若尔盖湿地保护区黑颈鹤巢期及影响因子
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摘要
对鸟类巢期的研究不仅可以丰富鸟类繁殖生物学资料,也可为理解和研究鸟类的生态适应与进化提供重要线索和依据。2013—2014年3月份至7月份,在若尔盖湿地保护区及周边对55对繁殖黑颈鹤的营巢时长进行了研究,调查结果显示:黑颈鹤的营巢时长在0.5—40 d之间,平均巢期为(6.7±9.3)d;在其营造的4种巢型中,巢期长短依次为:泥堆巢>草堆巢>草墩巢>岛地巢,且差异性极显著(P<0.001),巢期与巢型显著相关(r=0.728);在其营巢的3种巢址生境中,巢期长短依次为:湖泊生境>沼泽生境>河流生境,且差异性极显著(P<0.001),巢期与巢址生境显著相关(r=0.315);从不同营巢月份看,巢期长短依次为:4月份巢>5月份巢>6月份巢,且差异性极显著(P<0.01),巢期与筑巢月份显著相关(r=0.664);巢期与巢体积大小具有显著相关性(r=0.856),即营巢时间越长巢体积越大。黑颈鹤的营巢时间长短主要受营巢生境、月份和做巢类型的影响。
The black-necked crane Grus nigricollis is the only alpine crane species,and its distribution is restricted to the Tibetan-Qinghai Plateau and the adjacent high altitude areas of China,Bhutan,and India. With a world population of 10000—10200 birds,this species is classified as vulnerable under the IUCN Red List Categories. The Ruoergai wetland is situated at the headwaters of the Yellow River on the northeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau in western China,and it is one of the largest wetlands in China. With over 2,000 cranes,the marsh is the most important breeding area for the blacknecked crane in the world. The Ruoergai National Nature Reserve,a wetland site of international importance and accounting for only 8.3% of the Ruoergai wetland,hosts over 1 / 3 of the total black-necked cranes population breeding in the Ruoergai wetland. Nest building is a significant strategy for many bird species to secure breeding success,and many species spend considerable time and energy in nest building activities. For birds,nest building is one of the key indicators for parental investment during the breeding period,and the duration of nest building greatly reflects the birds ' adaptation to the environment. To enhance knowledge of the black-necked crane breeding biology,and better understand its ecological adaption and conservation strategy,we studied the behavior at the Ruoergai National Nature Reserve from March-July in2013 and 2014. The specific objectives of this study were to determine the duration of nest building of this species and its relation to:( 1) nest type;( 2) starting date of nest building;( 3) nest size; and( 4) nesting habitat. All potentially nesting black-necked cranes pairs in the study area were located with field surveys and data from previous observations. We checked these pairs every day,accessing the site with field vehicles. Once arrived in an area where a pair of cranes was sighted,we watched from a distance with a spotting scope,and recorded the date,time,and nest building activity.Immediately after the hatching of crane chicks,we walked to the nest and recorded the nest type,size of the nest( length,width,and height),and nesting habitat. There were four types of nests: grass mound,natural island,dirt mound,and floating grass mound. Nesting habitats included lake,river,and shallow water marsh. A total of 55 nests of black-necked cranes were studied. From these 55,41 were grass mounds,five were natural islands,five were dirt mounds,and four were floating grass mounds. Twenty-five nests were located in swampy habitats,17 in lake habitats,and 13 near rivers. The cranes spent( 6.7 ± 9.3) days on nest building,ranging from 0.5 to 40 days. From the four types of nests built or used by the cranes,nest building period was from longest to shortest: dirt mound > grass mound > floating grass mound > natural island. Nest building time and nest types correlated significantly( r = 0. 728). As for habitat type,nest building took the longest time in the lake habitat. Most nests were built in April,when cranes also spent more days building their nests,than in May and June. Finally,the larger the nest,the longer it took the cranes to build it.
The black-necked crane Grus nigricollis is the only alpine crane species,and its distribution is restricted to the Tibetan-Qinghai Plateau and the adjacent high altitude areas of China,Bhutan,and India. With a world population of 10000—10200 birds,this species is classified as vulnerable under the IUCN Red List Categories. The Ruoergai wetland is situated at the headwaters of the Yellow River on the northeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau in western China,and it is one of the largest wetlands in China. With over 2,000 cranes,the marsh is the most important breeding area for the blacknecked crane in the world. The Ruoergai National Nature Reserve,a wetland site of international importance and accounting for only 8.3% of the Ruoergai wetland,hosts over 1 / 3 of the total black-necked cranes population breeding in the Ruoergai wetland. Nest building is a significant strategy for many bird species to secure breeding success,and many species spend considerable time and energy in nest building activities. For birds,nest building is one of the key indicators for parental investment during the breeding period,and the duration of nest building greatly reflects the birds ' adaptation to the environment. To enhance knowledge of the black-necked crane breeding biology,and better understand its ecological adaption and conservation strategy,we studied the behavior at the Ruoergai National Nature Reserve from March-July in2013 and 2014. The specific objectives of this study were to determine the duration of nest building of this species and its relation to:( 1) nest type;( 2) starting date of nest building;( 3) nest size; and( 4) nesting habitat. All potentially nesting black-necked cranes pairs in the study area were located with field surveys and data from previous observations. We checked these pairs every day,accessing the site with field vehicles. Once arrived in an area where a pair of cranes was sighted,we watched from a distance with a spotting scope,and recorded the date,time,and nest building activity.Immediately after the hatching of crane chicks,we walked to the nest and recorded the nest type,size of the nest( length,width,and height),and nesting habitat. There were four types of nests: grass mound,natural island,dirt mound,and floating grass mound. Nesting habitats included lake,river,and shallow water marsh. A total of 55 nests of black-necked cranes were studied. From these 55,41 were grass mounds,five were natural islands,five were dirt mounds,and four were floating grass mounds. Twenty-five nests were located in swampy habitats,17 in lake habitats,and 13 near rivers. The cranes spent( 6.7 ± 9.3) days on nest building,ranging from 0.5 to 40 days. From the four types of nests built or used by the cranes,nest building period was from longest to shortest: dirt mound > grass mound > floating grass mound > natural island. Nest building time and nest types correlated significantly( r = 0. 728). As for habitat type,nest building took the longest time in the lake habitat. Most nests were built in April,when cranes also spent more days building their nests,than in May and June. Finally,the larger the nest,the longer it took the cranes to build it.
引文
[1]Mainwaring M C,Hartley I R,Lambrechts M M,Deeming D C.The design and function of birds’nests.Ecology and Evolution,2014,4(20):3909-3928.
[2]郑光美.鸟类学(第2版).北京:北京师范大学出版社,2012:241-255.
[3]Warning N,Benedict L.Paving the way:multifunctional nest architecture of the Rock Wren.The Auk,2015,132(1):288-299.
[4]Moreno J,Martínez J,Corral C,Lobato E,Merino S,Morales J,Martínez-De la Puente J,Tomás G.Nest construction rate and stress in female Pied Flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca.Acta Ornithologica,2008,43(1):57-64.
[5]Mainwaring M C,Hartley I R.The energetic costs of nest building in birds.Avian Biology Research,2013,6(1):12-17.
[6]lvarez E,Barba E.Nest quality in relation to adult bird condition and its impact on reproduction in Great Tits Parus major.Acta Ornithologica,2008,43(1):3-9.
[7]Soler J J,M?ller A P,Soler M.Nest building,sexual selection and parental investment.Evolutionary Ecology,1998,12(4):427-441.
[8]Berg M L,Beintema N H,Welbergen J A,Komdeur J.The functional significance of multiple nest-building in the Australian Reed Warbler Acrocephalus australis.Ibis,2006,148(3):395-404.
[9]Wysocki D,Jankowiak L,Greo J L,Cichocka A,Sondej I,Michalska B.Factors affecting nest size in a population of Blackbirds Turdus merula.Bird Study,2015,62(2):208-216.
[10]Mainwaring M C,Hartley I R.Seasonal adjustments in nest cup lining in Blue Tits Cyanistes caeruleus.Ardea,2008,96(2):278-282.
[11]Britt J,Deeming D C.First-egg date and air temperature affect nest construction in Blue Tits Cyanistes caeruleus but not in Great Tits Parus major.Bird Study,2011,58(1):78-89.
[12]Tomás G,Merino S,Moreno J,Sanz J J,Morales J,García-Fraile S.Nest weight and female health in the Blue Tit(Cyanistes caeruleus).Auk,2006,123(4):1013-1021.
[13]焦石,姜云垒,张立世,李时,王海涛,高玮.大山雀营巢期投入对繁殖功效的影响.长春师范学院学报:自然科学版,2010,29(2):76-79.
[14]Coleman R M,Gross M R,Sargent R C.Parental investment decision rules:a test in the bluegill sunfish.Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology,1985,18(1):59-66.
[15]Rayadin Y,Saitoh T.Individual variation in nest size and nest site features of the bornean orangutans(Pongo pygmaeus).American Journal of Primatology,2009,71(5):393-399.
[16]Moreno J,Lobato E,González-Braojos S,Ruiz-De Castaeda R.Nest construction costs affect nestling growth:a field experiment in a cavitynesting passerine.Acta Ornithologica,2010,45(2):139-145.
[17]王勇,张正旺,郑光美,李建强,徐基良,马志军,Biancucci A L.鸟类学研究:过去二十年的回顾和对中国未来发展的建议.生物多样性,2012,20(2):119-137.
[18]李凤山.IUCN黑颈鹤保护行动计划.动物学研究,2014,35(S1):3-9.
[19]李筑眉,李凤山.黑颈鹤研究.上海:上海科技教育出版社,2005:28-38.
[20]马鸣,李维东,张会斌,张翔,袁国映,陈莹,袁磊,丁鹏,张宇,程芸,萨根古丽.黑颈鹤在新疆罗布泊和昆仑山分布及种群状况.动物学杂志,2011,46(3):64-68.
[21]吕宗宝,姚建初,廖炎发.黑颈鹤繁殖生态的观察.动物学杂志,1980,15(1):19-24.
[22]王有辉,吴至康,李筑眉,李德浩,周志军,玛丽安娜比索普.黑颈鹤巢、卵和雏鸟的观察.贵州科学,1989,7(1):50-57.
[23]Dwyer N C,Bishop M A,Harkness J S,Zhong Z Y.Black-necked Cranes nesting in Tibet Autonomous Region,China//Proceedings of the 6th North American Crane Workshop.Regina,Saskatchewan,Canada,1992,6:75-80.
[24]Pfister O.The breeding ecology and conservation of the Black-necked Crane(Grus nigricollis)in Ladakh,India[D].New Delhi:University of Hull,1998:1-124.
[25]Wu H Q,Zha K,Zhang M,Yang X J.Nest site selection by black-necked crane Grus nigricollis in the Ruoergai Wetland,China.Bird Conservation International,2009,19(3):277-286.
[26]刘强,王凯,李凤山,孔德军,杨晓君.大若尔盖湿地黑颈鹤的数量和分布.动物学研究,2014,35(S1):134-138.
[27]蒋政权,李凤山,冉江洪,张波,王彬,张曼,李华.四川若尔盖湿地国家级自然保护区黑颈鹤种群数量及繁殖.动物学研究,2014,35(S1):128-133.
[28]田应兵.若尔盖高原湿地不同生境下植被类型及其分布规律.长江大学学报:自然版,2005,2(2):1-5.
[29]窦亮,李华,李凤山,张曼,郑志荣,冉江洪.四川若尔盖湿地国家级自然保护区繁殖期黑颈鹤调查.四川动物,2013,32(5):770-773.
[30]Vergara P,Gordo O,Aguirre J I.Nest size,nest building behaviour and breeding success in a species with nest reuse:the white stork Ciconia ciconia.Annales Zoologici Fennici,2010,47(3):184-194.
[31]Mukherjee A,Soni V C,Borad C K,Parasharya B M.Nest and eggs of Sarus Crane(Grus antigone antigone linn.).Zoos’Print Journal,2000,15(12):375-385.
[32]高欣,刘明玉.苍鹭营巢习性的初步观察.四川动物,2002,21(2):96-97.
[33]Bhatt D,Sethi V K,Kumar A,Singh A.Some notes on the breeding behaviour of the oriental magpie robin(Copsychus saularis)from Uttarakhand,India.Journal of Sustainability Science and Management,2014,9(1):112-119.
[34]韩联宪,程闯,吴忠荣,匡中帆.栗喉蜂虎营巢行为与巢洞特征.西南林业大学学报,2012,32(6):73-77.
[35]Joshi R P,Acharya C A,Senma R C.First record on breeding chronology of little cormorant,Phalacrocorax niger in Visnagar,north Gujarat.Asian Journal of Animal Science,2010,5(1):17-19.
[36]田德雨,杨潞潞,张宝国,徐珍萍.山西省蟒河自然保护区雀鹰的繁殖.山西林业科技,2001,(3):25-26,39-39.
[37]Fontaine J J,Martin T E.Parent birds assess nest predation risk and adjust their reproductive strategies.Ecology Letters,2006,9(4):428-434.
[38]Slagsvold T.Clutch size variation of birds in relation to nest predation:on the cost of reproduction.Journal of Animal Ecology,1984,53(3):945-953.
[39]Martin T E.Avian life history evolution in relation to nest sites,nest predation,and food.Ecological Monographs,1995,65(1):101-127.
[40]M?ller A P.Nest predation selects for small nest size in the blackbird.Oikos,1990,57(2):237-240.
[41]Hansell M H.Bird Nests and Construction Behaviour.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2000.
[42]Geupel G R,De Sante D F.Incidence and determinants of double brooding in Wrentits.The Condor,1990,92(1):67-75.
[43]彭林英,曹金平,张艳菲,王金兰,程新巧.川西高原若尔盖旅游气候资源及旅游舒适期研究.成都信息工程学院学报,2010,25(5):536-541.
[44]张晓爱,刘泽华,赵亮,王爱真,雷富民.青藏高原常见雀形目鸟类的筑巢特征.动物学研究,2006,27(2):113-120.
[2]郑光美.鸟类学(第2版).北京:北京师范大学出版社,2012:241-255.
[3]Warning N,Benedict L.Paving the way:multifunctional nest architecture of the Rock Wren.The Auk,2015,132(1):288-299.
[4]Moreno J,Martínez J,Corral C,Lobato E,Merino S,Morales J,Martínez-De la Puente J,Tomás G.Nest construction rate and stress in female Pied Flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca.Acta Ornithologica,2008,43(1):57-64.
[5]Mainwaring M C,Hartley I R.The energetic costs of nest building in birds.Avian Biology Research,2013,6(1):12-17.
[6]lvarez E,Barba E.Nest quality in relation to adult bird condition and its impact on reproduction in Great Tits Parus major.Acta Ornithologica,2008,43(1):3-9.
[7]Soler J J,M?ller A P,Soler M.Nest building,sexual selection and parental investment.Evolutionary Ecology,1998,12(4):427-441.
[8]Berg M L,Beintema N H,Welbergen J A,Komdeur J.The functional significance of multiple nest-building in the Australian Reed Warbler Acrocephalus australis.Ibis,2006,148(3):395-404.
[9]Wysocki D,Jankowiak L,Greo J L,Cichocka A,Sondej I,Michalska B.Factors affecting nest size in a population of Blackbirds Turdus merula.Bird Study,2015,62(2):208-216.
[10]Mainwaring M C,Hartley I R.Seasonal adjustments in nest cup lining in Blue Tits Cyanistes caeruleus.Ardea,2008,96(2):278-282.
[11]Britt J,Deeming D C.First-egg date and air temperature affect nest construction in Blue Tits Cyanistes caeruleus but not in Great Tits Parus major.Bird Study,2011,58(1):78-89.
[12]Tomás G,Merino S,Moreno J,Sanz J J,Morales J,García-Fraile S.Nest weight and female health in the Blue Tit(Cyanistes caeruleus).Auk,2006,123(4):1013-1021.
[13]焦石,姜云垒,张立世,李时,王海涛,高玮.大山雀营巢期投入对繁殖功效的影响.长春师范学院学报:自然科学版,2010,29(2):76-79.
[14]Coleman R M,Gross M R,Sargent R C.Parental investment decision rules:a test in the bluegill sunfish.Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology,1985,18(1):59-66.
[15]Rayadin Y,Saitoh T.Individual variation in nest size and nest site features of the bornean orangutans(Pongo pygmaeus).American Journal of Primatology,2009,71(5):393-399.
[16]Moreno J,Lobato E,González-Braojos S,Ruiz-De Castaeda R.Nest construction costs affect nestling growth:a field experiment in a cavitynesting passerine.Acta Ornithologica,2010,45(2):139-145.
[17]王勇,张正旺,郑光美,李建强,徐基良,马志军,Biancucci A L.鸟类学研究:过去二十年的回顾和对中国未来发展的建议.生物多样性,2012,20(2):119-137.
[18]李凤山.IUCN黑颈鹤保护行动计划.动物学研究,2014,35(S1):3-9.
[19]李筑眉,李凤山.黑颈鹤研究.上海:上海科技教育出版社,2005:28-38.
[20]马鸣,李维东,张会斌,张翔,袁国映,陈莹,袁磊,丁鹏,张宇,程芸,萨根古丽.黑颈鹤在新疆罗布泊和昆仑山分布及种群状况.动物学杂志,2011,46(3):64-68.
[21]吕宗宝,姚建初,廖炎发.黑颈鹤繁殖生态的观察.动物学杂志,1980,15(1):19-24.
[22]王有辉,吴至康,李筑眉,李德浩,周志军,玛丽安娜比索普.黑颈鹤巢、卵和雏鸟的观察.贵州科学,1989,7(1):50-57.
[23]Dwyer N C,Bishop M A,Harkness J S,Zhong Z Y.Black-necked Cranes nesting in Tibet Autonomous Region,China//Proceedings of the 6th North American Crane Workshop.Regina,Saskatchewan,Canada,1992,6:75-80.
[24]Pfister O.The breeding ecology and conservation of the Black-necked Crane(Grus nigricollis)in Ladakh,India[D].New Delhi:University of Hull,1998:1-124.
[25]Wu H Q,Zha K,Zhang M,Yang X J.Nest site selection by black-necked crane Grus nigricollis in the Ruoergai Wetland,China.Bird Conservation International,2009,19(3):277-286.
[26]刘强,王凯,李凤山,孔德军,杨晓君.大若尔盖湿地黑颈鹤的数量和分布.动物学研究,2014,35(S1):134-138.
[27]蒋政权,李凤山,冉江洪,张波,王彬,张曼,李华.四川若尔盖湿地国家级自然保护区黑颈鹤种群数量及繁殖.动物学研究,2014,35(S1):128-133.
[28]田应兵.若尔盖高原湿地不同生境下植被类型及其分布规律.长江大学学报:自然版,2005,2(2):1-5.
[29]窦亮,李华,李凤山,张曼,郑志荣,冉江洪.四川若尔盖湿地国家级自然保护区繁殖期黑颈鹤调查.四川动物,2013,32(5):770-773.
[30]Vergara P,Gordo O,Aguirre J I.Nest size,nest building behaviour and breeding success in a species with nest reuse:the white stork Ciconia ciconia.Annales Zoologici Fennici,2010,47(3):184-194.
[31]Mukherjee A,Soni V C,Borad C K,Parasharya B M.Nest and eggs of Sarus Crane(Grus antigone antigone linn.).Zoos’Print Journal,2000,15(12):375-385.
[32]高欣,刘明玉.苍鹭营巢习性的初步观察.四川动物,2002,21(2):96-97.
[33]Bhatt D,Sethi V K,Kumar A,Singh A.Some notes on the breeding behaviour of the oriental magpie robin(Copsychus saularis)from Uttarakhand,India.Journal of Sustainability Science and Management,2014,9(1):112-119.
[34]韩联宪,程闯,吴忠荣,匡中帆.栗喉蜂虎营巢行为与巢洞特征.西南林业大学学报,2012,32(6):73-77.
[35]Joshi R P,Acharya C A,Senma R C.First record on breeding chronology of little cormorant,Phalacrocorax niger in Visnagar,north Gujarat.Asian Journal of Animal Science,2010,5(1):17-19.
[36]田德雨,杨潞潞,张宝国,徐珍萍.山西省蟒河自然保护区雀鹰的繁殖.山西林业科技,2001,(3):25-26,39-39.
[37]Fontaine J J,Martin T E.Parent birds assess nest predation risk and adjust their reproductive strategies.Ecology Letters,2006,9(4):428-434.
[38]Slagsvold T.Clutch size variation of birds in relation to nest predation:on the cost of reproduction.Journal of Animal Ecology,1984,53(3):945-953.
[39]Martin T E.Avian life history evolution in relation to nest sites,nest predation,and food.Ecological Monographs,1995,65(1):101-127.
[40]M?ller A P.Nest predation selects for small nest size in the blackbird.Oikos,1990,57(2):237-240.
[41]Hansell M H.Bird Nests and Construction Behaviour.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2000.
[42]Geupel G R,De Sante D F.Incidence and determinants of double brooding in Wrentits.The Condor,1990,92(1):67-75.
[43]彭林英,曹金平,张艳菲,王金兰,程新巧.川西高原若尔盖旅游气候资源及旅游舒适期研究.成都信息工程学院学报,2010,25(5):536-541.
[44]张晓爱,刘泽华,赵亮,王爱真,雷富民.青藏高原常见雀形目鸟类的筑巢特征.动物学研究,2006,27(2):113-120.