野放普氏野马(Equus przewalskii)家域面积及其影响因素
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摘要
采用MCP方法研究了2011年至2012年新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区野放普氏野马家域的变化。通过方差分析验证了年间、季节间不同群体家域及其两两重叠无差异。以家族群大小为协变量进行了野放野马家域协方差分析。利用野放野马家族大小为协变量的协方差分析分析检验了野放野马家族大小与家域关系。结果表明:(1)野马平均家域面积由2011年的(20±2)km~2/匹扩大到2012年的(30±2)km~2/匹。对部分野放群体中头马未发生更替的野马群的研究表明,随着野马群体增大,其家域面积显著增大(P<0.05)。(2)单因素方差分析显示,不同野马群的家域面积在不同年份差异显著,且春季家域>秋季家域>夏季家域。(3)2011年不同群家域两两间相互重叠面积与群大小无显著相关(r=0.256,P=0.580>0.05)。而2012年野马群家域两两之间重叠面积有显著差异(F=4.521,df=8,P<0.001)。家域两两相互重叠面积与群大小显著相关(r=0.706,P=0.033<0.05)。(4)不同季节间野马群家域重叠面积有显著差异(F=5.695,df=8,P<0.001)。5号群、7号群和8号群的自身家域重叠面积(P<0.05),3号群、6号群和9号群的家域重叠面积(P<0.05)。(5)影响野放野马家域面积的生物因子有草本盖度、灌木盖度,非生物因子主要有温度、湿度、风速、最近水源地距离和最近居民点距离等。温度与草本盖度是影响野放野马家域面积大小的主要因素,两者与野放野马家域面积显著相关(P<0.01)。
The number of Przewalski's horses( Equus przewalskii) released increased from 84 in 2011 to 96 in 2012 in the Mt. Kalamaili Ungulate Nature Reserve. We characterized the home ranges of released Przewalski's horses and studied the factors affecting the ranges. The home ranges were calculated using the minimum convex polygon( MCP) method. We used a nested ANOVA to determine whether there were differences between home ranges,and regions of overlap between two home ranges of wild horses among seasons and years. We also used family size as a covariate to test the impact of family size on home ranges using ANCOVA. We found the following results:( 1) the home ranges of released Przewalski' s horsesincreased in area from( 20 ± 2) km2( mean ± SE) in 2011 to( 30 ± 2) km2 in 2012. The home ranges of families with the same head stallion did not change significantly between 2011 and 2012( P < 0. 05).( 2) ANOVA indicated that home ranges differed significantly among families. The home ranges of horse families were significantly different,were larger in the spring than in the autumn,and were the smallest in the summer.( 3) The area of home range overlap between pairs of wild horses was not correlated with family size( r = 0. 256,P = 0. 580) in 2011. However,the area of overlap between pairs of wild horses was correlated with family size in 2012( F = 4. 521,df = 8,P < 0. 001). Home range overlap and family size were significantly positively correlated( r = 0. 706,P = 0. 033).( 4) Regions of home range overlap between wild horses were significantly different among seasons( F = 5. 695,df = 8,P < 0. 001). The regions of overlap in seasonal home ranges for families 5,7,and 8 were significantly larger( P < 0. 05) than those for families 3,6,and 9( P < 0. 05).( 5) The main biological factors that affected the home range of wild horses were herb coverage and shrub coverage,and the non-biological factors were mainly temperature,humidity,wind,the shortest distance to a water source,and distance to the nearest human settlement. Temperature and shrub cover were two major factors that influenced the home ranges of reintroduced Przewalski's horses,and both factors were significantly correlated with the home range areas of wild horses( P< 0. 01). Domestic research on wildlife home ranges has been interdisciplinary in nature,and previous investigations have led to the progressive development of large-scale multidisciplinary studies. Furthermore,research tools have advanced from records of single manual observations to computer-based methods,including 3S technology( i. e.,RS,GPS,and GIS).Estimates of home range sizes can help researchers determine wildlife habitat preferences,and 3S technology is widely used to protect wildlife. Finally the methods for calculating home ranges of wild animals are becoming more diverse. Przewalski's horses are a flagship species for biodiversity in the Junggar Basin. Their reintroduction has attracted widespread interest at home and abroad. At the end of 2012,the number of reintroduced Przewalski' s horses increased to 96( from 84 in the previous year). Therefore,it is necessary to study changes in the home range of wild Przewalski's horses in detail in order to provide scientific guidance for the protection of wildlife in protected areas as well as in the Mt. Kalamaili Ungulate Nature Reserve desert region of Xinjiang,China.
The number of Przewalski's horses( Equus przewalskii) released increased from 84 in 2011 to 96 in 2012 in the Mt. Kalamaili Ungulate Nature Reserve. We characterized the home ranges of released Przewalski's horses and studied the factors affecting the ranges. The home ranges were calculated using the minimum convex polygon( MCP) method. We used a nested ANOVA to determine whether there were differences between home ranges,and regions of overlap between two home ranges of wild horses among seasons and years. We also used family size as a covariate to test the impact of family size on home ranges using ANCOVA. We found the following results:( 1) the home ranges of released Przewalski' s horsesincreased in area from( 20 ± 2) km2( mean ± SE) in 2011 to( 30 ± 2) km2 in 2012. The home ranges of families with the same head stallion did not change significantly between 2011 and 2012( P < 0. 05).( 2) ANOVA indicated that home ranges differed significantly among families. The home ranges of horse families were significantly different,were larger in the spring than in the autumn,and were the smallest in the summer.( 3) The area of home range overlap between pairs of wild horses was not correlated with family size( r = 0. 256,P = 0. 580) in 2011. However,the area of overlap between pairs of wild horses was correlated with family size in 2012( F = 4. 521,df = 8,P < 0. 001). Home range overlap and family size were significantly positively correlated( r = 0. 706,P = 0. 033).( 4) Regions of home range overlap between wild horses were significantly different among seasons( F = 5. 695,df = 8,P < 0. 001). The regions of overlap in seasonal home ranges for families 5,7,and 8 were significantly larger( P < 0. 05) than those for families 3,6,and 9( P < 0. 05).( 5) The main biological factors that affected the home range of wild horses were herb coverage and shrub coverage,and the non-biological factors were mainly temperature,humidity,wind,the shortest distance to a water source,and distance to the nearest human settlement. Temperature and shrub cover were two major factors that influenced the home ranges of reintroduced Przewalski's horses,and both factors were significantly correlated with the home range areas of wild horses( P< 0. 01). Domestic research on wildlife home ranges has been interdisciplinary in nature,and previous investigations have led to the progressive development of large-scale multidisciplinary studies. Furthermore,research tools have advanced from records of single manual observations to computer-based methods,including 3S technology( i. e.,RS,GPS,and GIS).Estimates of home range sizes can help researchers determine wildlife habitat preferences,and 3S technology is widely used to protect wildlife. Finally the methods for calculating home ranges of wild animals are becoming more diverse. Przewalski's horses are a flagship species for biodiversity in the Junggar Basin. Their reintroduction has attracted widespread interest at home and abroad. At the end of 2012,the number of reintroduced Przewalski' s horses increased to 96( from 84 in the previous year). Therefore,it is necessary to study changes in the home range of wild Przewalski's horses in detail in order to provide scientific guidance for the protection of wildlife in protected areas as well as in the Mt. Kalamaili Ungulate Nature Reserve desert region of Xinjiang,China.
引文
[1]蒋志刚.普氏野马(Equus przewalskii).动物学杂志,2004,39(2):100-101.
[2]Mc Intyre N E,Wiens J A.Interactions between landscape structure and animal behavior:the roles of heterogeneously distributed resources and food deprivation on movement patterns.Landscape Ecology,1999,14(5):437-447.
[3]Prange S,Gehrt S D and Wiggers E P.Influences of anthropogenic resources on Raccoon(Procyon Lotor)movements and spatial distribution.Journal of Mammalogy,2004,85(3):483-490.
[4]Eide N E,Jepsen J U,Prestrud P.Spatial organization of reproductive Arctic foxes Alopex lagopus:responses to changes in spatial and temporal availability of prey.Journal of Animal Ecology,2004,73(6):1056-1068.
[5]Devault T L,Reinhart B D,Brisbin I L,Rhodes O E Jr.Home ranges of sympatric Black and Turkey Vultures in South Carolina.Condor,2004,106(3):706-711.
[6]Wauters L A,Bertolino S,Adamo M,Dongen S V,Tosi G.Food shortage disrupts social organization:The case of red squirrels in conifer forests.Evolutionary Ecology,2005,19(4):375-404.
[7]Kaczensky P,Ganbaatar O,von Wehrden H,Walzer C.Resource selection by sympatric wild equids in the Mongolian Gobi.Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,45(6):1762-1769.
[8]刘群秀,王小明,王正寰.藏狐家域功能分区及其生物学特性比较.兽类学报,2009,29(4):432-438.
[9]曹婷婷,胡德夫,于小杰,曹杰,李凯,张峰.冬季圈养和放归普氏野马成年雄性应激状态研究.干旱区研究,2009,26(2):234-237.
[10]张峰.普氏野马行为节律及其影响因子研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2010.
[11]黄艳,初红军,兰文旭,时坤,陶永善,邵长亮.重引入普氏野马、蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚的秋季营养生态位.干旱区研究,2011,28(6):1045-1050.
[12]刘姝,初红军,王渊,陶永善,邵长亮,刘冬志.普氏野马(Equus przewalskii)重引入区域的社区保护意识调查分析.干旱区研究,2013,30(1):135-143.
[13]张峰,胡德夫,陈金良,曹婷婷.为放归野马开辟安全通道.大自然,2008,(3):14-16.
[14]初红军,蒋志刚,兰文旭,王臣,陶永善,蒋峰.蒙古野驴、鹅喉羚和家畜的食物重叠.动物学报,2008,54(6):941-954.
[15]Hayne D W.Calculation of size of home range.Journal of Mammalogy,1949,30(1):1-18.
[16]Kaczensky P,Enkhsaihan N,Ganbaatar O,Walzer C.Identification of herder-wild equid conflicts in the Great Gobi B Strictly Protected Area in SW Mongolia.Exploration into the Biological Resources of Mongolia,2007,10:99-116.
[17]Miller R.Seasonal movements and home ranges of feral horse bands in Wyoming's Red Desert.Journal of Range Management,1983,36(2):199-201.
[18]Goltz D M,Hess S C,Brinck K W,Danner R M.Home range and movements of feral cats on Mauna Kea,Hawai'i.Pacific Conservation Biology,2008,14:177-184.
[19]Swingle J K,Foreman E D.Home range areas and activity patterns of red tree voles(Arborimus longicaudus)in Western Oregon.Northwest Science,2009,83(3):273-286.
[20]Morris A D,Miller D A.Conner L M.Home-range size of evening bats(Nycticeius humeralis)in Southwestern Georgia.Southeastern Naturalist,2011,10(1):85-94.
[21]周江,李小成,周照骊,韩文涛,陈升华.GIS技术在海南长臂猿保护中的运用.贵州师范大学学报:自然科学版,2011,24(4):439-442.
[22]Kaczensky P,Ganbaatar O,Altansukh N.Status of the Przewalski's horse population in the Great Gobi B Strictly Protected Area in SW Mongolia in 2012.
[23]Zweifel-Schielly B,Kreuzer M,Ewald K C,Suter W.Habitat selection by an Alpine ungulate:the significance of forage characteristics varies with scale and season.Ecography,2009,32(1):103-113.
[24]Kaczensky P,Sheehy D P,Johnson D E,Walzer C,Lkhagvasuren D,Sheehy C M.Room to Roam?The threat to Khulan(Wild Ass)from Human Intrusion.Mongolia Discussion Papers,East Asia and Pacific Environment and Social Development Department.World Bank,Washington,D.C.2006.
[25]Kaczensky P,Ganbaatar O,Altansukh N.Status of the Przewalski's horse population in the Great Gobi B Strictly Protected Area in SW Mongolia in 2012.
[26]Duncan P.Horses and Grasses:The Nutritional Ecology of Equids and Their Impact on the Camargue.New York:Springer,1992.
[27]Salter R,Hudson R.Feeding ecology of feral horses in Western Alberta.Journal of Range Management,1979,32(3):221-225.
[28]Berger J.Wild Horses of the Great Basin:Social Competition and Population Size(Wildlife Behavior and Ecology).Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1986.
[29]Dall S R X,Houston A I,Mc Namara J M.The behavioural ecology of personality:consistent individual differences from an adaptive perspective.Ecology Letters,2004,7(8):734-739.
[30]Biro P A,Stamps J A.Are animal personality traits linked to life-history productivity?.Trends in Ecology and Evolution,2008,23(7):361-368.
[31]King S R B.Home range and habitat use of free-ranging Przewalski horses at Hustai National Park,Mongolia.Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2002,78(2/4):103-113.
[32]王文,张静,马建章,刘海波.小兴安岭南坡野猪家域分析.兽类学报,2007,27(3):257-262.
[33]Keiper R.Social organization of feral ponies.Proc Penn Acad Sci,1976,50:69-70.
[34]Keiper R R,Berger J.Refuge-seeking and pest avoidance by feral horses in desert and island environments.Applied Animal Ethology,1982,9(2):111-120.
[35]Wallis de Vries M F,Manibazar N,Dügerlham S.The vegetation of the forest-steppe region of Hustain Nuruu,Mongolia.Vegetatio,1996,122(2):111-127.
[36]Catt D C,Staines B W.Home range use and habitat selection by red deer(Cerrus elaphus)in a sitka spruce plantation as determined by radiotracking.Journal of Zoology,1987,211(4):681-693.
[37]Cederlund G N,Okarma H.Home range and habitat use of adult female moose.Journal of Wildlife Management,1988,52(2):336-343.
[38]Gates S.A study of the home ranges of free-ranging Exmoor ponies.Mammal Review,1979,9(1):3-18.
[39]Rubenstein D I.Behavioural ecology of island feral horses.Equine Veterinary Journal,1981,13(1):27-34.
[40]Linklater W L.Adaptive explanation in socio-ecology:lessons from the Equidae.Biological Reviews,2000,75(1):1-20.
[2]Mc Intyre N E,Wiens J A.Interactions between landscape structure and animal behavior:the roles of heterogeneously distributed resources and food deprivation on movement patterns.Landscape Ecology,1999,14(5):437-447.
[3]Prange S,Gehrt S D and Wiggers E P.Influences of anthropogenic resources on Raccoon(Procyon Lotor)movements and spatial distribution.Journal of Mammalogy,2004,85(3):483-490.
[4]Eide N E,Jepsen J U,Prestrud P.Spatial organization of reproductive Arctic foxes Alopex lagopus:responses to changes in spatial and temporal availability of prey.Journal of Animal Ecology,2004,73(6):1056-1068.
[5]Devault T L,Reinhart B D,Brisbin I L,Rhodes O E Jr.Home ranges of sympatric Black and Turkey Vultures in South Carolina.Condor,2004,106(3):706-711.
[6]Wauters L A,Bertolino S,Adamo M,Dongen S V,Tosi G.Food shortage disrupts social organization:The case of red squirrels in conifer forests.Evolutionary Ecology,2005,19(4):375-404.
[7]Kaczensky P,Ganbaatar O,von Wehrden H,Walzer C.Resource selection by sympatric wild equids in the Mongolian Gobi.Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,45(6):1762-1769.
[8]刘群秀,王小明,王正寰.藏狐家域功能分区及其生物学特性比较.兽类学报,2009,29(4):432-438.
[9]曹婷婷,胡德夫,于小杰,曹杰,李凯,张峰.冬季圈养和放归普氏野马成年雄性应激状态研究.干旱区研究,2009,26(2):234-237.
[10]张峰.普氏野马行为节律及其影响因子研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2010.
[11]黄艳,初红军,兰文旭,时坤,陶永善,邵长亮.重引入普氏野马、蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚的秋季营养生态位.干旱区研究,2011,28(6):1045-1050.
[12]刘姝,初红军,王渊,陶永善,邵长亮,刘冬志.普氏野马(Equus przewalskii)重引入区域的社区保护意识调查分析.干旱区研究,2013,30(1):135-143.
[13]张峰,胡德夫,陈金良,曹婷婷.为放归野马开辟安全通道.大自然,2008,(3):14-16.
[14]初红军,蒋志刚,兰文旭,王臣,陶永善,蒋峰.蒙古野驴、鹅喉羚和家畜的食物重叠.动物学报,2008,54(6):941-954.
[15]Hayne D W.Calculation of size of home range.Journal of Mammalogy,1949,30(1):1-18.
[16]Kaczensky P,Enkhsaihan N,Ganbaatar O,Walzer C.Identification of herder-wild equid conflicts in the Great Gobi B Strictly Protected Area in SW Mongolia.Exploration into the Biological Resources of Mongolia,2007,10:99-116.
[17]Miller R.Seasonal movements and home ranges of feral horse bands in Wyoming's Red Desert.Journal of Range Management,1983,36(2):199-201.
[18]Goltz D M,Hess S C,Brinck K W,Danner R M.Home range and movements of feral cats on Mauna Kea,Hawai'i.Pacific Conservation Biology,2008,14:177-184.
[19]Swingle J K,Foreman E D.Home range areas and activity patterns of red tree voles(Arborimus longicaudus)in Western Oregon.Northwest Science,2009,83(3):273-286.
[20]Morris A D,Miller D A.Conner L M.Home-range size of evening bats(Nycticeius humeralis)in Southwestern Georgia.Southeastern Naturalist,2011,10(1):85-94.
[21]周江,李小成,周照骊,韩文涛,陈升华.GIS技术在海南长臂猿保护中的运用.贵州师范大学学报:自然科学版,2011,24(4):439-442.
[22]Kaczensky P,Ganbaatar O,Altansukh N.Status of the Przewalski's horse population in the Great Gobi B Strictly Protected Area in SW Mongolia in 2012.
[23]Zweifel-Schielly B,Kreuzer M,Ewald K C,Suter W.Habitat selection by an Alpine ungulate:the significance of forage characteristics varies with scale and season.Ecography,2009,32(1):103-113.
[24]Kaczensky P,Sheehy D P,Johnson D E,Walzer C,Lkhagvasuren D,Sheehy C M.Room to Roam?The threat to Khulan(Wild Ass)from Human Intrusion.Mongolia Discussion Papers,East Asia and Pacific Environment and Social Development Department.World Bank,Washington,D.C.2006.
[25]Kaczensky P,Ganbaatar O,Altansukh N.Status of the Przewalski's horse population in the Great Gobi B Strictly Protected Area in SW Mongolia in 2012.
[26]Duncan P.Horses and Grasses:The Nutritional Ecology of Equids and Their Impact on the Camargue.New York:Springer,1992.
[27]Salter R,Hudson R.Feeding ecology of feral horses in Western Alberta.Journal of Range Management,1979,32(3):221-225.
[28]Berger J.Wild Horses of the Great Basin:Social Competition and Population Size(Wildlife Behavior and Ecology).Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1986.
[29]Dall S R X,Houston A I,Mc Namara J M.The behavioural ecology of personality:consistent individual differences from an adaptive perspective.Ecology Letters,2004,7(8):734-739.
[30]Biro P A,Stamps J A.Are animal personality traits linked to life-history productivity?.Trends in Ecology and Evolution,2008,23(7):361-368.
[31]King S R B.Home range and habitat use of free-ranging Przewalski horses at Hustai National Park,Mongolia.Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2002,78(2/4):103-113.
[32]王文,张静,马建章,刘海波.小兴安岭南坡野猪家域分析.兽类学报,2007,27(3):257-262.
[33]Keiper R.Social organization of feral ponies.Proc Penn Acad Sci,1976,50:69-70.
[34]Keiper R R,Berger J.Refuge-seeking and pest avoidance by feral horses in desert and island environments.Applied Animal Ethology,1982,9(2):111-120.
[35]Wallis de Vries M F,Manibazar N,Dügerlham S.The vegetation of the forest-steppe region of Hustain Nuruu,Mongolia.Vegetatio,1996,122(2):111-127.
[36]Catt D C,Staines B W.Home range use and habitat selection by red deer(Cerrus elaphus)in a sitka spruce plantation as determined by radiotracking.Journal of Zoology,1987,211(4):681-693.
[37]Cederlund G N,Okarma H.Home range and habitat use of adult female moose.Journal of Wildlife Management,1988,52(2):336-343.
[38]Gates S.A study of the home ranges of free-ranging Exmoor ponies.Mammal Review,1979,9(1):3-18.
[39]Rubenstein D I.Behavioural ecology of island feral horses.Equine Veterinary Journal,1981,13(1):27-34.
[40]Linklater W L.Adaptive explanation in socio-ecology:lessons from the Equidae.Biological Reviews,2000,75(1):1-20.