Spatial distribution and infection rate of leishmaniasis vectors(Diptera: Psychodidae) in Ardabil Province, Northwest of Iran
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摘要
Objective: To determine the spatial distribution and infection rate of sand flies as vectors of Leishmania parasite in Ardabil province, northwest of Iran.Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. The sand flies were collected from 30 areas in all 10 districts of Ardabil province during 2017. The specimens were caught using the sticky traps. The head and genitalia of sand flies were separated and mounted in Berlese solution for microscopic identification. The Geographical Information System ArcMap10.4.1 software was used to provide the spatial maps. Results: A total of 2 794 sand flies specimens were collected and 22 species of sand flies were identified from the two genera: Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia from Ardabil province. The highest frequency was found in Phlebotomus papatasi(23.7%) followed by Phlebotomus kandelakii(13.0%). The promastigote form of Leishmania infantum parasite has been reported from the three main vectors of visceral leishmaniasis(Phlebotomus kandelakii, Phlebotomus perfiliewi and Phlebotomus tobbi) from Ardabil province, where the spatial distribution map of these visceral leishmaniasis vectors was prepared. Some important species of sand flies such as Phlebotomus kandelakii, Phlebotomus perfiliewi and Phlebotomus tobbi were reported and identified as main and probable vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in Ardabil. Conclusions: According to the Geographic Information System based maps, the frequency of the sand flies as leishmaniasis vectors, the leishmania parasite infection rate and the prevalence of the disease in the central areas of Ardabil province are higher than in other areas in Ardabil province.
Objective: To determine the spatial distribution and infection rate of sand flies as vectors of Leishmania parasite in Ardabil province, northwest of Iran.Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. The sand flies were collected from 30 areas in all 10 districts of Ardabil province during 2017. The specimens were caught using the sticky traps. The head and genitalia of sand flies were separated and mounted in Berlese solution for microscopic identification. The Geographical Information System ArcMap10.4.1 software was used to provide the spatial maps. Results: A total of 2 794 sand flies specimens were collected and 22 species of sand flies were identified from the two genera: Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia from Ardabil province. The highest frequency was found in Phlebotomus papatasi(23.7%) followed by Phlebotomus kandelakii(13.0%). The promastigote form of Leishmania infantum parasite has been reported from the three main vectors of visceral leishmaniasis(Phlebotomus kandelakii, Phlebotomus perfiliewi and Phlebotomus tobbi) from Ardabil province, where the spatial distribution map of these visceral leishmaniasis vectors was prepared. Some important species of sand flies such as Phlebotomus kandelakii, Phlebotomus perfiliewi and Phlebotomus tobbi were reported and identified as main and probable vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in Ardabil. Conclusions: According to the Geographic Information System based maps, the frequency of the sand flies as leishmaniasis vectors, the leishmania parasite infection rate and the prevalence of the disease in the central areas of Ardabil province are higher than in other areas in Ardabil province.
Objective: To determine the spatial distribution and infection rate of sand flies as vectors of Leishmania parasite in Ardabil province, northwest of Iran.Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. The sand flies were collected from 30 areas in all 10 districts of Ardabil province during 2017. The specimens were caught using the sticky traps. The head and genitalia of sand flies were separated and mounted in Berlese solution for microscopic identification. The Geographical Information System ArcMap10.4.1 software was used to provide the spatial maps. Results: A total of 2 794 sand flies specimens were collected and 22 species of sand flies were identified from the two genera: Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia from Ardabil province. The highest frequency was found in Phlebotomus papatasi(23.7%) followed by Phlebotomus kandelakii(13.0%). The promastigote form of Leishmania infantum parasite has been reported from the three main vectors of visceral leishmaniasis(Phlebotomus kandelakii, Phlebotomus perfiliewi and Phlebotomus tobbi) from Ardabil province, where the spatial distribution map of these visceral leishmaniasis vectors was prepared. Some important species of sand flies such as Phlebotomus kandelakii, Phlebotomus perfiliewi and Phlebotomus tobbi were reported and identified as main and probable vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in Ardabil. Conclusions: According to the Geographic Information System based maps, the frequency of the sand flies as leishmaniasis vectors, the leishmania parasite infection rate and the prevalence of the disease in the central areas of Ardabil province are higher than in other areas in Ardabil province.
引文
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[2]WHO.A human rights-based approach to neglected tropical diseases.Geneva:WHO;2012.[Online]Available from:http://www.who.int/tdr/publications/tdrresearchpublications/human-ights/en/index.html[Accessed on 3 September 2012].
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[10]Shimabukuro PHF,de Andrade AJ,Galati EAB.Checklist of American sand flies(Diptera,Psychodidae,Phlebotominae):Genera,species,and their distribution.Zookeys 2017;660:67-106.
[11]Zahraei-Ramazani A,Kumar D,Mirhendi H,Sundar S,Mishra R,Moin-Vaziri V,et al.Morphological and genotypic variations among the species of the subgenus Adlerius(Diptera:Psychodidae,Phlebotomus)in Iran.J Arthropod Borne Dis 2015;9(1):84-97.
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[15]Moradi-Asl E,Hanafi-Bojd AA,Rassi Y,Vatandoost H,Mohebali M,Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR,et al.Situational analysis of visceral leishmaniasis in the most important endemic area of the disease in Iran.J Arthropod Borne Dis 2017;11(4):482-496.
[16]Moradiasl E,Rassi Y,Hanafi-Bojd AA,Vatandoost H,Saghafipour A,Adham D,et al.The relationship between climatic factors and the prevalence of visceral leishmaniasis in North West of Iran.Int J Pediatr2018;6(2):7169-7178.
[17]Saghafipour A,Vatandoost H,Zahraei-Ramazani AR,Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR,Rassi Y,Shirzadi MR,et al.Spatial distribution of phlebotomine sand fly species(Diptera:Psychodidae)in Qom Province,Central Iran.J Med Entomol 2017;54(1):35-43.
[18]Akbarzadeh K,Saghafipour A,Jesri N,Karami-Jooshin M,Arzamani K,Hazratian T.Spatial distribution of necrophagous flies of Infraorder muscomorpha in Iran using Geographical Information System.J Med Entomol 2018;3:25-34.
[19]Ayhan N,Velo E,de Lamballerie X,Kota M,Kadriaj P,Ozbel Y,et al.Detection of Leishmania infantum and a novel Phlebovirus(Balkan Virus)from sand flies in Albania.Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016;16(12):802-806.
[20]Theodor O,Mesghali A.On the phlebotominae of Iran.J Med Entomol1964;1(3):285-300.
[21]Ghorbani E,Rassi Y,Abai MR,Akhavan AA.Fauna and monthly activity of sand flies at endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis in the west territory compared to the east of Meshkinshahr district,Ardebil Province.J Public Health 2014;12(3):143-152.
[22]Rassi Y,Javadian E,Nadim A,Zahraii A,Vatandoost H,Motazedian H,et al.Phlebotomus(Larroussius)kandelakii the principal and proven vector of visceral leishmaniasis in north west of Iran.Pak J Biol Sci2005;8(12):1802-1806.
[23]Rassi Y,Javadian E,Nadim A,Rafizadeh S,Zahraii A,Azizi K,et al.Phlebotomus perfiliewi transcaucasicus,a vector of Leishmania infantum in northwestern Iran.J Med Entomol 2009;46(5):1094-1098.
[24]Rassi YDA,Sanei Dehkordi A,Oshaghi MA,Abai MR,Mohtarami F,Enayati A,et al.First report on natural infection of the Phlebotomus tobbi by Leishmania infantum in northwestern Iran.Exp Parasitol 2012;131(3):344-349.
[25]Dehkordi AS,Rassi YA,Oshaghi MA,Abai MR,Rafizadeh S,Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR,et al.Molecular detection of Leishmania infantum in naturally infected Phlebotomus perfiliewi transcaucasicus in Bilesavar district,northwestern Iran.Iranian J Arthropod-Borne Dis2011;5(1):20.187
[26]Oshaghi MA,Ravasan NM,Javadian EA,Mohebali M,Hajjaran H,Zare Z,et al.Vector incrimination of sand flies in the most important visceral leishmaniasis focus in Iran.Am J Trop Med Hyg 2009;81(4):572-527.
[27]Sadeghi H,MoradiAsl E,Mohebali M,Hazrati S,Ainolahzadeh F,Zareiy Z.The Effect of bendiocarb poison on different vectors of visceral leishmania in Meshkinshahr city,2010.J Ardabil Uni Med Sci2012;12(2):140-148.
[28]Hazratian T,Vatandoost H,Oshaghi MA,Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR,Fallah E,Rafizadeh S,et al.Diversity of sand flies(Diptera:Psychodidae)in endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis in Azar Shahr District,East Azarbaijan Province,North West of Iran.J Arthropod-Borne Dis 2016;10(3):328.
[29]Mesghali A,Seyedi-Rashti MA,Nadim A.Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran.II.Natural leptomonad infection of sand flies in the Mashhad and Lotfabad areas.Bull Soc Pathol Exot 1967;60:514-517.
[30]Nadim A,Seyedi-Rashti MA.Some aspects to the ecology of Phlebotomus sergenti in Iran.Rome,Italy:First International Symposium on Phlebotomine Sand flies;1991,p.79.
[31]Oshaghi MA,Rasolian M,Shirzadi MR,Mohtarami F,Doosti S.First report on isolation of Leishmania tropica from sand flies of a classical urban cutaneous leishmaniasis focus in southern Iran.Exp Parasitol2010;126:445-450.
[32]Moradi-Asl E,Rassi Y,Adham D,Hanafi-Bojd AA,Saghafipour A,Rafizadeh S.Spatial distribution of sand flies(Diptera:Psychodidae;Larroussius group),the vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in Northwest of Iran.Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2018;8(9):425.
[33]Gorbani E,Rassi Y,Abai MR,Moradiasl E.Ecological and climatic factors affecting on the abundance and vector capacity of the main vector of visceral leishmaniasis(P.kandlakii)in North-Western of Iran.Entomol Ornithol Herpetol 2018;7(2):212.
[34]Rassi Y,Abai MR,Oshaghi MA,Javadian E,Sanei A,Rafidzadeh S,et al.First detection of Leishmania infantum in Phlebotomus kandelakii using molecular methods in north-eastern Islamic Republic of Iran.East Mediterr Health J 2012;18(4):387-392.
[35]Azizi K,Rassi Y,Javadian E,Motazedian MH,Rafizadeh S,Yaghoobi Ershadi MR,et al.Phlebotomus(Paraphlebotomus)alexandri:Aprobable vector of Leishmania infantum in Iran.Ann Trop Med Parasitol2006;100(1):63-68.
[36]Azizi K,Rassi Y,Javadian E,Motazedian MH,Asgari Q,YaghoobiErshadi MR.First detection of Leishmania infantum in Phlebotomus(Larroussius)major(Diptera:Psychodidae)from Iran.J Med Entomol2008;45:726-731.
[37]Karimian F,Vatandoost H,Rassi Y,Maleki-Ravasan N,Choubdar N,Koosha M,et al.WSP-based analysis of Wolbachia strains associated with Phlebotomus papatasi and P.sergenti(Diptera:Psychodidae)main cutaneous leishmaniasis vectors,introduction of a new subgroup wSerg.Pathog Glob Health 2018;112(3):152-160.
[2]WHO.A human rights-based approach to neglected tropical diseases.Geneva:WHO;2012.[Online]Available from:http://www.who.int/tdr/publications/tdrresearchpublications/human-ights/en/index.html[Accessed on 3 September 2012].
[3]Alvar J,Vélez ID,Bern C,Herrero M,Desjeux P,Cano J,et al.Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence.Plos One2012;7(5):e35671.
[4]World Health Organization.Leishmaniasis:burden of disease.Geneva,Switzerland:World Health Organization;2011.
[5]Ashford RW.Visceral leishmaniasis:Epidemiology prevention and control.In:Gilles HM(ed.)Protozoal diseases.London,UK:Hodder Arnold Publishers;1999,p.462-470.
[6]Shirzadi MR,Esfahania SB,Mohebalia M,Ershadia MR,Gharachorlo F,Razavia MR,et al.Epidemiological status of leishmaniasis in the Islamic Republic of Iran,1983-2012.East Mediterr Health J 2015;21(10):736-742.
[7]Mohebali M,Moradi-Asl E,Rassi Y.Geographic distribution and spatial analysis of Leishmania infantum infection in domestic and wild animal reservoir hosts of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in Iran:A systematic review.J Vector Borne Dis 2018;55(3):173-183.
[8]Mohebali M.Visceral leishmaniasis in iran:Review of the epidemiological and clinical features.Iran J Parasitol 2013;8(3):348-358.
[9]Rassi Y,Hanafi-Bojd AA.Sand flies of Iran.Phlebotomine sand flies,vectors of leishmaniasis.Tehran,Iran:Noavarane Elm Publication;2006,p.39-58.
[10]Shimabukuro PHF,de Andrade AJ,Galati EAB.Checklist of American sand flies(Diptera,Psychodidae,Phlebotominae):Genera,species,and their distribution.Zookeys 2017;660:67-106.
[11]Zahraei-Ramazani A,Kumar D,Mirhendi H,Sundar S,Mishra R,Moin-Vaziri V,et al.Morphological and genotypic variations among the species of the subgenus Adlerius(Diptera:Psychodidae,Phlebotomus)in Iran.J Arthropod Borne Dis 2015;9(1):84-97.
[12]Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR.Phlebotomine sand flies(Diptera:Psychodidae)in Iran and their role on Leishmania transmission.J Arthropod-Borne Dis2012;6(1)1-17.
[13]Karimi A,Hanafi-Bojd AA,Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR,Akhavan AA,Ghezelbash Z.Spatial and temporal distributions of phlebotomine sand flies(Diptera:Psychodidae),vectors of leishmaniasis,in Iran.Acta Trop2014;132:131-139.
[14]Nadim A,Javadian E,Mohebali M,Momeni A.Leishmania parasite and leishmaniasis.3th ed.Tehran:Nashr-e-Daneshgahi Pub;2008,p.100.
[15]Moradi-Asl E,Hanafi-Bojd AA,Rassi Y,Vatandoost H,Mohebali M,Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR,et al.Situational analysis of visceral leishmaniasis in the most important endemic area of the disease in Iran.J Arthropod Borne Dis 2017;11(4):482-496.
[16]Moradiasl E,Rassi Y,Hanafi-Bojd AA,Vatandoost H,Saghafipour A,Adham D,et al.The relationship between climatic factors and the prevalence of visceral leishmaniasis in North West of Iran.Int J Pediatr2018;6(2):7169-7178.
[17]Saghafipour A,Vatandoost H,Zahraei-Ramazani AR,Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR,Rassi Y,Shirzadi MR,et al.Spatial distribution of phlebotomine sand fly species(Diptera:Psychodidae)in Qom Province,Central Iran.J Med Entomol 2017;54(1):35-43.
[18]Akbarzadeh K,Saghafipour A,Jesri N,Karami-Jooshin M,Arzamani K,Hazratian T.Spatial distribution of necrophagous flies of Infraorder muscomorpha in Iran using Geographical Information System.J Med Entomol 2018;3:25-34.
[19]Ayhan N,Velo E,de Lamballerie X,Kota M,Kadriaj P,Ozbel Y,et al.Detection of Leishmania infantum and a novel Phlebovirus(Balkan Virus)from sand flies in Albania.Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016;16(12):802-806.
[20]Theodor O,Mesghali A.On the phlebotominae of Iran.J Med Entomol1964;1(3):285-300.
[21]Ghorbani E,Rassi Y,Abai MR,Akhavan AA.Fauna and monthly activity of sand flies at endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis in the west territory compared to the east of Meshkinshahr district,Ardebil Province.J Public Health 2014;12(3):143-152.
[22]Rassi Y,Javadian E,Nadim A,Zahraii A,Vatandoost H,Motazedian H,et al.Phlebotomus(Larroussius)kandelakii the principal and proven vector of visceral leishmaniasis in north west of Iran.Pak J Biol Sci2005;8(12):1802-1806.
[23]Rassi Y,Javadian E,Nadim A,Rafizadeh S,Zahraii A,Azizi K,et al.Phlebotomus perfiliewi transcaucasicus,a vector of Leishmania infantum in northwestern Iran.J Med Entomol 2009;46(5):1094-1098.
[24]Rassi YDA,Sanei Dehkordi A,Oshaghi MA,Abai MR,Mohtarami F,Enayati A,et al.First report on natural infection of the Phlebotomus tobbi by Leishmania infantum in northwestern Iran.Exp Parasitol 2012;131(3):344-349.
[25]Dehkordi AS,Rassi YA,Oshaghi MA,Abai MR,Rafizadeh S,Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR,et al.Molecular detection of Leishmania infantum in naturally infected Phlebotomus perfiliewi transcaucasicus in Bilesavar district,northwestern Iran.Iranian J Arthropod-Borne Dis2011;5(1):20.187
[26]Oshaghi MA,Ravasan NM,Javadian EA,Mohebali M,Hajjaran H,Zare Z,et al.Vector incrimination of sand flies in the most important visceral leishmaniasis focus in Iran.Am J Trop Med Hyg 2009;81(4):572-527.
[27]Sadeghi H,MoradiAsl E,Mohebali M,Hazrati S,Ainolahzadeh F,Zareiy Z.The Effect of bendiocarb poison on different vectors of visceral leishmania in Meshkinshahr city,2010.J Ardabil Uni Med Sci2012;12(2):140-148.
[28]Hazratian T,Vatandoost H,Oshaghi MA,Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR,Fallah E,Rafizadeh S,et al.Diversity of sand flies(Diptera:Psychodidae)in endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis in Azar Shahr District,East Azarbaijan Province,North West of Iran.J Arthropod-Borne Dis 2016;10(3):328.
[29]Mesghali A,Seyedi-Rashti MA,Nadim A.Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran.II.Natural leptomonad infection of sand flies in the Mashhad and Lotfabad areas.Bull Soc Pathol Exot 1967;60:514-517.
[30]Nadim A,Seyedi-Rashti MA.Some aspects to the ecology of Phlebotomus sergenti in Iran.Rome,Italy:First International Symposium on Phlebotomine Sand flies;1991,p.79.
[31]Oshaghi MA,Rasolian M,Shirzadi MR,Mohtarami F,Doosti S.First report on isolation of Leishmania tropica from sand flies of a classical urban cutaneous leishmaniasis focus in southern Iran.Exp Parasitol2010;126:445-450.
[32]Moradi-Asl E,Rassi Y,Adham D,Hanafi-Bojd AA,Saghafipour A,Rafizadeh S.Spatial distribution of sand flies(Diptera:Psychodidae;Larroussius group),the vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in Northwest of Iran.Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2018;8(9):425.
[33]Gorbani E,Rassi Y,Abai MR,Moradiasl E.Ecological and climatic factors affecting on the abundance and vector capacity of the main vector of visceral leishmaniasis(P.kandlakii)in North-Western of Iran.Entomol Ornithol Herpetol 2018;7(2):212.
[34]Rassi Y,Abai MR,Oshaghi MA,Javadian E,Sanei A,Rafidzadeh S,et al.First detection of Leishmania infantum in Phlebotomus kandelakii using molecular methods in north-eastern Islamic Republic of Iran.East Mediterr Health J 2012;18(4):387-392.
[35]Azizi K,Rassi Y,Javadian E,Motazedian MH,Rafizadeh S,Yaghoobi Ershadi MR,et al.Phlebotomus(Paraphlebotomus)alexandri:Aprobable vector of Leishmania infantum in Iran.Ann Trop Med Parasitol2006;100(1):63-68.
[36]Azizi K,Rassi Y,Javadian E,Motazedian MH,Asgari Q,YaghoobiErshadi MR.First detection of Leishmania infantum in Phlebotomus(Larroussius)major(Diptera:Psychodidae)from Iran.J Med Entomol2008;45:726-731.
[37]Karimian F,Vatandoost H,Rassi Y,Maleki-Ravasan N,Choubdar N,Koosha M,et al.WSP-based analysis of Wolbachia strains associated with Phlebotomus papatasi and P.sergenti(Diptera:Psychodidae)main cutaneous leishmaniasis vectors,introduction of a new subgroup wSerg.Pathog Glob Health 2018;112(3):152-160.