一种改进的中国水资源空间网格化方法
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摘要
为揭示中国水资源的时空分布格局,引入降水量、干燥度、蒸散发、坡度、植被覆盖度、集水区等6个因素,结合分区权重赋值法,提出了一种改进的对中国水资源空间分配模型。结果表明:基于二级流域的改进水资源空间分配模型对我国具有较高的适用性,其中在三级流域和省级行政单元上的空间分配总体误差分别为7.89%和7.25%。相比黄河流域、淮河流域和西北诸河流域,长江流域、松花江流域和东南诸河流域的水资源空间分配精度更优,其原因在于该区域的水资源空间分布受自然因素(降水量、蒸散发等)影响更为显著。中国水资源空间分布从西北到东南呈增长趋势,这与降水的空间格局基本吻合。南方诸河流域的水资源量主要来源于降水,而冰川融水则是西北诸河流域及多数内陆河流域的主要水源。水资源与国内生产总值(GDP)密度之间的关系随城市规模和地理位置发生变化。这些可为区域水资源管理提供科学依据和数据依据。
In order to reveal the spatial temporal distribution pattern of water resource in China, six factors,including precipitation, aridity, evapotranspiration, slope, vegetation, and catchment area, were introduced, an improved water resource gridded model for China was proposed based on partition-weight assignment method.The results showed that the improved water resource gridded method based on second-order basin had high applicability for China, with the overall SE of 7.89% for third-order basins and 7.25% for provincial administrative units. The spatial allocation precision of Yangtze River basin, Songhua River basin, and southeastern River Basins was better than that of Yellow River Basin, Huaihe River Basin, and northwestern River Basins,which was significantly influenced by the nature factors, such as precipitation and evapotranspiration. There was a rising tendency from northwest to southeast in spatial distribution of water resources, which was basically consistent with the spatial pattern of precipitation. The water resources of the southern River Basins mainly came from precipitation, and the glacial melt water was the main water sources of the northwestern River Basins and most inland River Basins. The relationship between the water resource and GDP density differed with the urban city scale and geographical locations. These could provide scientific bases and decision support for the management of regional water resource.
In order to reveal the spatial temporal distribution pattern of water resource in China, six factors,including precipitation, aridity, evapotranspiration, slope, vegetation, and catchment area, were introduced, an improved water resource gridded model for China was proposed based on partition-weight assignment method.The results showed that the improved water resource gridded method based on second-order basin had high applicability for China, with the overall SE of 7.89% for third-order basins and 7.25% for provincial administrative units. The spatial allocation precision of Yangtze River basin, Songhua River basin, and southeastern River Basins was better than that of Yellow River Basin, Huaihe River Basin, and northwestern River Basins,which was significantly influenced by the nature factors, such as precipitation and evapotranspiration. There was a rising tendency from northwest to southeast in spatial distribution of water resources, which was basically consistent with the spatial pattern of precipitation. The water resources of the southern River Basins mainly came from precipitation, and the glacial melt water was the main water sources of the northwestern River Basins and most inland River Basins. The relationship between the water resource and GDP density differed with the urban city scale and geographical locations. These could provide scientific bases and decision support for the management of regional water resource.
引文
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[24]CAI X M.Water stress,water transfer and social equity in Northern China:Implications for policy reforms[J].J Environ Manage,2008,87(1):14-25.doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.12.046.
[25]BAO C,CHEN X J.The driving effects of urbanization on economic growth and water use change in China:A provincial-level analysis in1997-2011[J].J Geogr Sci,2015,25(5):530-544.doi:10.1007/s11442-015-1185-8.
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[29]YANG H,WRIGHT J A,GUNDRY S W.Water accessibility:Boost water safety in rural China[J].Nature,2012,484:318.doi:10.1038/484318b.
[30]SHI M J,WANG L,WANG X J.A study on changes and driving factors of agricultural water supply and demand in Zhangye after water reallocation of the Heihe River[J].Resour Sci,2011,33(8):1489-1497.石敏俊,王磊,王晓君.黑河分水后张掖市水资源供需格局变化及驱动因素[J].资源科学,2011,33(8):1489-1497.
[31]DANIELS P L,LENZEN M,KENWAY S J.The ins and outs of water use:A review of multi-region input-output analysis and water footprints for regional sustainability analysis and policy[J].Econ Syst Res,2011,23(4):353-370.doi:10.1080/09535314.2011.633500.
[32]ZHANG L,HEERINK N,DRIES L,et al.Water users associations and irrigation water productivity in northern China[J].Ecol Econ,2013,95:128-136.doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.08.014.
[33]GOU H M,WANG Y X.Geochemical characteristics of shallow groundwater in Datong Basin,northwestern China[J].J Geochem Explor,2005,87(3):109-120.doi:10.1016/j.gexplo.2005.08.002.
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