面孔社会性线索的加工机制
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摘要
本文旨在综述面孔社会性线索加工的神经机制。通过系统回顾面孔社会性线索相关的研究,分别从面孔情绪、面孔吸引力、眼睛注视方向和面孔朝向以及唇读四个角度阐述其加工的神经机制。首先简要阐述了人类大脑对面孔刺激的一般加工机制,包括下颞叶梭状回面孔区、颞上沟后部面孔区和枕下回的枕叶面孔区等脑区在加工面孔刺激中的功能。接下来探讨了大脑对情绪面孔的加工。情绪面孔加工主要包括对面孔的知觉编码和情绪编码。研究显示,除了视觉皮层的面孔加工区之外,杏仁核在情绪编码中具有重要作用。神经系统对面孔表情的反应受到情绪类型、情绪面孔的动态性以及情绪面孔阈下呈现等因素的影响。在面孔吸引力加工方面,研究表明高吸引力面孔会激活奖赏相关的神经环路,但是吸引力对神经活动的具体影响目前仍存在争议。对面孔吸引力的神经反应可能受实验任务类型、观察者性取向和性别、观察者心理因素、面孔其他社会线索等因素的调节。眼睛注视方向和面孔朝向线索则和视觉注意有关,其神经加工系统除了包括面孔加工区外,还包括和注意相关的顶内沟等区域。关于唇读的研究则表明唇读在言语知觉中具有重要作用,可以激活听觉皮层和言语相关皮层。最后,一方面总结了以上各方面实验证据对面孔信息加工理论的支持和改善作用,另一方面进一步探讨了特殊人群中这些加工存在的缺陷,并指出了该领域未来的研究方向。
The purpose of the present paper was to review the processing mechanisms of social cues in faces. We summarized researches relative to social cues in faces and discussed the processing mechanism of these cues from the aspects of facial expression, facial attractiveness, gaze and face direction, and lipreading. First, we discussed the general neural mechanism of face information processing and summarized the functions of face areas in the fusiform gyrus, posterior superior temporal sulcus and inferior occipital gyrus. Next,the neural mechanism of emotional face perception was discussed. The processing of emotional faces consists of encodings of perceptual and emotional components. The amygdala plays an important role in the emotional processing of facial expressions. Furthermore,the neural responses to facial expressions may be influenced by multiple factors, such as the type of emotion, the dynamic presentation of the face and the consciousness of facial expressions. With respect to facial attractiveness processing, studies has shown that the reward circuitry is activated by highly attractive faces. However, the influence of facial attractiveness on neural responses remains elusive. It is proposed that the neural responses to facial attractiveness might be modulated by factors such as the task, observer's sex,expectation and other social cues in faces. Eye gaze perception and face view perception are related to visual attention, and the relevant neural circuitry has been found to include attention-related areas, such as the intraparietal sulcus. Finally, research on lipreading reveals its important role in language perception. The auditory cortex and language-related cortex have been shown to be activated by lipreading. In summary, the present evidence may support facial information processing theory. However, the theory could be further improved based on present and future findings. Furthermore, we discussed the deficits in the processing of social cues in individuals with mental disorders and proposed future research directions in this field.
The purpose of the present paper was to review the processing mechanisms of social cues in faces. We summarized researches relative to social cues in faces and discussed the processing mechanism of these cues from the aspects of facial expression, facial attractiveness, gaze and face direction, and lipreading. First, we discussed the general neural mechanism of face information processing and summarized the functions of face areas in the fusiform gyrus, posterior superior temporal sulcus and inferior occipital gyrus. Next,the neural mechanism of emotional face perception was discussed. The processing of emotional faces consists of encodings of perceptual and emotional components. The amygdala plays an important role in the emotional processing of facial expressions. Furthermore,the neural responses to facial expressions may be influenced by multiple factors, such as the type of emotion, the dynamic presentation of the face and the consciousness of facial expressions. With respect to facial attractiveness processing, studies has shown that the reward circuitry is activated by highly attractive faces. However, the influence of facial attractiveness on neural responses remains elusive. It is proposed that the neural responses to facial attractiveness might be modulated by factors such as the task, observer's sex,expectation and other social cues in faces. Eye gaze perception and face view perception are related to visual attention, and the relevant neural circuitry has been found to include attention-related areas, such as the intraparietal sulcus. Finally, research on lipreading reveals its important role in language perception. The auditory cortex and language-related cortex have been shown to be activated by lipreading. In summary, the present evidence may support facial information processing theory. However, the theory could be further improved based on present and future findings. Furthermore, we discussed the deficits in the processing of social cues in individuals with mental disorders and proposed future research directions in this field.
引文
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