青岛近海及黄渤海大气气溶胶中不同形态氮磷质量浓度及组成特征
|
摘要
于2016年6~7月采集了青岛近岸以及黄渤海大气气溶胶样品,并于8月6~15日连续采集了青岛近岸气溶胶昼夜样品,分别测定了不同形态的氮磷(溶解无机氮、溶解无机磷、溶解态总氮、溶解态总磷、总氮和总磷)质量浓度,并分析了气溶胶中这些不同形态氮磷的组成特征.结果表明,青岛近岸大气气溶胶中不同形态氮磷的浓度明显高于同时期黄渤海气溶胶中氮磷浓度.青岛近岸气溶胶总氮中溶解态占比为56%,溶解态与不溶态差别不大;黄渤海气溶胶总氮中溶解态为主要部分,所占比例达72%.青岛以及黄渤海气溶胶中,无机氮是溶解态总氮的主要贡献者,分别占溶解总氮的67%和75%.青岛以及黄渤海气溶胶总磷中,溶解态与不溶态磷的贡献相近,溶解态分别占总磷的49%和58%;气溶胶溶解总磷中无机磷的贡献略高于有机磷,青岛以及黄渤海占比分别为56%和59%.气团来源对青岛以及黄渤海气溶胶中不同形态氮磷的浓度和组成特征有一定程度的影响,南方气团来源气溶胶中溶解无机氮(DIN)、溶解有机氮(DON)、总氮(TN)、溶解无机磷(DIP)和溶解有机磷(DOP)的浓度均高于北方和海上气团来源.青岛近岸气溶胶中溶解有机氮浓度昼夜差别不大,而溶解无机氮和总氮浓度则白天相对较高.白天和夜间气溶胶总氮中溶解态氮占主要部分,所占比例达到79%,且无昼夜变化;无机氮是溶解总氮的主要贡献者,且晚上无机氮所占比例(61%)较白天(70%)略有降低.青岛近岸气溶胶中的溶解无机磷和有机磷昼夜浓度差别不大,而总磷浓度则白天明显高于晚上.昼夜气溶胶样品中不溶态磷是总磷的主要组成部分,占比分别为83%、62%,夜间气溶胶中溶解态磷的贡献远高于白天;不论昼夜,无机磷均是溶解总磷的主要部分,所占比例在71%~77%.
The total suspended particulate(TSP) samples were collected in the Qingdao coastal region and over the Yellow and Bohai Sea from June to July in 2016.The diurnal and nightly TSP samples were also continuously collected in the Qingdao coastal region from August 6 to 15.The concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN),dissolved inorganic phosphorus(DIP),dissolved total nitrogen(DTN),dissolved total phosphorus(DTP),total nitrogen(TN),and total phosphorus(TP) in the TSP samples were analyzed.Results showed that the concentrations of different forms of nitrogen and phosphorus in Qingdao were higher than those over the Yellow and Bohai Sea during the same sampling period.The contribution of dissolved N was similar to that of insoluble N to TN in Qingdao,with the ratio of DTN to TN of 56%.However the DTN was the dominant contributor of TN over the Yellow and Bohai Sea,accounting for 72% of TN on average.The inorganic nitrogen was the dominant species of DTN in Qingdao and over the Yellow and Bohai Sea(YBS),accounting for 67% and 75% of DTN,respectively.The contribution of dissolved P to TP was similar to that of insoluble P to TP in Qingdao and over the Yellow and Bohai Sea,and the DTP accounted for 49% and 58% of TP in Qingdao and over YBS,respectively.The ratio of IP to DTP was slightly higher than that of OP,with values of 56% and 59% in Qingdao and over the YBS,respectively.The origin of the air mass affected the concentrations and compositions of nitrogen and phosphorus in the aerosols.The concentrations of DIN,dissolved organic nitrogen(DON),TN,DIP,and dissolved organic phosphorus(DOP) in the aerosols from southern air mass were higher than those from northern and marine air masses.The concentration of DON in the diurnal aerosol samples was similar to that in the nightly samples;however,the concentrations of DIN and TN were higher in the diurnal aerosols than those in the nightly aerosols.The DTN was the dominant species of TN in the diurnal and nightly aerosol samples,accounting for 79%of TN on average.Inorganic nitrogen was the dominant species of DTN in the diurnal and nightly aerosols.The ratio of DIN to DTN decreased from 70% in diurnal samples to 61% in nightly samples.The concentrations of DIP were close to that of DOP in the diurnal and nightly aerosols;however,the concentrations of TP were higher in the diurnal aerosols than in the nightly ones.The insoluble P was the dominant form of TP in the aerosols,accounting for 83% and 62% of TP during the day and night,respectively.The contribution of DTP to TP in the nightly aerosols samples was much higher than that in the diurnal aerosols.For both day and night samples,inorganic phosphorus was the dominant species of DTP in aerosols,with a ratio of 71%-77%.
The total suspended particulate(TSP) samples were collected in the Qingdao coastal region and over the Yellow and Bohai Sea from June to July in 2016.The diurnal and nightly TSP samples were also continuously collected in the Qingdao coastal region from August 6 to 15.The concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN),dissolved inorganic phosphorus(DIP),dissolved total nitrogen(DTN),dissolved total phosphorus(DTP),total nitrogen(TN),and total phosphorus(TP) in the TSP samples were analyzed.Results showed that the concentrations of different forms of nitrogen and phosphorus in Qingdao were higher than those over the Yellow and Bohai Sea during the same sampling period.The contribution of dissolved N was similar to that of insoluble N to TN in Qingdao,with the ratio of DTN to TN of 56%.However the DTN was the dominant contributor of TN over the Yellow and Bohai Sea,accounting for 72% of TN on average.The inorganic nitrogen was the dominant species of DTN in Qingdao and over the Yellow and Bohai Sea(YBS),accounting for 67% and 75% of DTN,respectively.The contribution of dissolved P to TP was similar to that of insoluble P to TP in Qingdao and over the Yellow and Bohai Sea,and the DTP accounted for 49% and 58% of TP in Qingdao and over YBS,respectively.The ratio of IP to DTP was slightly higher than that of OP,with values of 56% and 59% in Qingdao and over the YBS,respectively.The origin of the air mass affected the concentrations and compositions of nitrogen and phosphorus in the aerosols.The concentrations of DIN,dissolved organic nitrogen(DON),TN,DIP,and dissolved organic phosphorus(DOP) in the aerosols from southern air mass were higher than those from northern and marine air masses.The concentration of DON in the diurnal aerosol samples was similar to that in the nightly samples;however,the concentrations of DIN and TN were higher in the diurnal aerosols than those in the nightly aerosols.The DTN was the dominant species of TN in the diurnal and nightly aerosol samples,accounting for 79%of TN on average.Inorganic nitrogen was the dominant species of DTN in the diurnal and nightly aerosols.The ratio of DIN to DTN decreased from 70% in diurnal samples to 61% in nightly samples.The concentrations of DIP were close to that of DOP in the diurnal and nightly aerosols;however,the concentrations of TP were higher in the diurnal aerosols than in the nightly ones.The insoluble P was the dominant form of TP in the aerosols,accounting for 83% and 62% of TP during the day and night,respectively.The contribution of DTP to TP in the nightly aerosols samples was much higher than that in the diurnal aerosols.For both day and night samples,inorganic phosphorus was the dominant species of DTP in aerosols,with a ratio of 71%-77%.
引文
[1]Elser J J,Bracken M E S,Cleland E E,et al.Global analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus limitation of primary producers in freshwater,marine and terrestrial ecosystems[J].Ecology Letters,2007,10(12):1135-1142.
[2]Elser J J,Andersen T,Baron J S,et al.Shifts in lake N:P stoichiometry and nutrient limitation driven by atmospheric nitrogen deposition[J].Science,2009,326(5954):835-837.
[3]Okin G S,Mahowald N,Chadwick O A,et al.Impact of desert dust on the biogeochemistry of phosphorus in terrestrial ecosystems[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2004,18(2):GB2005.
[4]Duce R A,Liss P S,Merrill J T,et al.The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,1991,5(3):193-259.
[5]Zhang J.Atmospheric wet deposition of nutrient elements:correlation with harmful biological blooms in northwest pacific coastal zones[J].Ambio,1994,23(8):464-468.
[6]Zhang J,Liu M G.Observations on nutrient elements and sulphate in atmospheric wet depositions over the Northwest Pacific coastal oceans-Yellow sea[J].Marine Chemistry,1994,47(2):173-189.
[7]Furutani H,Meguro A,Iguchi H,et al.Geographical distribution and sources of phosphorus in atmospheric aerosol over the North Pacific ocean[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2010,37(3):L03805.
[8]Schaefer S C,Alber M.Temporal and spatial trends in nitrogen and phosphorus inputs to the watershed of the Altamaha river,Georgia,USA[J].Biogeochemistry,2007,86(3):231-249.
[9]Smil V.Phosphorus in the environment:natural flows and human interferences[J].Annual Review of Energy and the Environment,2000,25(1):53-88.
[10]Duce R A,LaRoche J,Altieri K,et al.Impacts of atmospheric anthropogenic nitrogen on the open ocean[J].Science,2008,320(5878):893-897.
[11]Tipping E,Henrys P A,Maskell L C,et al.Nitrogen deposition effects on plant species diversity;threshold loads from field data[J].Environmental Pollution,2013,179:218-223.
[12]朱玉梅.东、黄海大气沉降中营养盐的研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2011.19-20.Zhu Y M.Nutrients in atmospheric deposition of the Yellow and East China seas[D].Qingdao:Ocean University of China,2011.19-20.
[13]He J,Balasubramanian R,Burger D F,et al.Dry and wet atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and phosphorus in Singapore[J].Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(16):2760-2768.
[14]Miyazaki Y,Fu P Q,Ono K,et al.Seasonal cycles of watersoluble organic nitrogen aerosols in a deciduous broadleaf forest in northern Japan[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2014,119(3):1440-1454.
[15]Mace K A,Duce R A,Tindale N W.Organic nitrogen in rain and aerosol at Cape Grim,Tasmania,Australia[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2003,108(D11):4338.
[16]Luo L,Yao X H,Gao H W,et al.Nitrogen speciation in various types of aerosol in spring over the northwestern Pacific ocean[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions,2015,15(18):25583-25625.
[17]Lesworth T,Baker A R,Jickells T.Aerosol organic nitrogen over the remote Atlantic ocean[J].Atmospheric Environment,2010,44(15):1887-1893.
[18]Luo J,Wang X R,Yang H,et al.Atmospheric phosphorus in the northern part of lake Taihu,China[J].Chemosphere,2011,84(6):785-791.
[19]Okuda T,Gunji Y,He K,et al.Persulfate wet oxidation method for the determination of total phosphorus in atmospheric aerosols and its application for a year-round observation in Beijing[J].Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment,2013,7(3):169-175.
[20]Chen H Y,Fang T H,Preston M R,et al.Characterization of phosphorus in the aerosol of a coastal atmosphere:Using a sequential extraction method[J].Atmospheric Environment,2006,40(2):279-289.
[21]Izquierdo R,Benítez-Nelson C R,MasquéP,et al.Atmospheric phosphorus deposition in a near-coastal rural site in the NE Iberian Peninsula and its role in marine productivity[J].Atmospheric Environment,2012,49:361-370.
[22]Sun C,Xie Z Q,Kang H,et al.Phosphorus in the aerosols over oceans transported offshore from China to the Arctic ocean:speciation,spatial distribution,and potential sources[J].Advances in Polar Science,2015,26(3):232-238.
[23]陈兴茂,冯丽娟,张安慧,等.青岛地区总悬浮颗粒物中金属元素沉降通量[J].海洋环境科学,2003,22(4):18-20.Chen X M,Feng L J,Zhang A H,et al.Deposition fluxes of several metals in TSP in Qingdao region[J].Marine Environmental Science,2003,22(4):18-20.
[24]Zhang Y,Yu Q,Ma W C,et al.Atmospheric deposition of inorganic nitrogen to the eastern China seas and its implications to marine biogeochemistry[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2010,115(D7):D00K10.
[25]丘星初,刘国平,朱盈权.土壤全氮的快速测定[J].干旱环境监测,1990,4(1):13-17.Qiu X C,Liu G P,Zhu Y Q.Rapid determination of total nitrogen in soil[J].Arid Environmental Monitoring,1990,4(1):13-17.
[26]黎国有,王雨春,陈文重,等.两种消解法测定沉积物总磷的对比[J].中国环境监测,2013,29(3):112-116.Li G Y,Wang Y C,Chen W Z,et al.Comparison of two kinds of digestion method for the determination of total phosphorus in sediment[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2013,29(3):112-116.
[27]陈晓静.青岛沿海大气气溶胶中水溶性离子和金属元素的分布特征及其来源解析[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2014.13-14.Chen X J.Distribution characteristics of water-soluble inorganic ions and metal elements and source apportionment of atmospheric aerosols in Qingdao coastal region[D].Qingdao:Ocean University of China,2014.13-14.
[28]Murphy J,Riley J P.A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters[J].Analytica Chimica Acta,1962,27:31-36.
[29]Pai S C,Yang C C,Riley J P.Effects of acidity and molybdate concentration on the kinetics of the formation of the phosphoantimonylmolybdenum blue complex[J].Analytica Chimica Acta,1990,229:115-120.
[30]徐明家,林晓青,曲仁乐,等.同时分解法测定水中总氮和总磷[J].中国环境监测,2005,21(5):35-36.Xu M J,Lin X Q,Qu R L,et al.To measure the total nitrogen and total phosphor in the water with the method of decomposed at the same time[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2005,21(5):35-36.
[31]孙娜娜,石金辉,伯绍毅,等.过硫酸盐氧化-紫外分光光度法测定气溶胶中的总氮[J].化学分析计量,2007,16(3):21-24.Sun N N,Shi J H,Bo S Y,et al.Determination of total nitrogen in aerosol by potassium persulfate oxidation-UV spectrophotometry[J].Chemical Analysis and Meterage,2007,16(3):21-24.
[32]Cornell S E,Jickells T D.Water-soluble organic nitrogen in atmospheric aerosol:a comparison of UV and persulfate oxidation methods[J].Atmospheric Environment,1999,33(5):833-840.
[33]张贵灵,王娟,张波,等.紫外分光光度法和离子色谱法测水中硝酸盐氮的比较[J].医学信息旬刊,2010,23(7):2448-2449.
[34]石金辉.中国近海大气沉降中氮组分的分布特征及对春季水华事件的影响分析[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2011.5-6.Shi J H.Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen species over the China sea and its impact on a spring bloom[D].Qingdao:Ocean University of China,2011.5-6.
[35]Guo Z G,Feng J L,Fang M,et al.The elemental and organic characteristics of PM2.5in Asian dust episodes in Qingdao,China,2002[J].Atmospheric Environment,2004,38(6):909-919.
[36]Nakamura T,Ogawa H,Maripi D K,et al.Contribution of water soluble organic nitrogen to total nitrogen in marine aerosols over the East China sea and western North Pacific[J].Atmospheric Environment,2006,40(37):7259-7264.
[37]Shi J H,Gao H W,Qi J H,et al.Sources,compositions,and distributions of water-soluble organic nitrogen in aerosols over the China sea[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2010,115(D17):D17303.
[38]Zhang G S,Zhang J,Liu S M.Characterization of nutrients in the atmospheric wet and dry deposition observed at the two monitoring sites over Yellow sea and East China sea[J].Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry,2007,57(1):41-57.
[39]Chan C K,Yao X H.Air pollution in mega cities in China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(1):1-42.
[40]Zhang Q,Streets D G,Carmichael G R,et al.Asian emissions in 2006 for the NASA INTEX-B mission[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2009,9(14):5131-5153.
[41]Kim W,Doh S J,Yu Y,et al.Role of Chinese wind-blown dust in enhancing environmental pollution in Metropolitan Seoul[J].Environmental Pollution,2008,153(2):333-341.
[42]李杨.2000-2007年中国重点城市PM10的时空变化特征[J].干旱区资源与环境,2009,23(9):51-54.Li Y.The space-time variations of PM10concentration in major cities of China during 2000-2007[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2009,23(9):51-54.
[43]李令军,王英,李金香.北京清洁区大气颗粒物污染特征及长期变化趋势[J].环境科学,2011,32(2):319-323.Li L J,Wang Y,Li J X.Study on atmospheric particles and their long-term trend in Beijing cleaning area[J].Environmental Science,2011,32(2):319-323.
[44]姜晓璐.东、黄海的大气干、湿沉降及其对海洋初级生产力的影响[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2009.22-23.Jiang X L.Atmospheric dry and wet deposition of nutrient in East China sea and Yellow sea and it's impact on marine primary production[D].Qingdao:Ocean University of China,2009.22-23.
[45]韩丽君.东黄海大气干湿沉降营养盐的化学组分特征和来源解析研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2013.16-17.Han L J.Nutrient characteristics and source apportionment in atmospheric deposition of the Yellow sea and East China sea[D].Qingdao:Ocean University of China,2013.16-17.
[46]Trebs I,Meixner F X,Slanina J,et al.Real-time measurements of ammonia,acidic trace gases and water-soluble inorganic aerosol species at a rural site in the Amazon basin[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions,2004,4(4):967-987.
[47]王珉,胡敏.青岛沿海地区大气气溶胶浓度与主要无机化学组成[J].环境科学,2001,22(1):6-9.Wang M,Hu M.Mass concentration and major inorganic compositions of coastal aerosol in Qingdao[J].Environmental Science,2001,22(1):6-9.
[48]Fisseha R,Dommen J,Gutzwiller L,et al.Seasonal and diurnal characteristics of water soluble inorganic compounds in the gas and aerosol phase in the Zurich area[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2006,6(7):1895-1904.
[49]Mahowald N,Jickells T D,Baker A R,et al.Global distribution of atmospheric phosphorus sources,concentrations and deposition rates,and anthropogenic impacts[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2008,22(4):GB4026.
[2]Elser J J,Andersen T,Baron J S,et al.Shifts in lake N:P stoichiometry and nutrient limitation driven by atmospheric nitrogen deposition[J].Science,2009,326(5954):835-837.
[3]Okin G S,Mahowald N,Chadwick O A,et al.Impact of desert dust on the biogeochemistry of phosphorus in terrestrial ecosystems[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2004,18(2):GB2005.
[4]Duce R A,Liss P S,Merrill J T,et al.The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,1991,5(3):193-259.
[5]Zhang J.Atmospheric wet deposition of nutrient elements:correlation with harmful biological blooms in northwest pacific coastal zones[J].Ambio,1994,23(8):464-468.
[6]Zhang J,Liu M G.Observations on nutrient elements and sulphate in atmospheric wet depositions over the Northwest Pacific coastal oceans-Yellow sea[J].Marine Chemistry,1994,47(2):173-189.
[7]Furutani H,Meguro A,Iguchi H,et al.Geographical distribution and sources of phosphorus in atmospheric aerosol over the North Pacific ocean[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2010,37(3):L03805.
[8]Schaefer S C,Alber M.Temporal and spatial trends in nitrogen and phosphorus inputs to the watershed of the Altamaha river,Georgia,USA[J].Biogeochemistry,2007,86(3):231-249.
[9]Smil V.Phosphorus in the environment:natural flows and human interferences[J].Annual Review of Energy and the Environment,2000,25(1):53-88.
[10]Duce R A,LaRoche J,Altieri K,et al.Impacts of atmospheric anthropogenic nitrogen on the open ocean[J].Science,2008,320(5878):893-897.
[11]Tipping E,Henrys P A,Maskell L C,et al.Nitrogen deposition effects on plant species diversity;threshold loads from field data[J].Environmental Pollution,2013,179:218-223.
[12]朱玉梅.东、黄海大气沉降中营养盐的研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2011.19-20.Zhu Y M.Nutrients in atmospheric deposition of the Yellow and East China seas[D].Qingdao:Ocean University of China,2011.19-20.
[13]He J,Balasubramanian R,Burger D F,et al.Dry and wet atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and phosphorus in Singapore[J].Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(16):2760-2768.
[14]Miyazaki Y,Fu P Q,Ono K,et al.Seasonal cycles of watersoluble organic nitrogen aerosols in a deciduous broadleaf forest in northern Japan[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2014,119(3):1440-1454.
[15]Mace K A,Duce R A,Tindale N W.Organic nitrogen in rain and aerosol at Cape Grim,Tasmania,Australia[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2003,108(D11):4338.
[16]Luo L,Yao X H,Gao H W,et al.Nitrogen speciation in various types of aerosol in spring over the northwestern Pacific ocean[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions,2015,15(18):25583-25625.
[17]Lesworth T,Baker A R,Jickells T.Aerosol organic nitrogen over the remote Atlantic ocean[J].Atmospheric Environment,2010,44(15):1887-1893.
[18]Luo J,Wang X R,Yang H,et al.Atmospheric phosphorus in the northern part of lake Taihu,China[J].Chemosphere,2011,84(6):785-791.
[19]Okuda T,Gunji Y,He K,et al.Persulfate wet oxidation method for the determination of total phosphorus in atmospheric aerosols and its application for a year-round observation in Beijing[J].Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment,2013,7(3):169-175.
[20]Chen H Y,Fang T H,Preston M R,et al.Characterization of phosphorus in the aerosol of a coastal atmosphere:Using a sequential extraction method[J].Atmospheric Environment,2006,40(2):279-289.
[21]Izquierdo R,Benítez-Nelson C R,MasquéP,et al.Atmospheric phosphorus deposition in a near-coastal rural site in the NE Iberian Peninsula and its role in marine productivity[J].Atmospheric Environment,2012,49:361-370.
[22]Sun C,Xie Z Q,Kang H,et al.Phosphorus in the aerosols over oceans transported offshore from China to the Arctic ocean:speciation,spatial distribution,and potential sources[J].Advances in Polar Science,2015,26(3):232-238.
[23]陈兴茂,冯丽娟,张安慧,等.青岛地区总悬浮颗粒物中金属元素沉降通量[J].海洋环境科学,2003,22(4):18-20.Chen X M,Feng L J,Zhang A H,et al.Deposition fluxes of several metals in TSP in Qingdao region[J].Marine Environmental Science,2003,22(4):18-20.
[24]Zhang Y,Yu Q,Ma W C,et al.Atmospheric deposition of inorganic nitrogen to the eastern China seas and its implications to marine biogeochemistry[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2010,115(D7):D00K10.
[25]丘星初,刘国平,朱盈权.土壤全氮的快速测定[J].干旱环境监测,1990,4(1):13-17.Qiu X C,Liu G P,Zhu Y Q.Rapid determination of total nitrogen in soil[J].Arid Environmental Monitoring,1990,4(1):13-17.
[26]黎国有,王雨春,陈文重,等.两种消解法测定沉积物总磷的对比[J].中国环境监测,2013,29(3):112-116.Li G Y,Wang Y C,Chen W Z,et al.Comparison of two kinds of digestion method for the determination of total phosphorus in sediment[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2013,29(3):112-116.
[27]陈晓静.青岛沿海大气气溶胶中水溶性离子和金属元素的分布特征及其来源解析[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2014.13-14.Chen X J.Distribution characteristics of water-soluble inorganic ions and metal elements and source apportionment of atmospheric aerosols in Qingdao coastal region[D].Qingdao:Ocean University of China,2014.13-14.
[28]Murphy J,Riley J P.A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters[J].Analytica Chimica Acta,1962,27:31-36.
[29]Pai S C,Yang C C,Riley J P.Effects of acidity and molybdate concentration on the kinetics of the formation of the phosphoantimonylmolybdenum blue complex[J].Analytica Chimica Acta,1990,229:115-120.
[30]徐明家,林晓青,曲仁乐,等.同时分解法测定水中总氮和总磷[J].中国环境监测,2005,21(5):35-36.Xu M J,Lin X Q,Qu R L,et al.To measure the total nitrogen and total phosphor in the water with the method of decomposed at the same time[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2005,21(5):35-36.
[31]孙娜娜,石金辉,伯绍毅,等.过硫酸盐氧化-紫外分光光度法测定气溶胶中的总氮[J].化学分析计量,2007,16(3):21-24.Sun N N,Shi J H,Bo S Y,et al.Determination of total nitrogen in aerosol by potassium persulfate oxidation-UV spectrophotometry[J].Chemical Analysis and Meterage,2007,16(3):21-24.
[32]Cornell S E,Jickells T D.Water-soluble organic nitrogen in atmospheric aerosol:a comparison of UV and persulfate oxidation methods[J].Atmospheric Environment,1999,33(5):833-840.
[33]张贵灵,王娟,张波,等.紫外分光光度法和离子色谱法测水中硝酸盐氮的比较[J].医学信息旬刊,2010,23(7):2448-2449.
[34]石金辉.中国近海大气沉降中氮组分的分布特征及对春季水华事件的影响分析[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2011.5-6.Shi J H.Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen species over the China sea and its impact on a spring bloom[D].Qingdao:Ocean University of China,2011.5-6.
[35]Guo Z G,Feng J L,Fang M,et al.The elemental and organic characteristics of PM2.5in Asian dust episodes in Qingdao,China,2002[J].Atmospheric Environment,2004,38(6):909-919.
[36]Nakamura T,Ogawa H,Maripi D K,et al.Contribution of water soluble organic nitrogen to total nitrogen in marine aerosols over the East China sea and western North Pacific[J].Atmospheric Environment,2006,40(37):7259-7264.
[37]Shi J H,Gao H W,Qi J H,et al.Sources,compositions,and distributions of water-soluble organic nitrogen in aerosols over the China sea[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2010,115(D17):D17303.
[38]Zhang G S,Zhang J,Liu S M.Characterization of nutrients in the atmospheric wet and dry deposition observed at the two monitoring sites over Yellow sea and East China sea[J].Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry,2007,57(1):41-57.
[39]Chan C K,Yao X H.Air pollution in mega cities in China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(1):1-42.
[40]Zhang Q,Streets D G,Carmichael G R,et al.Asian emissions in 2006 for the NASA INTEX-B mission[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2009,9(14):5131-5153.
[41]Kim W,Doh S J,Yu Y,et al.Role of Chinese wind-blown dust in enhancing environmental pollution in Metropolitan Seoul[J].Environmental Pollution,2008,153(2):333-341.
[42]李杨.2000-2007年中国重点城市PM10的时空变化特征[J].干旱区资源与环境,2009,23(9):51-54.Li Y.The space-time variations of PM10concentration in major cities of China during 2000-2007[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2009,23(9):51-54.
[43]李令军,王英,李金香.北京清洁区大气颗粒物污染特征及长期变化趋势[J].环境科学,2011,32(2):319-323.Li L J,Wang Y,Li J X.Study on atmospheric particles and their long-term trend in Beijing cleaning area[J].Environmental Science,2011,32(2):319-323.
[44]姜晓璐.东、黄海的大气干、湿沉降及其对海洋初级生产力的影响[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2009.22-23.Jiang X L.Atmospheric dry and wet deposition of nutrient in East China sea and Yellow sea and it's impact on marine primary production[D].Qingdao:Ocean University of China,2009.22-23.
[45]韩丽君.东黄海大气干湿沉降营养盐的化学组分特征和来源解析研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2013.16-17.Han L J.Nutrient characteristics and source apportionment in atmospheric deposition of the Yellow sea and East China sea[D].Qingdao:Ocean University of China,2013.16-17.
[46]Trebs I,Meixner F X,Slanina J,et al.Real-time measurements of ammonia,acidic trace gases and water-soluble inorganic aerosol species at a rural site in the Amazon basin[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions,2004,4(4):967-987.
[47]王珉,胡敏.青岛沿海地区大气气溶胶浓度与主要无机化学组成[J].环境科学,2001,22(1):6-9.Wang M,Hu M.Mass concentration and major inorganic compositions of coastal aerosol in Qingdao[J].Environmental Science,2001,22(1):6-9.
[48]Fisseha R,Dommen J,Gutzwiller L,et al.Seasonal and diurnal characteristics of water soluble inorganic compounds in the gas and aerosol phase in the Zurich area[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2006,6(7):1895-1904.
[49]Mahowald N,Jickells T D,Baker A R,et al.Global distribution of atmospheric phosphorus sources,concentrations and deposition rates,and anthropogenic impacts[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2008,22(4):GB4026.