40年岷山地区白河自然保护区川金丝猴的生境格局动态
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摘要
好的生境质量是野生动物生存和繁衍的必备条件,生境质量的变化将对动物的生存产生深远影响,定量客观的评估生境变迁过程显得尤为必要。川金丝猴作为我国一级保护动物,评定其生境质量变化过程有利于制定有效的保护措施。3S技术的不断发展与广泛应用为研究川金丝猴生境格局的动态变化提供了有利的工具。以岷山白河自然保护区为例,利用陆地资源卫星的MSS/TM/OLI遥感影像,并基于专家知识的决策树分类方法对遥感影像进行分类,获取了5个时期的覆被类型空间分布图;根据NDVI与郁闭度的相关性获取了研究区郁闭度的时空变化信息。然后,通过对野外观测数据的数理统计与空间分析,获取了川金丝猴的生活习性特征,并结合AHP方法构建了川金丝猴生境质量的评价体系,对5个时期的生境质量进行了评价,最后定量分析了40年来川金丝猴的生境格局的动态变化趋势。研究表明,近40年来白河自然保护区内及周边的生境经历了由良好到不断恶化,再到逐渐恢复的过程,其中最适宜和适宜生境呈现先降低后逐渐升高的趋势,而不适宜和勉强适宜则表现为先增加后减小的趋势。1975—1982年时段内,各生境等级变化剧烈,尤以最适宜和不适宜等级变化显著,生境质量整体呈恶化趋势;1982—1994年,各生境等级变化剧烈程度较前一时期有所缓和,生境质量得到较大改善,呈良性发展趋势;1994—2003年时段内,研究区内生境质量进一步改善,环境恶化状况得到了缓解;2003—2014年时间段内整体质量改善的速度明显减缓,生境质量达到平衡状态。除1975—2014时段外,前4个时段的各综合变化指标呈现递减趋势,前期生境等级变化剧烈,后期趋缓。气候变化和人为干扰为导致生境变化的主要因素,其中20世纪80年代生境变化与气候变化关系密切,而20世纪90年代之后人为干扰因素明显增加。研究有助于理解气候变化与人为干扰背景下,川金丝猴生境格局时空变化特征,为野生濒危动物生境保护管理和政策制定提供科学依据。
High quality habitat is generally considered an essential factor for the survival and reproduction of wildlife.Changes in habitat quality have significant impacts on wildlife. Therefore,there is a need for an objective and quantitative method that can be used to investigate the dynamics of wildlife habitat change. As a globally recognized endangered species,the Golden snub-nosed monkey( Rhinopithecus roxellana) has become one of the animals under first-class state protection in China. However,habitat loss and fragmentation,caused by anthropogenic activities and climate change,has seriously affected the habitats of the Golden snub-nosed monkey. An effective assessment system for its habitat dynamics will improve effective conservation management. The traditional field survey for evaluating habitat quality is a time-consuming method.However,the rapid development of 3S techniques and the application of 3S integration have improved the study of the spatiotemporal dynamics of the Golden snub-nosed monkey habitat pattern. The Baihe Nature Reserve in the Minshan Mountains was used to measure the spatiotemporal variations in the Golden snub-nosed monkey's habitat pattern. A series of optimal Landsat MSS / TM / OLI remotely sensed images for 1975—2014 were collected. Then a decision tree classification was employed to acquire land cover maps based on expert knowledge. In addition,spatial canopy coverage maps were derived from a linear correlation model between the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index( NDVI) and measured canopy coverage. The life habit of the Golden snub-nosed monkey was obtained by analyzing field data collected from April 2011 to April 2012 and during the whole of 2013 using mathematical statistics and spatial analysis methods,which formed the basis for evaluating the habitat. Finally,an effective habitat assessment system for the Golden snub-nosed monkey was constructed using the Analytic Hierarchy Process( AHP) method to quantitatively analyze the dynamics and trends of the habitat pattern over the past 40 years. The results indicated that the habitat in the Baihe Nature Reserve changed from good quality to deteriorated status,and then gradually recovered. Both the most suitable and suitable habitat areas decreased initially and then increased gradually,while the relatively suitable and unsuitable habitat areas showed the opposite trend. From 1975 to1982,all habitats varied significantly,especially for the most suitable and unsuitable habitats,and the total habitat qualities considerably declined. From 1982 to 1994,the habitat quality improved and this trend continued between 1994 and 2003,but from 2003 to 2014,total habitat quality stabilized. Climate change and human disturbance are two critical factors responsible for the habitat dynamics in the study area. To some extent,the habitat change in the 1980 s was related to climate change, whereas human disturbance became increasingly evident after the 1990 s. This study will improve understanding about the response to spatial and temporal variations in the Golden snub-nosed monkey' s habitat caused by increasing climate change and human disturbance. This research also provides scientific support to the management and conservation of these endangered wild animals.
High quality habitat is generally considered an essential factor for the survival and reproduction of wildlife.Changes in habitat quality have significant impacts on wildlife. Therefore,there is a need for an objective and quantitative method that can be used to investigate the dynamics of wildlife habitat change. As a globally recognized endangered species,the Golden snub-nosed monkey( Rhinopithecus roxellana) has become one of the animals under first-class state protection in China. However,habitat loss and fragmentation,caused by anthropogenic activities and climate change,has seriously affected the habitats of the Golden snub-nosed monkey. An effective assessment system for its habitat dynamics will improve effective conservation management. The traditional field survey for evaluating habitat quality is a time-consuming method.However,the rapid development of 3S techniques and the application of 3S integration have improved the study of the spatiotemporal dynamics of the Golden snub-nosed monkey habitat pattern. The Baihe Nature Reserve in the Minshan Mountains was used to measure the spatiotemporal variations in the Golden snub-nosed monkey's habitat pattern. A series of optimal Landsat MSS / TM / OLI remotely sensed images for 1975—2014 were collected. Then a decision tree classification was employed to acquire land cover maps based on expert knowledge. In addition,spatial canopy coverage maps were derived from a linear correlation model between the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index( NDVI) and measured canopy coverage. The life habit of the Golden snub-nosed monkey was obtained by analyzing field data collected from April 2011 to April 2012 and during the whole of 2013 using mathematical statistics and spatial analysis methods,which formed the basis for evaluating the habitat. Finally,an effective habitat assessment system for the Golden snub-nosed monkey was constructed using the Analytic Hierarchy Process( AHP) method to quantitatively analyze the dynamics and trends of the habitat pattern over the past 40 years. The results indicated that the habitat in the Baihe Nature Reserve changed from good quality to deteriorated status,and then gradually recovered. Both the most suitable and suitable habitat areas decreased initially and then increased gradually,while the relatively suitable and unsuitable habitat areas showed the opposite trend. From 1975 to1982,all habitats varied significantly,especially for the most suitable and unsuitable habitats,and the total habitat qualities considerably declined. From 1982 to 1994,the habitat quality improved and this trend continued between 1994 and 2003,but from 2003 to 2014,total habitat quality stabilized. Climate change and human disturbance are two critical factors responsible for the habitat dynamics in the study area. To some extent,the habitat change in the 1980 s was related to climate change, whereas human disturbance became increasingly evident after the 1990 s. This study will improve understanding about the response to spatial and temporal variations in the Golden snub-nosed monkey' s habitat caused by increasing climate change and human disturbance. This research also provides scientific support to the management and conservation of these endangered wild animals.
引文
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[32]杨存建,倪静,周其林,程武学,韩沙鸥.不同林分郁闭度与遥感数据的相关性分析.生态学报,2015,35(7):1-8.
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