口述史方法在风景园林教学中的应用探讨
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摘要
风景园林专业的教学中,园林历史文化的传承与研习是一个漫长的过程。而高校教育中,除了历史知识、文化内涵的传授、讲解外,如何发挥高等教育及当代"人"在历史与文化中的主动性亦是一个重要课题。"口述史"方法有别于传统历史建构及研究方式,为学习者提供了解、认知、参与风景园林历史脉络的梳理及文化传承中的新可能。因此,以华南农业大学风景园林专业教学中的2项实践"口述工艺"及"广州市城市公园建设与发展研究"为例,探讨口述史在专业教学操作过程中的课程设计方法、应用范围以及与传统历史研习思路的差异。认为"口述史"的教学应用更多地以学生主导、以实践操作为主,推进学生多视角的历史认知、参与风景园林历史脉络的梳理、培养独立思考能力,推动风景园林历史教学改革与职业教育。
In the teaching of landscape architecture, the inheritance and study of landscape architecture history and culture is a long process. In addition to the teaching and explanation of historical knowledge and cultural connotation, stimulating the initiative of the students is important for the development of higher education. The method of "oral history" is different from the traditional historical research methods, as it provides a new possibility for learners to understand, recognize and participate in the history of Landscape Architecture and the cultural heritage conservation. Therefore, this paper takes two practices, "Oral History of Traditional Handcrafts" and "The Development History of Guangzhou Modern Parks", in the teaching of Landscape Architecture in South China Agricultural University as examples to explore the course design method and the application of oral history method in the teaching process. Student-leading and practice-basing are the key parts of the application of oral history method, which could promote the students' multi-perspective of history cognition and independent thinking ability.
In the teaching of landscape architecture, the inheritance and study of landscape architecture history and culture is a long process. In addition to the teaching and explanation of historical knowledge and cultural connotation, stimulating the initiative of the students is important for the development of higher education. The method of "oral history" is different from the traditional historical research methods, as it provides a new possibility for learners to understand, recognize and participate in the history of Landscape Architecture and the cultural heritage conservation. Therefore, this paper takes two practices, "Oral History of Traditional Handcrafts" and "The Development History of Guangzhou Modern Parks", in the teaching of Landscape Architecture in South China Agricultural University as examples to explore the course design method and the application of oral history method in the teaching process. Student-leading and practice-basing are the key parts of the application of oral history method, which could promote the students' multi-perspective of history cognition and independent thinking ability.
引文
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[7]段建强.陈从周先生与豫园修复研究:口述史方法的实践[J].南方建筑,2011(4):28-32.DUAN Jianqiang.CHEN Congzhou and the Preservation of Yuyuan Garden:The Practice of Oral History Research[J].South Architecture,2011(4):28-32.
[8]汤国荣,章锦河,孙晋坤,等.旅游地民居景观形态演变中的旅游地方化建构:基于地方口述史的哈尼蘑菇房案例[J].热带地理,2016,36(4):556-563.TA N G G u o r o n g,Z H A N G J i n h e,S U N J i n k u n,e t a l.Construction of Residential Landscape in Tourism Destination Morphology Evolution of Tourism Localization:A Case Study of the Hani Mushroom Houses Based on Local Oral History[J].Tropical Geography,2016,36(4):556-563.
[9]薛亚娟.晋西碛口古镇文化景观整体保护研究[D].太原:山西大学,2013.XUE Yajuan.The Research of Cultural Landscape Overall Protection of Qikou Town in the West of Shanxi:Centered on the Oral History[D].Taiyuan:Shanxi University,2013.
[10]张倩楠.江南古典园林及其学术史研究中的口述史方法初探[D].天津:天津大学,2014.ZHANG Qiannan.The Application of Oral History in the Study of Jiangnan Classical Garden and Its Academic History[D].Tianjing:Tianjing University,2014.
[11]边新丽.高校园林专业教育现状分析及教学模式探索[D].石家庄:河北师范大学,2010.BIAN Xinli.Exploration towards Present Status of Gardening Education in Colleges[D].Shijiazhuang:Hebei Normal University,2010.
[12]林广思.论我国风景园林学科划分与专业设置的改革方案[J].中国园林,2008(9):56-63.LIN Guangsi.Review on the Reform of the Subject Structure of Landscape Architecture in China[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2008(9):56-63.
[13]唐军.以设计为核心,以问题为导向:东南大学风景园林本科教育的思路与计划[J].风景园林,2006(5):66-68.TANG Jun.Design and Problem-solving Orientated:The Undergraduate Studies of Landscape Architecture at Southeast University[J].Landscape Architecture,2006(5):66-68.
[14]阴帅可.农林院校背景下风景园林学科的中国建筑史教学方法探析[J].安徽农业科学,2014(19):6502-6503.YIN Shuaike.Analysis on Teaching Method of Chinese Architecture History of Landscape Architecture Discipline in Agriculture and Forestry Universities[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Science,2014(19):6502-6503.
[15]王向荣.北京林业大学风景园林学硕士课程体系与教学方式的探讨[J].风景园林,2016(1):48-51.WANG Xiangrong.The Curricular System and Teaching Method for Graduate Students of Landscape Architecture of Beijing Forestry University[J].Landscape Architecture,2016(1):48-51.
[16]杜钢.口述史方法在历史教学中的应用与反思[J].教育导刊,2012(1):80-82.DU Gang.Application and Introspection of Oral History Method in History Teaching[J].Guide to education,2012(1):80-82.
[17]曹幸穗.口述史的应用价值、工作规范及采访程序之讨论[J].中国科技史料,2002(4):64-71.CAO Xingsui.The Study on the Using Values,the Working Rules and the Covering Procedure of the Oral History[J].China Historical Materials of Science and Technology,2002(4):64-71.
[18]李自若,高伟,鲍戈平.短期联合设计教学与乡土教育的结合:广西旧县村工作坊实践总结[J].中国园林,2016(11):39-43.LI Ziruo,GAO Wei,BAO Geping.The Combination of Shortterm Co-design Workshop and Local Education:The Summary of Jiuxian Workshop[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2016(11):39-43.
图1、2、4~11由工作坊成员拍摄;图3、12由李自若制作。
[2]金云峰,陶楠.以“知行合一,转识为智”为理念的中外园林史教学[J].高等建筑教育,2016(1):133-137.JIN Yunfeng,TAO Nan.The Teaching of Landscape Architecture History with“The Unity of Theory and Practice,the Transformation of Knowledge into Wisdom”[J].Journal of Architectural Education in Institutions of Higher Learning,2016(1):133-137.
[3]刘芮.晚清江南私家园林的立体化现象及其设计手法因应[D].南京:南京大学,2017.LIU Rui.The Phenomenon of Stereo Landscape and Corresponding Design Approach in Jiangnan Private Gardens of Late Qing Dynasty:A Case Analysis of Ge Yuan[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University,2017.
[4]石焕然.20世纪50年代陈从周先生之中国古典园林研究的研究[C]//中国风景园林学会.中国风景园林学会2015年会论文集.北京:中国风景园林学会,2015:3.SHI Huanran.A Study on Prof.Chen Chongzhou’s Research about Chinese Classical Gardens in the 1950s[C]//Chinese Society of Landscape Architecture.Chinese Society of Landscape Architecture 2015 Annual Conference Proceedings.Beijing:Chinese Society of Landscape Architecture,2015:3.
[5]刘诗然.广州园林建筑规划设计院的发展研究(1949—2000)[D].广州:华南理工大学,2015.LIU Shiran.Research on the Development of the Guangzhou Gardens Planning and Building Design Institute(1949—2000)[D].Guangzhou:South China University of Technology,2015.
[6]顾凯.童寯与刘敦桢的中国园林研究比较[J].建筑师,2015(1):92-105.GU Kai.Comparison of Chinese Garden Study between Tong Jun and Liu Duzhou[J].The Architecture,2015(1):92-105.
[7]段建强.陈从周先生与豫园修复研究:口述史方法的实践[J].南方建筑,2011(4):28-32.DUAN Jianqiang.CHEN Congzhou and the Preservation of Yuyuan Garden:The Practice of Oral History Research[J].South Architecture,2011(4):28-32.
[8]汤国荣,章锦河,孙晋坤,等.旅游地民居景观形态演变中的旅游地方化建构:基于地方口述史的哈尼蘑菇房案例[J].热带地理,2016,36(4):556-563.TA N G G u o r o n g,Z H A N G J i n h e,S U N J i n k u n,e t a l.Construction of Residential Landscape in Tourism Destination Morphology Evolution of Tourism Localization:A Case Study of the Hani Mushroom Houses Based on Local Oral History[J].Tropical Geography,2016,36(4):556-563.
[9]薛亚娟.晋西碛口古镇文化景观整体保护研究[D].太原:山西大学,2013.XUE Yajuan.The Research of Cultural Landscape Overall Protection of Qikou Town in the West of Shanxi:Centered on the Oral History[D].Taiyuan:Shanxi University,2013.
[10]张倩楠.江南古典园林及其学术史研究中的口述史方法初探[D].天津:天津大学,2014.ZHANG Qiannan.The Application of Oral History in the Study of Jiangnan Classical Garden and Its Academic History[D].Tianjing:Tianjing University,2014.
[11]边新丽.高校园林专业教育现状分析及教学模式探索[D].石家庄:河北师范大学,2010.BIAN Xinli.Exploration towards Present Status of Gardening Education in Colleges[D].Shijiazhuang:Hebei Normal University,2010.
[12]林广思.论我国风景园林学科划分与专业设置的改革方案[J].中国园林,2008(9):56-63.LIN Guangsi.Review on the Reform of the Subject Structure of Landscape Architecture in China[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2008(9):56-63.
[13]唐军.以设计为核心,以问题为导向:东南大学风景园林本科教育的思路与计划[J].风景园林,2006(5):66-68.TANG Jun.Design and Problem-solving Orientated:The Undergraduate Studies of Landscape Architecture at Southeast University[J].Landscape Architecture,2006(5):66-68.
[14]阴帅可.农林院校背景下风景园林学科的中国建筑史教学方法探析[J].安徽农业科学,2014(19):6502-6503.YIN Shuaike.Analysis on Teaching Method of Chinese Architecture History of Landscape Architecture Discipline in Agriculture and Forestry Universities[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Science,2014(19):6502-6503.
[15]王向荣.北京林业大学风景园林学硕士课程体系与教学方式的探讨[J].风景园林,2016(1):48-51.WANG Xiangrong.The Curricular System and Teaching Method for Graduate Students of Landscape Architecture of Beijing Forestry University[J].Landscape Architecture,2016(1):48-51.
[16]杜钢.口述史方法在历史教学中的应用与反思[J].教育导刊,2012(1):80-82.DU Gang.Application and Introspection of Oral History Method in History Teaching[J].Guide to education,2012(1):80-82.
[17]曹幸穗.口述史的应用价值、工作规范及采访程序之讨论[J].中国科技史料,2002(4):64-71.CAO Xingsui.The Study on the Using Values,the Working Rules and the Covering Procedure of the Oral History[J].China Historical Materials of Science and Technology,2002(4):64-71.
[18]李自若,高伟,鲍戈平.短期联合设计教学与乡土教育的结合:广西旧县村工作坊实践总结[J].中国园林,2016(11):39-43.LI Ziruo,GAO Wei,BAO Geping.The Combination of Shortterm Co-design Workshop and Local Education:The Summary of Jiuxian Workshop[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2016(11):39-43.
图1、2、4~11由工作坊成员拍摄;图3、12由李自若制作。