《史记》项羽形象对《楚汉春秋》的接受——以《楚汉春秋》佚文为视角
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摘要
从《楚汉春秋》佚文中的项羽材料可以看出,第一,佚文展现了秦末抗秦、反秦势力的暗流涌动;也展现了楚汉战争中项羽由强转弱、刘邦由弱转强的趋势,这些为《史记》叙写秦楚之际、楚汉战争的历史奠定了基本框架。第二,佚文再现了楚汉之争中的一些重要事件,如鸿门宴、武涉游说淮阴侯韩信等。第三,佚文中项羽形象基本特点是善于斗力的英雄,这也《史记》中项羽形象的基本特点,可以说《史记》的项羽形象是在《楚汉春秋》基础上写成的;第四,佚文中沛公、范增、樊哙、淮阴侯韩信等形象,也对《史记》产生了影响。因此,在论及秦楚之际、楚汉之争的历史及其人物的时候,不能忽视陆贾及其《楚汉春秋》。
It can be seen the followings from the materials of Xiang Yu in the lost writings of Chu Han Chun Qiu. Firstly,the lost writings about Xiang Yu in Chu Han Chun Qiu show the undercurrent surge of anti-Qin and resistance against Qin forces in the late Qin Dynasty,and also show the trend of Xiang Yu from strong to weak and Liu Bang from weak to strong in the war between Chu and Han,which lay a basic framework for the description of the war between Qin and Chu and the history of Chu and Han in Historical Records. Secondly,the lost writings about Xiang Yu in Chu Han Chun Qiu reappear some important events in the war between Chu and Han,such as Hong Men Banquet,Wu She Lobbying Han Xin for Xiang Yu and so on. Thirdly,the image of Xiang Yu in Historical Records was written on the basis of the image of Xiang Yu in Chu Han Chun Qiu. Its basic characteristics are heroes who are good at fighting. Fourthly,Fan Zeng,Fan Kuai,Pei Gong,Han Xin and other images in Xiang Yu's lost materials in Chu Han Chun Qiu also had an impact on Historical Records. Therefore,when discussing the history and characters of the period between Qin and Chu and the war between Chu and Han,we cannot ignore Lu Jia and his writing,Chu Han Chun Qiu.
It can be seen the followings from the materials of Xiang Yu in the lost writings of Chu Han Chun Qiu. Firstly,the lost writings about Xiang Yu in Chu Han Chun Qiu show the undercurrent surge of anti-Qin and resistance against Qin forces in the late Qin Dynasty,and also show the trend of Xiang Yu from strong to weak and Liu Bang from weak to strong in the war between Chu and Han,which lay a basic framework for the description of the war between Qin and Chu and the history of Chu and Han in Historical Records. Secondly,the lost writings about Xiang Yu in Chu Han Chun Qiu reappear some important events in the war between Chu and Han,such as Hong Men Banquet,Wu She Lobbying Han Xin for Xiang Yu and so on. Thirdly,the image of Xiang Yu in Historical Records was written on the basis of the image of Xiang Yu in Chu Han Chun Qiu. Its basic characteristics are heroes who are good at fighting. Fourthly,Fan Zeng,Fan Kuai,Pei Gong,Han Xin and other images in Xiang Yu's lost materials in Chu Han Chun Qiu also had an impact on Historical Records. Therefore,when discussing the history and characters of the period between Qin and Chu and the war between Chu and Han,we cannot ignore Lu Jia and his writing,Chu Han Chun Qiu.
引文
[1]钟肇鹏.古籍从残汇编:六[M].北京:北京图书馆出版社,2001.
[2]钟肇鹏.古籍从残汇编:七[M].北京:北京图书馆出版社,2001.
[3]王利器.新语校注[M].北京:中华书局,1986.
[4]司马迁.史记[M].北京:中华书局,2013.
[5]太平御览[M].北京:中华书局,1960.
[6]班固.汉书[M].北京:中华书局,1962.
[7]艺文类聚:卷六[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1982.
[8]史记会注考证[M].泷川资言,考证.杨海峥,整理.上海:上海古籍出版社,2015.
[9]陈桥驿.水经注校证[M].北京:中华书局,2007.
[10]北堂书钞[M].天津:天津古籍出版社,1988.
(1)《史记·项羽本纪·集解》:“《始皇本纪》云:项燕自杀。”《索隐》:“此云为王翦所杀,与《楚汉春秋》同,而《始皇本纪》云:‘项燕自杀。’不同者,盖燕为王翦所围,逼而自杀,故不同耳。”
(1)《太平御览》卷15天部(气)、卷87皇王部(汉高祖皇帝)、卷872休征部一(叙休征),因相关子目的原因,略去了下文范增、项羽、沛公、樊哙鸿门宴上的表现,符合情理理。《水经注·渭水注》专叙发生在鸿门的历史事件,鸿门宴上相关人物的表现自然不能忽视。
(1)材料(8)称范增“大将军”,当与称项羽“大王”相关,其时项羽并未成为“大王”,只是外交场合出于尊重而如此称呼。这与《项羽本纪》张良留谢时称范增为“大将军”一样。
[2]钟肇鹏.古籍从残汇编:七[M].北京:北京图书馆出版社,2001.
[3]王利器.新语校注[M].北京:中华书局,1986.
[4]司马迁.史记[M].北京:中华书局,2013.
[5]太平御览[M].北京:中华书局,1960.
[6]班固.汉书[M].北京:中华书局,1962.
[7]艺文类聚:卷六[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1982.
[8]史记会注考证[M].泷川资言,考证.杨海峥,整理.上海:上海古籍出版社,2015.
[9]陈桥驿.水经注校证[M].北京:中华书局,2007.
[10]北堂书钞[M].天津:天津古籍出版社,1988.
(1)《史记·项羽本纪·集解》:“《始皇本纪》云:项燕自杀。”《索隐》:“此云为王翦所杀,与《楚汉春秋》同,而《始皇本纪》云:‘项燕自杀。’不同者,盖燕为王翦所围,逼而自杀,故不同耳。”
(1)《太平御览》卷15天部(气)、卷87皇王部(汉高祖皇帝)、卷872休征部一(叙休征),因相关子目的原因,略去了下文范增、项羽、沛公、樊哙鸿门宴上的表现,符合情理理。《水经注·渭水注》专叙发生在鸿门的历史事件,鸿门宴上相关人物的表现自然不能忽视。
(1)材料(8)称范增“大将军”,当与称项羽“大王”相关,其时项羽并未成为“大王”,只是外交场合出于尊重而如此称呼。这与《项羽本纪》张良留谢时称范增为“大将军”一样。