从整合的角度看联结记忆中的项目再认
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摘要
联结记忆由三种成分构成:项目1,项目2以及项目1–项目2之间的联结,其中,对项目1和项目2的再认称之为项目再认,而对项目1–项目2之间联结的再认称之为联结再认。双加工理论认为项目再认可以由熟悉性和回想加工来完成,而联结再认只能由回想加工来完成。但近期有大量的研究发现:当要学习的项目对被整合为一个新的整体表征时,熟悉性也能够支持联结再认。而关于整合对联结记忆中项目再认的研究较少,总结已有研究提出两种观点:一种是"只有受益"观点(benefits-only)认为整合在增加联结再认的同时不影响项目再认;另一种是"收支平衡"观点(costs and benefits)认为整合增加联结再认是以牺牲项目再认为代价的。未来研究应该关注整合对联结记忆中项目再认的影响及其神经机制,了解整合对联结再认和项目再认的具体作用,有助于针对具体记忆任务选择合适的编码方式来提高记忆表现。
Associative memory(item 1 – item 2) has three discrete components: item 1, item 2, and the association between item 1 and item 2. The recognition of item 1 and item 2 is referred to as item recognition, whereas the recognition of the pairing relationship between item1 and item2 is called associative recognition. The dual-process theory posits that both familiarity and recollection can contribute to item recognition, though associative recognition can only be supported by recollection. Nonetheless,many recent studies found otherwise, particularly when the to-be-learned items are perceived as a single unitized representation during the study, familiarity can also contribute to associative recognition. However,very few studies have yet to examine the role of unitization on item recognition in associative memory.Currently, there are two opposing point of views. One is the ‘benefits only' account, which claims that unitization can increase the associative recognition without affecting the item recognition; the other is the‘costs and benefits' account, which claims that the unitization increases the associative recognition at the cost of item recognition. Future studies are needed to investigate the impact of unitization on item recognition in associative memory and its neural mechanisms. Understanding the specific role of unitization in item and associative recognition will help to select appropriate encoding methods for specific memory tasks to improve memory performance.
Associative memory(item 1 – item 2) has three discrete components: item 1, item 2, and the association between item 1 and item 2. The recognition of item 1 and item 2 is referred to as item recognition, whereas the recognition of the pairing relationship between item1 and item2 is called associative recognition. The dual-process theory posits that both familiarity and recollection can contribute to item recognition, though associative recognition can only be supported by recollection. Nonetheless,many recent studies found otherwise, particularly when the to-be-learned items are perceived as a single unitized representation during the study, familiarity can also contribute to associative recognition. However,very few studies have yet to examine the role of unitization on item recognition in associative memory.Currently, there are two opposing point of views. One is the ‘benefits only' account, which claims that unitization can increase the associative recognition without affecting the item recognition; the other is the‘costs and benefits' account, which claims that the unitization increases the associative recognition at the cost of item recognition. Future studies are needed to investigate the impact of unitization on item recognition in associative memory and its neural mechanisms. Understanding the specific role of unitization in item and associative recognition will help to select appropriate encoding methods for specific memory tasks to improve memory performance.
引文
梁九清,郭春彦.(2012).跨领域项目间联结记忆中项目提取和关系提取的分离:一项事件相关电位研究.心理学报,44(5),625-633.
郑志伟,李娟,肖凤秋.(2015).熟悉性能够支持联结记忆:一体化编码的作用.心理科学进展,23(2),202-212.
Ahmad,F.N.,&Hockley,W.E.(2014).The role of familiarity in associative recognition of unitized compound word pairs.The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,67(12),2301-2324.
Bader,R.,Mecklinger,A.,Hoppst?dter,M.,&Meyer,P.(2010).Recognition memory for one-trial-unitized word pairs:Evidence from event-related potentials.Neuroimage,50(2),772-781.
Bastin,C.,Diana,R.A.,Simon,J.,Collette,F.,Yonelinas,A.P.,&Salmon,E.,(2013).Associative memory in aging:The effect of unitization on source memory.Psychology&Aging,28(1),275-283.
Bastin,C.,Van der Linden,M.,Schnakers,C.,Montaldi,D.,&Mayes,A.R.(2010).The contribution of familiarity to within-and between-domain associative recognition memory:Use of a modified remember/know procedure.European Journal of Cognitive Psychology,22(6),922-943.
Cohen,N.J.,Ryan,J.,Hunt,C.,Romine,L.,Wszalek,T.,&Nash,C.(1999).Hippocampal system and declarative(relational)memory:Summarizing the data from functional neuroimaging studies.Hippocampus,9(1),83-98.
Cohn,M.,Emrich,S.M.,Moscovitch,M.,(2008).Agerelated deficits in associative memory:The influence of impaired strategic retrieval.Psychology and Aging,23(1),93-103.
Daselaar,S.M.,Fleck,M.S.,Dobbins,I.G.,Madden,D.J.,&Cabeza,R.(2006).Effects of healthy aging on hippocampal and rhinal memory functions:An eventrelated fMRI study.Cerebral Cortex,16(12),1771-1782.
Diana,R.A.,Yonelinas,A.P.,&Ranganath,C.(2008).The effects of unitization on familiarity-based source memory:Testing a behavioral prediction derived from neuroimaging data.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition,34,730-740.
Diana,R.A.,Yonelinas,A.P.,&Ranganath,C.(2010).Medial temporal lobe activity during source retrieval reflects information type,not memory strength.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,22(8),1808-1818.
Donaldson,D.I.,&Rugg,M.D.(1998).Recognition memory for new associations:Electrophysiological evidence for the role of recollection.Neuropsychologia,36,377-395.
Friedman,D.,(2013).The cognitive aging of episodic memory:A view based on the event-related brain potential.Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience,7(5),111-125.
Giovanello,K.S.,Keane,M.M.,&Verfaellie,M.(2006).The contribution of familiarity toassociative memory in amnesia.Neuropsychologia,44(10),1859-1865.
Graf,P.,&Schacter,D.L.(1989).Unitization and grouping mediate dissociations in memory for new associations.Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition,15(5),930-940.
Guillaume,F.,&Etienne,Y.(2015).Target-context unitization effect on the familiarity-related FN400:A face recognition exclusion task.International Journal of Psychophysiology,95(3),345-354.
Hockley,W.E.,&Consoli,A.(1999).Familiarity and recollection in item and associative recognition.Memory&Cognition,27(4),657-664.
Hockley,W.E.,&Cristi,C.(1996).Tests of encoding tradeoffs between item and associative information.Memory&Cognition,24(2),202-216.
J?ger,T.,Mecklinger,A.,&Kipp,K.H.(2006).Intra-and inter-item associations doubly dissociate the electrophysiological correlates of familiarity and recollection.Neuron,52(3),535-545.
Kamp,S-M.,Bader,R.,&Mecklinger,A.(2016).The effect of unitizing word pairs on recollection versus familiaritybased retrieval-Further evidence from ERPs.Advances in Cognitive Psychology,12(4),169-178.
Koen,J.D.,&Yonelinas,A.P.(2014).The effects of healthy aging,amnestic mild cognitive impairment,and alzheimer's disease on recollection and familiarity:A meta-analytic review.Neuropsychology Review,24(3),332-354.
Konkel,A.,&Cohen,N.J.(2009).Relational memory and the hippocampus:Representations and methods.Frontiers in Neuroscience,3(2),166-174.
Murray,B.D.,&Kensinger,E.A.(2012).The effects of emotion and encoding strategy on associative memory.Memory&Cognition,40(7),1056-1069.
Opitz,B.,&Cornell,S.(2006).Contribution of familiarity and recollection to associative recognition memory:Insights from event-related potentials.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,18(9),1595-1605.
Parks,C.M.,&Yonelinas,A.P.(2015).The importance of unitization for familiarity-based learning.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition,41(3),881-903.
Pilgrim,L.K.,Murray,J.G.,&Donaldson,D.I.(2012).Characterizing episodic memory retrieval:Electrophysiological evidence for diminished familiarity following unitization.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,24(8),1671-1681.
Quamme,J.R.,Yonelinas,A.P.,&Norman,K.A.(2007).Effect of unitization on associative recognition in amnesia.Hippocampus,17(3),192-200.
Rhodes,S.M.,&Donaldson,D.I.(2007).Electrophysiological evidence for the influence of unitization on the processes engaged during episodic retrieval:Enhancing familiarity based remembering.Neuropsychologia,45(2),412-424.
Rhodes,S.M.,&Donaldson,D.I.(2008).Electrophysiological evidence for the effect of interactive imagery on episodic memory:Encouraging familiarity for non-unitized stimuli during associative recognition.NeuroImage,39(2),873-884.
Shao,H.Y.,Opitz B,Yang,J.J.,&Weng,X.C.(2016).Recollection reduces unitised familiarity effect.Memory,24(4),535-547.
Shao,H.Y.,&Weng,X.C.(2011).Unitization benefits associative recognition whereas impairs item recognition.Third International Conference on Multimedia Information Networking and Security.314-317.
Shing,Y.L.,Werklebergner,M.,Brehmer,Y.,Müller,V.,Li,S.C.,&Lindenberger,U.(2010).Episodic memory across the lifespan:The contributions of associative and strategic components.Neuroscience&Biobehavioral Review,34(7),1080-1091.
Tibon,R.,Ben-Zvi,S.,&Levy,D.A.(2014).Associative recognition processes are modulated by modality relations.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,26(8),1785-1796.
Tibon,R.,Gronau,N.,&Levy,D.A.(2017).Associative unitization via semantic relatedness benefits episodic recognition of component elements.PsyArXiv.Retrieved from https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/cjxse/
Tibon,R.,Gronau,N.,Scheuplein,A.L.,Mecklinger,A.,&Levy,D.A.(2014).Associative recognition processes are modulated by the semantic unitizability of memoranda.Brain and Cognition,92,19-31.
Tibon,R.,&Levy,D.A.(2014a).Temporal texture of associative encoding modulates recall processes.Brain and Cognition,84(1),1-13.
Tibon,R.,&Levy,D.A.(2014b).The time course of episodic associative retrieval:Electrophysiological correlates of cued recall of unimodal and crossmodal pair-associate learning.Cognitive,Affective&Behavioral Neuroscience,14(1),220-235.
Yonelinas,A.P.(1997).Recognition memory rocs for item and associative information:The contribution of recollection and familiarity.Memory&Cognition,25(6),747-763.
Yonelinas,A.P.(2002).The nature of recollection and familiarity:A review of 30 years of research.Journal of Memory and Language,46(3),441-517.
Yonelinas,A.P.,Aly,M.,Wang,W.C.,&Koen,J.D.(2010).Recollection and familiarity:Examining controversial assumptions and new directions.Hippocampus,20(11),1178-1194.
Yonelinas,A.P.,Kroll,N.E.A.,Dobbins,I.G.,&Soltani,M.(1999).Recognition memory for faces:When familiarity supports associative recognition judgments.Psychonomic Bulletin&Review,6(4),654-661.
Zheng,Z.W.,Li,J.,Xiao,F.Q.,Broster,L.S.,Jiang,Y.,&Xi,M.J.(2015).The effects of unitization on the contribution of familiarity and recollection processes to associative recognition memory:Evidence from eventrelated potentials.International Journal of Psychophysiology Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology,95(3),355-362.
Zheng,Z.W.,Li,J.,Xiao,F.Q.,Ren,W.C.,&He,R.Q.(2016).Unitization improves source memory in older adults:An event-related potential study.Neuropsychologia,89,232-244.
郑志伟,李娟,肖凤秋.(2015).熟悉性能够支持联结记忆:一体化编码的作用.心理科学进展,23(2),202-212.
Ahmad,F.N.,&Hockley,W.E.(2014).The role of familiarity in associative recognition of unitized compound word pairs.The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,67(12),2301-2324.
Bader,R.,Mecklinger,A.,Hoppst?dter,M.,&Meyer,P.(2010).Recognition memory for one-trial-unitized word pairs:Evidence from event-related potentials.Neuroimage,50(2),772-781.
Bastin,C.,Diana,R.A.,Simon,J.,Collette,F.,Yonelinas,A.P.,&Salmon,E.,(2013).Associative memory in aging:The effect of unitization on source memory.Psychology&Aging,28(1),275-283.
Bastin,C.,Van der Linden,M.,Schnakers,C.,Montaldi,D.,&Mayes,A.R.(2010).The contribution of familiarity to within-and between-domain associative recognition memory:Use of a modified remember/know procedure.European Journal of Cognitive Psychology,22(6),922-943.
Cohen,N.J.,Ryan,J.,Hunt,C.,Romine,L.,Wszalek,T.,&Nash,C.(1999).Hippocampal system and declarative(relational)memory:Summarizing the data from functional neuroimaging studies.Hippocampus,9(1),83-98.
Cohn,M.,Emrich,S.M.,Moscovitch,M.,(2008).Agerelated deficits in associative memory:The influence of impaired strategic retrieval.Psychology and Aging,23(1),93-103.
Daselaar,S.M.,Fleck,M.S.,Dobbins,I.G.,Madden,D.J.,&Cabeza,R.(2006).Effects of healthy aging on hippocampal and rhinal memory functions:An eventrelated fMRI study.Cerebral Cortex,16(12),1771-1782.
Diana,R.A.,Yonelinas,A.P.,&Ranganath,C.(2008).The effects of unitization on familiarity-based source memory:Testing a behavioral prediction derived from neuroimaging data.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition,34,730-740.
Diana,R.A.,Yonelinas,A.P.,&Ranganath,C.(2010).Medial temporal lobe activity during source retrieval reflects information type,not memory strength.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,22(8),1808-1818.
Donaldson,D.I.,&Rugg,M.D.(1998).Recognition memory for new associations:Electrophysiological evidence for the role of recollection.Neuropsychologia,36,377-395.
Friedman,D.,(2013).The cognitive aging of episodic memory:A view based on the event-related brain potential.Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience,7(5),111-125.
Giovanello,K.S.,Keane,M.M.,&Verfaellie,M.(2006).The contribution of familiarity toassociative memory in amnesia.Neuropsychologia,44(10),1859-1865.
Graf,P.,&Schacter,D.L.(1989).Unitization and grouping mediate dissociations in memory for new associations.Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition,15(5),930-940.
Guillaume,F.,&Etienne,Y.(2015).Target-context unitization effect on the familiarity-related FN400:A face recognition exclusion task.International Journal of Psychophysiology,95(3),345-354.
Hockley,W.E.,&Consoli,A.(1999).Familiarity and recollection in item and associative recognition.Memory&Cognition,27(4),657-664.
Hockley,W.E.,&Cristi,C.(1996).Tests of encoding tradeoffs between item and associative information.Memory&Cognition,24(2),202-216.
J?ger,T.,Mecklinger,A.,&Kipp,K.H.(2006).Intra-and inter-item associations doubly dissociate the electrophysiological correlates of familiarity and recollection.Neuron,52(3),535-545.
Kamp,S-M.,Bader,R.,&Mecklinger,A.(2016).The effect of unitizing word pairs on recollection versus familiaritybased retrieval-Further evidence from ERPs.Advances in Cognitive Psychology,12(4),169-178.
Koen,J.D.,&Yonelinas,A.P.(2014).The effects of healthy aging,amnestic mild cognitive impairment,and alzheimer's disease on recollection and familiarity:A meta-analytic review.Neuropsychology Review,24(3),332-354.
Konkel,A.,&Cohen,N.J.(2009).Relational memory and the hippocampus:Representations and methods.Frontiers in Neuroscience,3(2),166-174.
Murray,B.D.,&Kensinger,E.A.(2012).The effects of emotion and encoding strategy on associative memory.Memory&Cognition,40(7),1056-1069.
Opitz,B.,&Cornell,S.(2006).Contribution of familiarity and recollection to associative recognition memory:Insights from event-related potentials.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,18(9),1595-1605.
Parks,C.M.,&Yonelinas,A.P.(2015).The importance of unitization for familiarity-based learning.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition,41(3),881-903.
Pilgrim,L.K.,Murray,J.G.,&Donaldson,D.I.(2012).Characterizing episodic memory retrieval:Electrophysiological evidence for diminished familiarity following unitization.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,24(8),1671-1681.
Quamme,J.R.,Yonelinas,A.P.,&Norman,K.A.(2007).Effect of unitization on associative recognition in amnesia.Hippocampus,17(3),192-200.
Rhodes,S.M.,&Donaldson,D.I.(2007).Electrophysiological evidence for the influence of unitization on the processes engaged during episodic retrieval:Enhancing familiarity based remembering.Neuropsychologia,45(2),412-424.
Rhodes,S.M.,&Donaldson,D.I.(2008).Electrophysiological evidence for the effect of interactive imagery on episodic memory:Encouraging familiarity for non-unitized stimuli during associative recognition.NeuroImage,39(2),873-884.
Shao,H.Y.,Opitz B,Yang,J.J.,&Weng,X.C.(2016).Recollection reduces unitised familiarity effect.Memory,24(4),535-547.
Shao,H.Y.,&Weng,X.C.(2011).Unitization benefits associative recognition whereas impairs item recognition.Third International Conference on Multimedia Information Networking and Security.314-317.
Shing,Y.L.,Werklebergner,M.,Brehmer,Y.,Müller,V.,Li,S.C.,&Lindenberger,U.(2010).Episodic memory across the lifespan:The contributions of associative and strategic components.Neuroscience&Biobehavioral Review,34(7),1080-1091.
Tibon,R.,Ben-Zvi,S.,&Levy,D.A.(2014).Associative recognition processes are modulated by modality relations.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,26(8),1785-1796.
Tibon,R.,Gronau,N.,&Levy,D.A.(2017).Associative unitization via semantic relatedness benefits episodic recognition of component elements.PsyArXiv.Retrieved from https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/cjxse/
Tibon,R.,Gronau,N.,Scheuplein,A.L.,Mecklinger,A.,&Levy,D.A.(2014).Associative recognition processes are modulated by the semantic unitizability of memoranda.Brain and Cognition,92,19-31.
Tibon,R.,&Levy,D.A.(2014a).Temporal texture of associative encoding modulates recall processes.Brain and Cognition,84(1),1-13.
Tibon,R.,&Levy,D.A.(2014b).The time course of episodic associative retrieval:Electrophysiological correlates of cued recall of unimodal and crossmodal pair-associate learning.Cognitive,Affective&Behavioral Neuroscience,14(1),220-235.
Yonelinas,A.P.(1997).Recognition memory rocs for item and associative information:The contribution of recollection and familiarity.Memory&Cognition,25(6),747-763.
Yonelinas,A.P.(2002).The nature of recollection and familiarity:A review of 30 years of research.Journal of Memory and Language,46(3),441-517.
Yonelinas,A.P.,Aly,M.,Wang,W.C.,&Koen,J.D.(2010).Recollection and familiarity:Examining controversial assumptions and new directions.Hippocampus,20(11),1178-1194.
Yonelinas,A.P.,Kroll,N.E.A.,Dobbins,I.G.,&Soltani,M.(1999).Recognition memory for faces:When familiarity supports associative recognition judgments.Psychonomic Bulletin&Review,6(4),654-661.
Zheng,Z.W.,Li,J.,Xiao,F.Q.,Broster,L.S.,Jiang,Y.,&Xi,M.J.(2015).The effects of unitization on the contribution of familiarity and recollection processes to associative recognition memory:Evidence from eventrelated potentials.International Journal of Psychophysiology Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology,95(3),355-362.
Zheng,Z.W.,Li,J.,Xiao,F.Q.,Ren,W.C.,&He,R.Q.(2016).Unitization improves source memory in older adults:An event-related potential study.Neuropsychologia,89,232-244.