秸秆还田对土壤理化性质和玉米产量的影响
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摘要
随着农业规模化、集约化水平的提高,我国秸秆年产量高达7. 6×109t,由此造成的环境污染问题日益凸显。秸秆作为物质、能量和养分的载体,是重要的有机肥料之一。因此,探寻一种既能实现秸秆资源化利用,又能降低生态风险的秸秆处理方式已经成为农业与环境领域的热点。本研究通过田间小区实验,探讨秸秆还田对土壤理化性质和玉米产量的影响。结果表明:秸秆还田使土壤有机质、速效氮、速效磷含量分别提高了10%、12. 1%和43. 8%;土壤速效钾含量变化不明显,在±0. 05mass%范围内波动;各处理土壤p H值略有升高,增幅为0. 06～0. 28个单位。同时,秸秆还田使玉米均高和产量分别提高了29. 2%和54. 6%,且土壤水分含量对秸秆还田的有效率影响较大。
With the increase of agricultural scale and intensification level,the annual output of straw in China is as high as 760 million tons,and the environmental pollution problem is becoming more prominent. Straw as a carrier of matter,energy and nutrients is one of the important organic fertilizers.Therefore,to explore a can achieve the use of straw resources,but also reduce the ecological risk of straw treatment has become a hot spot in agriculture and the environment. In this study,the effect of straw returning to soil on physical and chemical properties and maize yield was studied by field experiment. The results showed that the soil organic matter,available nitrogen and available phosphorus increased by10%,12. 1% and 43. 8% respectively. The content of available potassium in soil was not obvious and fluctuated within ± 0. 05 mass%. The soil pH slightly increased. an increase of 0. 06-0. 28 units.Meanwhile,the yield of maize was increased by 29. 2% and 54. 6% respectively,and the soil water content had a great effect on the efficiency of straw returning.
With the increase of agricultural scale and intensification level,the annual output of straw in China is as high as 760 million tons,and the environmental pollution problem is becoming more prominent. Straw as a carrier of matter,energy and nutrients is one of the important organic fertilizers.Therefore,to explore a can achieve the use of straw resources,but also reduce the ecological risk of straw treatment has become a hot spot in agriculture and the environment. In this study,the effect of straw returning to soil on physical and chemical properties and maize yield was studied by field experiment. The results showed that the soil organic matter,available nitrogen and available phosphorus increased by10%,12. 1% and 43. 8% respectively. The content of available potassium in soil was not obvious and fluctuated within ± 0. 05 mass%. The soil pH slightly increased. an increase of 0. 06-0. 28 units.Meanwhile,the yield of maize was increased by 29. 2% and 54. 6% respectively,and the soil water content had a great effect on the efficiency of straw returning.
引文
[1]高利伟,马林,张卫峰,等.中国作物秸秆养分资源数量估算及其利用状况[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(7):173-179.
[2]朱丽君,李布青,施六林,等.小麦秸秆还田对玉米生长发育及产量的影响初探[J].中国农学通报,2013,29(9):123-128.
[3]杨滨娟,钱海燕,黄国勤,等.秸秆还田及其研究进展[J].农学学报,2012,2(05):1-4.
[4]韩新忠,朱利群,杨敏芳,等.不同小麦秸秆还田对水稻生长、土壤微生物生物量及酶活性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2012,31(11):2192-2199.
[5]王如芳,张吉旺,董树亭,等.我国玉米主产区秸秆资源利用现状及其效果[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(6):1504-1510.
[6]杨滨娟,黄国勤,钱海燕.秸秆还田配施化肥对土壤温度、根际微生物及酶活性的影响[J].土壤学报,2014,51(1):150-157.
[7]赵士诚,曹彩云,李科江,等.长期秸秆还田对华北潮土肥力、氮库组分及作物产量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(6):1441-1449.
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[9]闫慧荣,曹永昌,谢伟,等.玉米秸秆还田对土壤酶活性的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2015,43(7):177-184.
[10]李晓莎,武宁,刘玲,等.不同秸秆还田和耕作方式对夏玉米农田土壤呼吸及微生物活性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(6):1765-1771.
[11]黄卉,王波,朱利群,等.稻田处理养殖场粪便的氮磷动态效应与污染风险研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2009,28(4):736-743.
[12]吴才武,夏建新,段峥嵘.土壤有机质测定方法评述与展望[J].土壤,2015,47(3):453-460.
[13]谢学俭.土壤速效氮速效磷指标测定方法研究[J].江苏农业科学,2007,(05):235-237+251.
[14]王才仁.不同仪器对土壤速效钾与缓效钾的测定[J].湖南农业科学,2008,(04):78-80.
[15]张雅洁,陈晨,陈曦,等.小麦-水稻秸秆还田对土壤有机质组成及不同形态氮含量的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(11):2155-2161.
[16]王磊.长期施用有机肥和秸秆还田对土壤有机质含量与土壤养分作物有效率的影响[J].科学之友,2001,(04):162-163.
[17] Henriksen T M,Breland T A.Nitrogen availability effects on carbon mineralization,fungal and bacterial growth,and enzyme activities during decomposition of wheat straw[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,1999,31(8):1121-1134.
[18]王阳,赵兰坡,朱孟龙,等.长期单施化肥对土壤有机质的影响[J].吉林农业科学,2015,40(1):45-50.
[19] Mitchell C C,Weaterman R L,Brown J R. Overview of long-term agronomic research[J]. Agronomy Journal,1991,(83):24-29.
[20]罗建钦,李章海,孙建生,等.有机肥与化肥配施对植烟土壤p H和有机物成分的影响[J].山地农业生物学报,2015,34(4):035-038.
[21]薛斌,殷志遥,肖琼,等.稻-油轮作条件下长期秸秆还田对土壤肥力的影响[J].中国农学通报,2017,33(7):134-141.
[22]李少昆,王克如,冯聚凯,等.玉米秸秆还田与不同耕作方式影响小麦出苗的因素[J].作物学报,2006,32(3):463-465.
[23]王长庭,龙瑞军,王启基,等.高寒草甸不同海拔梯度土壤有机质氮磷的分布特征和生产力变化及其与环境因子的关系[J].草业学报,2005,14(4):15-20.
[24]赵云,陈伟,李春明,等.东祁连山不同退化程度高寒草甸土壤有机质含量及其与主要养分的关系[J].草业科学,2009,(05):20-25.
[25]潘剑玲,代万安,尚占环,等.秸秆还田对土壤有机质和氮素有效性影响及机制研究进展[J].中国生态农业学报,2013,21(5):526-535.
[26] Thomsen I k,Christensen B T.Yields of wheat and soil carbon and nitrogen contents following long-term incorporation of barlely straw and ryegrass catch crops[J].Soil Use and Management,2004,20(4):432-438.
[27]赵明松,张甘霖,李德成,等.江苏省有机质变异及其主要影响因素[J].生态学报,2013,33(16):5058-5066.
[28] Ouyang X J,Zhou G Y,Huang Z L,et al. Effect of simulated acid rain on potential carbon and nitrogen mineralization in forest soils[J]. Pedosphere,2008,18(4):503-514.
[29]章倩,王登峰,魏志远,等.氮磷对农田土壤p H及有机质含量影响的研究[J].广东农业科学,2013,(16):67-72.
[30]战厚强,颜双双,王家睿,等.2015.水稻秸秆还田对土壤磷酸酶活性及速效磷含量的影响[J].作物杂志,(02):78-83.
[31]陈效民,沃飞,吴华山,等.太湖地区典型水稻土中速效磷变化规律研究[J].土壤通报,2008,39(5):1092-1096.
[32]白建波,李荣春.种植玛咖对土壤速效氮、速效磷、速效钾含量及p H值的影响[J].北方园艺,2016,(09):179-182.
[33]牛芬菊,张雷,李小燕,等.旱地全膜双垄沟播玉米秸秆还田对玉米生长及产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2014,32(3):161-188.
[2]朱丽君,李布青,施六林,等.小麦秸秆还田对玉米生长发育及产量的影响初探[J].中国农学通报,2013,29(9):123-128.
[3]杨滨娟,钱海燕,黄国勤,等.秸秆还田及其研究进展[J].农学学报,2012,2(05):1-4.
[4]韩新忠,朱利群,杨敏芳,等.不同小麦秸秆还田对水稻生长、土壤微生物生物量及酶活性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2012,31(11):2192-2199.
[5]王如芳,张吉旺,董树亭,等.我国玉米主产区秸秆资源利用现状及其效果[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(6):1504-1510.
[6]杨滨娟,黄国勤,钱海燕.秸秆还田配施化肥对土壤温度、根际微生物及酶活性的影响[J].土壤学报,2014,51(1):150-157.
[7]赵士诚,曹彩云,李科江,等.长期秸秆还田对华北潮土肥力、氮库组分及作物产量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(6):1441-1449.
[8] Powlson D S,Riche A B,Coleman K,et al. Carbon sequestration in European soils through straw incorporation:Limitations and alternatives[J]. Waste Management,2008,28:741-746.
[9]闫慧荣,曹永昌,谢伟,等.玉米秸秆还田对土壤酶活性的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2015,43(7):177-184.
[10]李晓莎,武宁,刘玲,等.不同秸秆还田和耕作方式对夏玉米农田土壤呼吸及微生物活性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(6):1765-1771.
[11]黄卉,王波,朱利群,等.稻田处理养殖场粪便的氮磷动态效应与污染风险研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2009,28(4):736-743.
[12]吴才武,夏建新,段峥嵘.土壤有机质测定方法评述与展望[J].土壤,2015,47(3):453-460.
[13]谢学俭.土壤速效氮速效磷指标测定方法研究[J].江苏农业科学,2007,(05):235-237+251.
[14]王才仁.不同仪器对土壤速效钾与缓效钾的测定[J].湖南农业科学,2008,(04):78-80.
[15]张雅洁,陈晨,陈曦,等.小麦-水稻秸秆还田对土壤有机质组成及不同形态氮含量的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(11):2155-2161.
[16]王磊.长期施用有机肥和秸秆还田对土壤有机质含量与土壤养分作物有效率的影响[J].科学之友,2001,(04):162-163.
[17] Henriksen T M,Breland T A.Nitrogen availability effects on carbon mineralization,fungal and bacterial growth,and enzyme activities during decomposition of wheat straw[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,1999,31(8):1121-1134.
[18]王阳,赵兰坡,朱孟龙,等.长期单施化肥对土壤有机质的影响[J].吉林农业科学,2015,40(1):45-50.
[19] Mitchell C C,Weaterman R L,Brown J R. Overview of long-term agronomic research[J]. Agronomy Journal,1991,(83):24-29.
[20]罗建钦,李章海,孙建生,等.有机肥与化肥配施对植烟土壤p H和有机物成分的影响[J].山地农业生物学报,2015,34(4):035-038.
[21]薛斌,殷志遥,肖琼,等.稻-油轮作条件下长期秸秆还田对土壤肥力的影响[J].中国农学通报,2017,33(7):134-141.
[22]李少昆,王克如,冯聚凯,等.玉米秸秆还田与不同耕作方式影响小麦出苗的因素[J].作物学报,2006,32(3):463-465.
[23]王长庭,龙瑞军,王启基,等.高寒草甸不同海拔梯度土壤有机质氮磷的分布特征和生产力变化及其与环境因子的关系[J].草业学报,2005,14(4):15-20.
[24]赵云,陈伟,李春明,等.东祁连山不同退化程度高寒草甸土壤有机质含量及其与主要养分的关系[J].草业科学,2009,(05):20-25.
[25]潘剑玲,代万安,尚占环,等.秸秆还田对土壤有机质和氮素有效性影响及机制研究进展[J].中国生态农业学报,2013,21(5):526-535.
[26] Thomsen I k,Christensen B T.Yields of wheat and soil carbon and nitrogen contents following long-term incorporation of barlely straw and ryegrass catch crops[J].Soil Use and Management,2004,20(4):432-438.
[27]赵明松,张甘霖,李德成,等.江苏省有机质变异及其主要影响因素[J].生态学报,2013,33(16):5058-5066.
[28] Ouyang X J,Zhou G Y,Huang Z L,et al. Effect of simulated acid rain on potential carbon and nitrogen mineralization in forest soils[J]. Pedosphere,2008,18(4):503-514.
[29]章倩,王登峰,魏志远,等.氮磷对农田土壤p H及有机质含量影响的研究[J].广东农业科学,2013,(16):67-72.
[30]战厚强,颜双双,王家睿,等.2015.水稻秸秆还田对土壤磷酸酶活性及速效磷含量的影响[J].作物杂志,(02):78-83.
[31]陈效民,沃飞,吴华山,等.太湖地区典型水稻土中速效磷变化规律研究[J].土壤通报,2008,39(5):1092-1096.
[32]白建波,李荣春.种植玛咖对土壤速效氮、速效磷、速效钾含量及p H值的影响[J].北方园艺,2016,(09):179-182.
[33]牛芬菊,张雷,李小燕,等.旱地全膜双垄沟播玉米秸秆还田对玉米生长及产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2014,32(3):161-188.