两种热作模具钢的高温摩擦磨损性能
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摘要
采用高温摩擦磨损试验机研究了HTCS-130和DAC55两种热作模具钢在100～700℃范围内的耐磨性差异及磨损机制,并结合X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、光学轮廓仪等手段对表面相组成、磨损表面、截面形貌等进行分析.结果表明:两种钢的磨损率均在100～700℃范围内呈现先增后减的趋势;其磨损机制表现为在100℃和300℃分别发生黏着磨损和黏着-轻微氧化磨损; 500℃时磨损机制转变为单一氧化磨损,磨损表面氧化层由Fe O、Fe2O3和Fe3O4组成,亚表面发生轻微软化并出现塑性变形层; 700℃时磨损进入严重氧化磨损阶段,氧化物数量急剧增多,同时由于马氏体基体回复导致材料出现严重软化,磨损表面形成连续的氧化层. HTCS-130钢优异的热稳定性能使得基体具有较高硬度和更窄的摩擦软化区,能够更好地支撑氧化层,从而在700℃下比DAC55钢更耐磨.
Owing to work at high temperature and high loadings,hot work die steels wear easily,and are especially susceptible to high temperature oxidative wear. Under severe oxidative wear conditions,the wear rate is high,which may lead to premature wear failure of the dies. Therefore,severe oxidative wear should be limited or avoided during the service life of hot work die steels. For service materials,wear resistance is affected by temperature,load,time on the oxide type,plastic deformation,and debris morphology of the surface and sub-surface. Pioneering researchers tended to focus on the influences of temperature,load,and time on wear resistance,and little is known about the wear mechanism of different materials. In this work,the wear mechanism and resistance differences between two hot work die steels,HTCS-130 and DAC55,were studied at temperatures of 100-700 ℃,using a high temperature friction and wear tester. Surface phase composition,worn surface and cross-section morphology were analyzed by white-light interferometer,scanning electron microscope( SEM),and X-ray diffraction( XRD). The results show that the wear rates of the two steels both increase at first and then decrease at temperatures of 100-700 ℃. The wear mechanisms of both steels appeared as adhesive wear at 100℃ and adhesive-oxidative wear at 300 ℃. Then,the wear mechanism changed into oxidative wear at 500 ℃ and an oxide layer comprising Fe O,Fe_2O_3,and Fe_3O_4 was observed on the worn surface. Meanwhile,the subsurface started to soften slightly and a plastically deformed layer appeared. Subsequently,severe oxidative wear occurred at 700 ℃ and the number of oxides had sharply increased. The materials were severely softened owing to the recovery of the martensite matrix. Meanwhile,a continuous oxide layer formed on the worn surface. Due to the excellent thermal stability of HTCS-130 steel,the high hardness and narrow softened zone of matrix could better support the oxide layer. Therefore,HTCS-130 steel shows better wear resistance than DAC55 steel at 700 ℃.
Owing to work at high temperature and high loadings,hot work die steels wear easily,and are especially susceptible to high temperature oxidative wear. Under severe oxidative wear conditions,the wear rate is high,which may lead to premature wear failure of the dies. Therefore,severe oxidative wear should be limited or avoided during the service life of hot work die steels. For service materials,wear resistance is affected by temperature,load,time on the oxide type,plastic deformation,and debris morphology of the surface and sub-surface. Pioneering researchers tended to focus on the influences of temperature,load,and time on wear resistance,and little is known about the wear mechanism of different materials. In this work,the wear mechanism and resistance differences between two hot work die steels,HTCS-130 and DAC55,were studied at temperatures of 100-700 ℃,using a high temperature friction and wear tester. Surface phase composition,worn surface and cross-section morphology were analyzed by white-light interferometer,scanning electron microscope( SEM),and X-ray diffraction( XRD). The results show that the wear rates of the two steels both increase at first and then decrease at temperatures of 100-700 ℃. The wear mechanisms of both steels appeared as adhesive wear at 100℃ and adhesive-oxidative wear at 300 ℃. Then,the wear mechanism changed into oxidative wear at 500 ℃ and an oxide layer comprising Fe O,Fe_2O_3,and Fe_3O_4 was observed on the worn surface. Meanwhile,the subsurface started to soften slightly and a plastically deformed layer appeared. Subsequently,severe oxidative wear occurred at 700 ℃ and the number of oxides had sharply increased. The materials were severely softened owing to the recovery of the martensite matrix. Meanwhile,a continuous oxide layer formed on the worn surface. Due to the excellent thermal stability of HTCS-130 steel,the high hardness and narrow softened zone of matrix could better support the oxide layer. Therefore,HTCS-130 steel shows better wear resistance than DAC55 steel at 700 ℃.
引文
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[16] Cui X H,Wang S Q,Jiang Q C,et al. High-temperature wear mechanism of cast hot-forging die steel 4Cr3Mo2NiV. Acta Metall Sin,2005,41(10):1116(崔向红,王树奇,姜启川,等. 4Cr3Mo2NiV铸造热锻模具钢的高温磨损机理.金属学报,2005,41(10):1116)
[17] Chen K M,Wang S Q,Yang Z R,et al. High temperature wear and oxide film of steels. Tribology,2008,28(5):475(陈康敏,王树奇,杨子润,等.钢的高温氧化磨损及氧化物膜的研究.摩擦学学报,2008,28(5):475)
[18] Han Y B,Xue X Y,Zhang T B,et al. Effects of hot compression on carbide precipitation behavior of Ni--20Cr-18W--1Mo superalloy. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China,2016,26(11):2883
[19] Wei M X,Wang F,Wang S Q,et al. Comparative research on the elevated-temperature wear resistance of a cast hot-working die steel. Mater Des,2009,30(9):3608
[20] Zhang Y B,Luo H,Wang G F. The effect of the microstructure on the wear-resistance in the welding deposited metal. Key Eng Mater,2007,353-358:766
[21] Oh H,Lee S,Jung J,et al. Correlation of microstructure with the wear resistance and fracture toughness of duocast materials composed of high-chromium white cast iron and low-chromium steel. Metall Mater Trans A,2001,32(3):515
[22] Li S,Wu X C,Li X X,et al. High temperature performance of a Mo--W type hot work die steel of high thermal conductivity.Chin J Mater Res,2017,31(1):32(李爽,吴晓春,黎欣欣,等.钼钨系高导热率热作模具钢高温性能.材料研究学报,2017,31(1):32)
[2] Chen S H,Li S,Wu X C. High temperature friction and wear property of hot stamping tool steel SDCM. Tribology,2016,36(5):538(陈士浩,李爽,吴晓春.热冲压模具钢SDCM高温摩擦磨损性能.摩擦学学报,2016,36(5):538)
[3] Zhou Q C,Wu X C,Shi N N,et al. Microstructure evolution and kinetic analysis of DM hot-work die steels during tempering. Mater Sci Eng A,2011,528(18):5696
[4] Karbasian H,Tekkaya A E. A review on hot stamping. J Mater Process Technol,2010,210(15):2103
[5] Stott F H,Glascott J,Wood G C. Models for the generation of oxides during sliding wear. Proc R Soc London Ser A,1985,402(1822):167
[6] Li S,Chen S H,He X J,et al. A comparison of wear resistance of two types hot-work die steels at high temperature. Tribology,2017,37(1):59(李爽,陈士浩,何西娟,等.两种热作模具钢高温耐磨性对比研究.摩擦学学报,2017,37(1):59)
[7] Wang S Q,Wang L,Zhao Y T,et al. Mild-to-severe wear transition and transition region of oxidative wear in steels. Wear,2013,306(1-2):311
[8] Hardell J,Hernandez S,Mozgovoy S,et al. Effect of oxide layers and near surface transformations on friction and wear during tool steel and boron steel interaction at high temperatures. Wear,2015,330-331:223
[9] Anioek K,Kupka M,Barylski A. Sliding wear resistance of oxide layers formed on a titanium surface during thermal oxidation.Wear,2016,356-357:23
[10] Varga M,Rojacz H,Winkelmann H,et al. Wear reducing effects and temperature dependence of tribolayer formation in harsh environment. Tribol Int,2013,65:190
[11] Stott F H. High-temperature sliding wear of metals. Tribol Int,2002,35(8):489
[12] Ghiotti A,Sgarabotto F,Bruschi S. A novel approach to wear testing in hot stamping of high strength boron steel sheets. Wear,2013,302(1-2):1319
[13] Wu S,Fu H T,Lian Y,et al. Investigation on high temperature wear behavior of a newly developed hot-work tool steel. Tribology,2016,36(1):104(吴帅,付航涛,连勇,等.一种新型热作模具钢的高温磨损性能研究.摩擦学学报,2016,36(1):104)
[14] Yuan X Y,Zhao Y,Chen L Q. Effect of Cr content on high-temperature oxidation behavior of high-manganese austenitic TWIP steel. J Northeast Univ Nat Sci,2016,37(2):184(袁晓云,赵阳,陈礼清. Cr含量对高锰奥氏体TWIP钢高温氧化行为的影响.东北大学学报(自然科学版),2016,37(2):184)
[15] Quinn T F J. The effect of“hot-spot”temperatures on the unlubricated wear of steel. A S L E Trans,1967,10(2):158
[16] Cui X H,Wang S Q,Jiang Q C,et al. High-temperature wear mechanism of cast hot-forging die steel 4Cr3Mo2NiV. Acta Metall Sin,2005,41(10):1116(崔向红,王树奇,姜启川,等. 4Cr3Mo2NiV铸造热锻模具钢的高温磨损机理.金属学报,2005,41(10):1116)
[17] Chen K M,Wang S Q,Yang Z R,et al. High temperature wear and oxide film of steels. Tribology,2008,28(5):475(陈康敏,王树奇,杨子润,等.钢的高温氧化磨损及氧化物膜的研究.摩擦学学报,2008,28(5):475)
[18] Han Y B,Xue X Y,Zhang T B,et al. Effects of hot compression on carbide precipitation behavior of Ni--20Cr-18W--1Mo superalloy. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China,2016,26(11):2883
[19] Wei M X,Wang F,Wang S Q,et al. Comparative research on the elevated-temperature wear resistance of a cast hot-working die steel. Mater Des,2009,30(9):3608
[20] Zhang Y B,Luo H,Wang G F. The effect of the microstructure on the wear-resistance in the welding deposited metal. Key Eng Mater,2007,353-358:766
[21] Oh H,Lee S,Jung J,et al. Correlation of microstructure with the wear resistance and fracture toughness of duocast materials composed of high-chromium white cast iron and low-chromium steel. Metall Mater Trans A,2001,32(3):515
[22] Li S,Wu X C,Li X X,et al. High temperature performance of a Mo--W type hot work die steel of high thermal conductivity.Chin J Mater Res,2017,31(1):32(李爽,吴晓春,黎欣欣,等.钼钨系高导热率热作模具钢高温性能.材料研究学报,2017,31(1):32)