics,32(2),90-97.
Matricciani,L.A.,Olds,T.S.,Blunden,S.,Rigney,G.,&Williams,M.T.(2012).Never enough sleep:A brief history of sleep recommendations for children.Pediatrics,129(3),548-556.
Meltzer,L.J.,Montgomery-downs,H.E.,Insana,S.P.,&Walsh,C.M.(2012).Use of actigraphy for assessment in pediatric sleep research.Sleep Medicine Reviews,16(5),463-475.
Miyake,A.,Friedman,N.P.,Emerson,M.J.,Witzki,A.H.,&Howerter,A.(2000).The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex“frontal lobe”tasks:A latent variable analysis.Cognitive Psychology,41(1),49-100.
Molińska,M.,&Z?otogórska-Suwińska,A.(2016).Sleep deficits and executive functions at different developmental stages-meta-analysis.The Polish Journal of Aviation Medicine,Bioengineering and Psychology,22(2),27-38.
Morgan,J.K.,Shaw,D.S.,&Olino,T.M.(2012).Differential susceptibility effects:The interaction of negative emotionality and sibling relationship quality on childhood internalizing problems and social skills.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,40(6),885-899.
Nelson,C.A.,&Luciana,M.(2001).Handbook of developmental cognitive neuroscience.Neuroscience.Cambridge,Mass:MIT Press.
Olini,N.,&Huber,R.(2014).Diurnal changes in electrocorticogram sleep slow-wave activity during development in rats.Journal of Sleep Research,23(3),263-269.
Olsen,O.K.,Pallesen,S.,&Espevik,R.(2013).The impact of partial sleep deprivation on military naval officers'ability to anticipate moral and tactical problems in a simulated maritime combat operation.International Maritime Health,64(2),61-65.
Owens,J.A.(2014).Insufficient sleep in adolescents and young adults:An update on causes and consequences.Pediatrics,134(3),e921-e932.
Pattinson,C.L.,Smith,S.S.,Staton,S.L.,Trost,S.G.,&Thorpe,K.J.(2018).Investigating the association between sleep parameters and the weight status of children:Night sleep duration matters.Sleep Health,4(2),147-153.
Philbrook,L.E.,Hinnant,B.,Elmore-staton,L.,Buckhalt,J.A.,&El-sheikh,M.(2017).Sleep and cognitive functioning in childhood:Ethnicity,socioeconomic status,and sex as moderators.Developmental Psychology,53(7),1276-1285.
Pluess,M.,&Belsky,J.(2009).Differential susceptibility to rearing experience:The case of childcare.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,50(4),396-404.
Reynaud,E.,Vecchierini,M-F.,Heude,B.,Charles,M-A.,&Plancoulaine,S.(2018).Sleep and its relation to cognition and behaviour in preschool-aged children of the general population:A systematic review.Journal of Sleep Researc,27(3),e12636.
Roisman,G.I.,Newman,D.A.,Fraley,R.C.,Haltigan,J.D.,Groh,A.M.,&Haydon,K.C.(2012).Distinguishing differential susceptibility from diathesis-stress:Recommendations for evaluating interaction effects.Development and Psychopathology,24(2),389-409.
Rothbart,M.K.,&Bates,J.E.(2006).Temperament.In W.Damon,R.M.Lerner,&N.Eisenberg(Eds.),Handbook of child psychology:Vol.3.Social,Emotional,and Personality Development(6th ed.,pp.99-166).New York:Wiley.
Ringli,M.,&Huber,R.(2011).Developmental aspects of sleep slow waves:Linking sleep,brain maturation and behavior.Progress in Brain Research,193(1),63-82.
Rupp,T.L.,Killgore,W.D.S.,&Balkin,T.J.(2010).Socializing by day may affect performance by night:Vulnerability to sleep deprivation is differentially mediated by social exposure in extraverts vs introverts.Sleep,33(11),1475-1485.
Sadeh,A.,Gruber,R.,&Raviv,A.(2002).Sleep,neurobehavioral functioning,and behavior problems in school-age children.Child Development,73(2),405-417.
Scher,A.(2005).Crawling in and out of sleep.Infant and Child Development,14(5),491-500.
Seo,W.S.,Sung,H-M.,Lee,J.H.,Koo,B.H.,Kim,M.J.,Kim,S.Y.,...Shin,I.H.(2010).Sleep patterns and their age-related changes in elementary-school children.Sleep Medicine,11(6),569-575.
Singer,W.(1995).Development and plasticity of cortical processing architectures.Science,270(5237),758-764.
Spruyt,K.,Alaribe,C.U.,&Nwabara,O.U.(2015).To sleep or not to sleep:A repeated daily challenge for African American children.Cns Neuroscience&Therapeutics,21(1),23-31.
Sun,W-Q.,Jiang,Y-R.,Chen,W-J.,Wang,Y.,Li,F.,Li,S-H.…Jiang,F(2012).Influences of weekend catch-up sleep on sleep quality and academic achievements.Chinese Journal of Child Health Care,20(9),783-86.[孙莞绮,姜艳蕊,陈文娟,王燕,李峰,李生慧…江帆.(2012).周末补偿睡眠对学龄儿童睡眠质量和学业表现的影响.中国儿童保健杂志,20(9),783-786.]
Thorpe,K.,Staton,S.,Sawyer,E.,Pattinson,C.,Haden,C.,&Smith,S.(2015).Napping,development and health from 0to 5 years:A systematic review.Archives of Disease in Childhood,100(7),615-622.
Turnbull,K.,Reid,G.J.,&Morton,J.B.(2013).Behavioral sleep problems and their potential impact on developing executive function in children.Sleep,36(7),1077-1084.
Vermeulen,M.C.M.,Astill,R.G.,Benjamins,J.S.,Swaab,H.,Van Someren,E.J.W.,&van der Heijden,K.B.(2016).Temperament moderates the association between sleep duration and cognitive performance in children.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,144,184-198.
Vernon,L.,Modecki,K.L.,&Barber,B.L.(2018).Mobile phones in the bedroom:Trajectories of sleep habits and subsequent adolescent psychosocial development.Child Development,89(1),66-77.
Wang,G.H.(2015).Sleep problems of preschool children in China:characteristics,influencing factors,and behavioral interventions.Doctoral dissertation,East China Normal University.[王广海.(2015).我国学龄前儿童睡眠问题:特点、影响因素及行为干预.华东师范大学.]
Wang,H-S.,Huang,X-N.,Jiang,J-X.,Ma,Y-Y.,An,L.,&Liu.X-C.(2006).Study on sleep time of Chinese children aged0~5 years in cities.Chinese Journal of Child Health Care,14(4),354-356.[王惠珊,黄小娜,蒋竞雄,马渝燕,安琳,刘玺诚.(2006).中国城市0~5岁儿童睡眠时间流行病学调查.中国儿童保健杂志,14(4),354-356.]
Ward,T.M.,Gay,C.,Anders,T.F.,Alkon,A.,&Lee,K.A.(2008).Sleep and napping patterns in 3-to-5-year old children attending full-day childcare centers.Journal of Pediatric Psychology,33(6),666-672.
Wimmer,F.,Hoffmann,R.F.,Bonato,R.A.,&Moffitt,A.R.(1992).The effects of sleep deprivation on divergent thinking and attention processes.Journal of Sleep Research,1(4),223-230.
Zentner,M.,&Bates,J.E.(2008).Child temperament:An integrative review of concepts,research programs,and measures.European Journal of Developmental Science,2(1-2),7-37.
Zelazo,P.D.,Carlson,S.M.,&Kesek,A.(2008).The development of executive function in childhood.In C.A.Nelson,&M.Luciana(Eds.),Developmental cognitive neuroscience.Handbook of developmental cognitive neuroscience(pp.553-574).Cambridge,MA:MIT Press.
Zhao,X.N.,Zhang,J.H.,Zhao,P.,Li,P.C.,&Yuan,X.L.(2014).Factors associated with sleeping time in school-aged children in Harbin City.Chinese Journal of School Doctor,28(11),801-802.[赵雪妮,张纪华,赵浦,李鹏程,袁迅玲.(2014).哈尔滨市学龄儿童睡眠时间及相关因素分析.中国校医,28(11),801-802.]
Anders,T.F.,Sadeh,A.,&Appareddy,V.(1995).Normal sleep in neonates and children.In R.Ferber&M.Kryger(Eds.),Principles and practice of sleep medicine in the child(pp.7-18).Philadelphia:W.B.Saunders Company.
Becker,S.P.,Pfiffner,L.J.,Stein,M.A.,Burns,G.L.,&Mcburnett,K.(2016).Sleep habits in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder predominantly inattentive type and associations with comorbid psychopathology symptoms.Sleep Medicine,21,151-159.
Belsky,J.(2005).Differential susceptibility to rearing influences:An evolutionary hypothesis and some evidence.In B.J.Ellis&D.F.Bjorklund(Eds.),Origins of the social mind:Evolutionary psychology and child development(pp.139-163).New York.NY:Guildford.
Bernier,A.,Beauchamp,M.H.,Bouvette-turcot,A-A.,Carlson,S.M.,&Carrier,J.(2013).Sleep and cognition in preschool years:Specific links to executive functioning.Child Development,84(5),1542-1553.
Bernier,A.,Carlson,S.M.,Bordeleau,S.,&Carrier,J.(2010).Relations between physiological and cognitive regulatory systems:Infant sleep regulation and subsequent executive functioning.Child Development,81(6),1739-1752.
Boyce,W.T.,&Ellis,B.J.(2005).Biological sensitivity to context:I.An evolutionary-developmental theory of the origins and functions of stress reactivity.Development and Psychopathology,17(2),271-301.
Bub,K.L.,Buckhalt,J.A.,&El-sheikh,M.(2011).Children's sleep and cognitive performance:A cross-domain analysis of change over time.Developmental Psychology,47(6),1504-1514.
Buckhalt,J.A.,El-Sheikh,M.,Keller,P.S.,&Kelly,R.J.(2009).Concurrent and longitudinal relations between children's sleep and cognitive functioning:The moderating role of parent education.Child Development,80(3),875-892.
Byars,K.C.,Yolton,K.,Rausch,J.,Lanphear,B.,&Beebe,D.W.(2012).Prevalence,patterns,and persistence of sleep probblems in the first 3 years of life.Pediatrics,129(2),e276-e284.
Cai,Y-M.,Yi,Z.-W.,Huang,H.,Li,J-M.,&Luo,X-M.(2008).Epidemiological investigation of sleep disorders for children at ages of 2-12 years in Changsha City.Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics,10(3),353-356.[蔡益民,易著文,黄辉,李介民,罗雪梅.(2008).长沙市2~12岁儿童睡眠障碍流行病学调查.中国当代儿科杂志,10(3),353-356.]
Cain,N.,&Gradisar,M.(2010).Electronic media use and sleep in school-aged children and adolescents:A review.Sleep Medicine,11(8),735-742.
Carskadon,M.A.(2011).Sleep in adolescents:The perfect storm.Pediatric Clinics of North America,58(3),637-647.
Conway,A.,Modrek,A.,&Gorroochurn,P.(2017).Maternal sensitivity predicts fewer sleep problems at early adolescence for toddlers with negative emotionality:A case of differential susceptibility.Child Psychiatry&Human Development,49(1),1-14.
Cremone,A.,de Jong,D.M.,Kurdziel,L.F.,Desrochers,P.,Sayer,A.,LeBourgeois,M.K.,...McDermott,J.M.(2018).Sleep tight,act right:Negative affect,sleep and behavior problems during early childhood.Child Development,89(2),e42-e59.
Curcio,G.,Ferrara,M.,&De Gennaro,L.(2006).Sleep loss,learning capacity and academic performance.Sleep Medicine Reviews,10(5),3-27.
Dahl,R.E.(1996).The regulation of sleep and arousal:Development and psychopathology.Development and Psychopathology,8(1),3-27.
Davis,K.F.,Parker,K.P.,&Montgomery,G.L.(2004).Sleep in infants and young children:Part one:normal sleep.Journal of Pediatric Health Care,18(2),65-71.
Dewald,J.F.,Meijer,A.M.,Oort,F.J.,Kerkhof,G.A.,&B?gels,S.M.(2010).The influence of sleep quality,sleep duration and sleepiness on school performance in children and adolescents:A meta-analytic review.Sleep Medicine Reviews,14(3),179-189.
Dionne,G.,Touchette,E.,Forget-Dubois,N.,Petit,D.,Tremblay,R.E.,Montplaisir,J.Y.,&Boivin,M.(2011).Associations between sleep-wake consolidation and language development in early childhood:A longitudinal twin study.Sleep,34(8),987-995.
El-Sheikh,M.,Bagley,E.J.,Keiley,M.,Elmore-Staton,L.,Chen,E.,&Buckhalt,J.A.(2013).Economic adversity and children's sleep problems:Multiple indicators and moderation of effects.Health Psychology,32(8),849-859.
El-Sheikh,M.,Erath,S.A.,&Keller,P.S.(2007).Children's sleep and adjustment:The moderating role of vagal regulation.Journal of Sleep Research,16(4),396-405.
Gao,X.,Ding,B.L.,Feng,S.H.,&Xing,S.F.(2018).The joint effects of paternal and maternal psychological control and children temperament on children problem behaviors:Diathesis stress or differential susceptibility.Psychological Development&Education.34(1),28-37.[高鑫,丁碧蕾,冯姝慧,邢淑芬.(2018).父母心理控制和儿童消极情绪性对学前儿童问题行为的共同作用:“素质-压力”还是“差别易感性”.心理发展与教育,34(1),28-37.]
Goodnight,J.A.,Bates,J.E.,Staples,A.D.,Pettit,G.S.,&Dodge,K.A.(2007).Temperamental resistance to control increases the association between sleep problems and externalizing behavior development.Journal of Family Psychology,21(1),39-48.
Groeger,J.A.,Viola,A.U.,Lo,J.Y.,von Schantz,M.,Archer,S.N.,&Dijk,D-J.(2008).Early morning executive functioning during sleep deprivation is compromised by a PERIOD3 polymorphism.Sleep:Journal of sleep and sleep Disorders Research,31(8),1159-1167.
Hardell,L.(2018).Effects of mobile phones on children's and adolescents'health:A commentary.Child Development,89(1),137-140.
Harrison,Y.,Jones,K.,&Waterhouse,J.(2007).The influence of time awake and circadian rhythm upon performance on a frontal lobe task.Neuropsychologia,45(8),1966-1972.
Hartz,K.,&Williford,A.(2015).Child negative emotionality and caregiver sensitivity across context:Links with children’s kindergarten behavior problems.Infant and Child Development,24(2),107-129.
Hentges,R.F.,Davies,P.T.,&Cicchetti,D.(2015).Temperament and interparental conflict:The role of negativeemotionality in predicting child behavioral problems.Child Development,86(5),1333-1350.
Huttenlocher,P.R.(2002).Morphometric study of human cerebral cortex development.In M.H.Johnson,Y.Munakata,&R.O.Gilmore,(Eds.),Brain development and cognition:A reader(pp.117-128).Malden:Blackwell Publishing.
Jones,K.,&Harrison,Y.(2001).Frontal lobe function,sleep loss and fragmented sleep.Sleep Medicine Reviews,5(6),463-475.
Kim,S.J.,Lee,Y.J.,Cho,S.,Cho,I.,Lim,W.,&Lim,W.(2011).Relationship between weekend catch-up sleep and poor performance on attention tasks in Korean adolescents.Archives of Pediatrics&Adolescent Medicine,165(9),806-812.
Knight,R.T.,&Stuss,D.T.(2002).Prefrontal cortex:The present and the future.In D.T.Stuss&R.T.Knight(Eds.),Principles of frontal lobe function.New York:Oxford University Press.
Kuula,L.,Pesonen,A-K.,Martikainen,S.,Kajantie,E.,Lahti,J.,Strandberg,T.,...R?ikk?nen,K.(2015).Poor sleep and neurocognitive function in early adolescence.Sleep Medicine,16(10),1207-1212.
Kuula,L.,Pesonen,A.K.,Heinonen,K.,Kajantie,E.,Eriksson,J.G.,Andersson,S.,...R?ikk?nen,K.(2018).Naturally occurring circadian rhythm and sleep duration are related to executive functions in early adulthood.Journal of Sleep Research,27(1),113-119.
Lam,J.C.,Mahone,E.M.,Mason,T.B.A.,&Scharf,S.M.(2011).The effects of napping on cognitive function in preschoolers.Journal of Developmental And Behavioral Pediatrics,32(2),90-97.
Matricciani,L.A.,Olds,T.S.,Blunden,S.,Rigney,G.,&Williams,M.T.(2012).Never enough sleep:A brief history of sleep recommendations for children.Pediatrics,129(3),548-556.
Meltzer,L.J.,Montgomery-downs,H.E.,Insana,S.P.,&Walsh,C.M.(2012).Use of actigraphy for assessment in pediatric sleep research.Sleep Medicine Reviews,16(5),463-475.
Miyake,A.,Friedman,N.P.,Emerson,M.J.,Witzki,A.H.,&Howerter,A.(2000).The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex“frontal lobe”tasks:A latent variable analysis.Cognitive Psychology,41(1),49-100.
Molińska,M.,&Z?otogórska-Suwińska,A.(2016).Sleep deficits and executive functions at different developmental stages-meta-analysis.The Polish Journal of Aviation Medicine,Bioengineering and Psychology,22(2),27-38.
Morgan,J.K.,Shaw,D.S.,&Olino,T.M.(2012).Differential susceptibility effects:The interaction of negative emotionality and sibling relationship quality on childhood internalizing problems and social skills.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,40(6),885-899.
Nelson,C.A.,&Luciana,M.(2001).Handbook of developmental cognitive neuroscience.Neuroscience.Cambridge,Mass:MIT Press.
Olini,N.,&Huber,R.(2014).Diurnal changes in electrocorticogram sleep slow-wave activity during development in rats.Journal of Sleep Research,23(3),263-269.
Olsen,O.K.,Pallesen,S.,&Espevik,R.(2013).The impact of partial sleep deprivation on military naval officers'ability to anticipate moral and tactical problems in a simulated maritime combat operation.International Maritime Health,64(2),61-65.
Owens,J.A.(2014).Insufficient sleep in adolescents and young adults:An update on causes and consequences.Pediatrics,134(3),e921-e932.
Pattinson,C.L.,Smith,S.S.,Staton,S.L.,Trost,S.G.,&Thorpe,K.J.(2018).Investigating the association between sleep parameters and the weight status of children:Night sleep duration matters.Sleep Health,4(2),147-153.
Philbrook,L.E.,Hinnant,B.,Elmore-staton,L.,Buckhalt,J.A.,&El-sheikh,M.(2017).Sleep and cognitive functioning in childhood:Ethnicity,socioeconomic status,and sex as moderators.Developmental Psychology,53(7),1276-1285.
Pluess,M.,&Belsky,J.(2009).Differential susceptibility to rearing experience:The case of childcare.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,50(4),396-404.
Reynaud,E.,Vecchierini,M-F.,Heude,B.,Charles,M-A.,&Plancoulaine,S.(2018).Sleep and its relation to cognition and behaviour in preschool-aged children of the general population:A systematic review.Journal of Sleep Researc,27(3),e12636.
Roisman,G.I.,Newman,D.A.,Fraley,R.C.,Haltigan,J.D.,Groh,A.M.,&Haydon,K.C.(2012).Distinguishing differential susceptibility from diathesis-stress:Recommendations for evaluating interaction effects.Development and Psychopathology,24(2),389-409.
Rothbart,M.K.,&Bates,J.E.(2006).Temperament.In W.Damon,R.M.Lerner,&N.Eisenberg(Eds.),Handbook of child psychology:Vol.3.Social,Emotional,and Personality Development(6th ed.,pp.99-166).New York:Wiley.
Ringli,M.,&Huber,R.(2011).Developmental aspects of sleep slow waves:Linking sleep,brain maturation and behavior.Progress in Brain Research,193(1),63-82.
Rupp,T.L.,Killgore,W.D.S.,&Balkin,T.J.(2010).Socializing by day may affect performance by night:Vulnerability to sleep deprivation is differentially mediated by social exposure in extraverts vs introverts.Sleep,33(11),1475-1485.
Sadeh,A.,Gruber,R.,&Raviv,A.(2002).Sleep,neurobehavioral functioning,and behavior problems in school-age children.Child Development,73(2),405-417.
Scher,A.(2005).Crawling in and out of sleep.Infant and Child Development,14(5),491-500.
Seo,W.S.,Sung,H-M.,Lee,J.H.,Koo,B.H.,Kim,M.J.,Kim,S.Y.,...Shin,I.H.(2010).Sleep patterns and their age-related changes in elementary-school children.Sleep Medicine,11(6),569-575.
Singer,W.(1995).Development and plasticity of cortical processing architectures.Science,270(5237),758-764.
Spruyt,K.,Alaribe,C.U.,&Nwabara,O.U.(2015).To sleep or not to sleep:A repeated daily challenge for African American children.Cns Neuroscience&Therapeutics,21(1),23-31.
Sun,W-Q.,Jiang,Y-R.,Chen,W-J.,Wang,Y.,Li,F.,Li,S-H.…Jiang,F(2012).Influences of weekend catch-up sleep on sleep quality and academic achievements.Chinese Journal of Child Health Care,20(9),783-86.[孙莞绮,姜艳蕊,陈文娟,王燕,李峰,李生慧…江帆.(2012).周末补偿睡眠对学龄儿童睡眠质量和学业表现的影响.中国儿童保健杂志,20(9),783-786.]
Thorpe,K.,Staton,S.,Sawyer,E.,Pattinson,C.,Haden,C.,&Smith,S.(2015).Napping,development and health from 0to 5 years:A systematic review.Archives of Disease in Childhood,100(7),615-622.
Turnbull,K.,Reid,G.J.,&Morton,J.B.(2013).Behavioral sleep problems and their potential impact on developing executive function in children.Sleep,36(7),1077-1084.
Vermeulen,M.C.M.,Astill,R.G.,Benjamins,J.S.,Swaab,H.,Van Someren,E.J.W.,&van der Heijden,K.B.(2016).Temperament moderates the association between sleep duration and cognitive performance in children.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,144,184-198.
Vernon,L.,Modecki,K.L.,&Barber,B.L.(2018).Mobile phones in the bedroom:Trajectories of sleep habits and subsequent adolescent psychosocial development.Child Development,89(1),66-77.
Wang,G.H.(2015).Sleep problems of preschool children in China:characteristics,influencing factors,and behavioral interventions.Doctoral dissertation,East China Normal University.[王广海.(2015).我国学龄前儿童睡眠问题:特点、影响因素及行为干预.华东师范大学.]
Wang,H-S.,Huang,X-N.,Jiang,J-X.,Ma,Y-Y.,An,L.,&Liu.X-C.(2006).Study on sleep time of Chinese children aged0~5 years in cities.Chinese Journal of Child Health Care,14(4),354-356.[王惠珊,黄小娜,蒋竞雄,马渝燕,安琳,刘玺诚.(2006).中国城市0~5岁儿童睡眠时间流行病学调查.中国儿童保健杂志,14(4),354-356.]
Ward,T.M.,Gay,C.,Anders,T.F.,Alkon,A.,&Lee,K.A.(2008).Sleep and napping patterns in 3-to-5-year old children attending full-day childcare centers.Journal of Pediatric Psychology,33(6),666-672.
Wimmer,F.,Hoffmann,R.F.,Bonato,R.A.,&Moffitt,A.R.(1992).The effects of sleep deprivation on divergent thinking and attention processes.Journal of Sleep Research,1(4),223-230.
Zentner,M.,&Bates,J.E.(2008).Child temperament:An integrative review of concepts,research programs,and measures.European Journal of Developmental Science,2(1-2),7-37.
Zelazo,P.D.,Carlson,S.M.,&Kesek,A.(2008).The development of executive function in childhood.In C.A.Nelson,&M.Luciana(Eds.),Developmental cognitive neuroscience.Handbook of developmental cognitive neuroscience(pp.553-574).Cambridge,MA:MIT Press.
Zhao,X.N.,Zhang,J.H.,Zhao,P.,Li,P.C.,&Yuan,X.L.(2014).Factors associated with sleeping time in school-aged children in Harbin City.Chinese Journal of School Doctor,28(11),801-802.[赵雪妮,张纪华,赵浦,李鹏程,袁迅玲.(2014).哈尔滨市学龄儿童睡眠时间及相关因素分析.中国校医,28(11),801-802.]