生物多样性保护廊道构建方法研究进展
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摘要
生物多样性保护廊道对遏制生态系统退化及生物多样性丧失,改善生态系统服务功能,消除生境破碎化对生物多样性的影响,恢复珍稀濒危物种的种群数量,维护自然生态系统平衡稳定具有极为重要的作用。在近20年(1997—2017)国内外生物多样性保护廊道的相关研究分析的基础上,对廊道的概念、构建理论及方法应用进行了系统总结与探讨,分析了廊道构建理论的发展过程及适用性,分类总结了现有的廊道构建方法和17种廊道构建模型工具。研究分析表明,廊道作为一种新的生物多样性保护模式,已成为目前国际生态领域研究的热点之一,随着对物种景观运动过程认识的加深,廊道构建理论逐渐趋于成熟,与之匹配的廊道构建方法及模型工具进展迅速。借助遥感与地理信息技术,大范围,高精度的获取廊道模拟数据,并集成综合模型实现目标物种廊道的构建、保护和管理是今后生物多样性保护廊道构建研究的发展方向。最后,对当前该领域的研究现状和不足展开讨论并展望了未来发展,为我国生物多样性保护廊道的应用与实践及国家生态廊道体系的建设完善提供借鉴与参考。
Biodiversity conservation corridors can prevent ecosystem degradation and biodiversity loss,improve ecosystem services,eliminate the effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity,and restore populations of rare and endangered species,which is fundamental in maintaining the balance and stability of natural ecosystems. Based on the related research and analysis of biodiversity protection corridors locally and abroad from the past 20 years(1997—2017),the definition,theory,and design methods of the corridors have been systematically summarized and discussed. The development and applicability of several existing corridor design theories were compared and analyzed and 17 different corridor design models have been classified and summarized. Research and analysis showed that corridors,as a new model of biodiversity conservation,have become an important topic in international ecological research. With the help of remote sensing and geographic information technology,large-scale,high-accuracy access to corridor simulation data,and the integration of models to construct corridors for target species,protection and management are the directions for the future development of biodiversity conservation corridors.
Biodiversity conservation corridors can prevent ecosystem degradation and biodiversity loss,improve ecosystem services,eliminate the effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity,and restore populations of rare and endangered species,which is fundamental in maintaining the balance and stability of natural ecosystems. Based on the related research and analysis of biodiversity protection corridors locally and abroad from the past 20 years(1997—2017),the definition,theory,and design methods of the corridors have been systematically summarized and discussed. The development and applicability of several existing corridor design theories were compared and analyzed and 17 different corridor design models have been classified and summarized. Research and analysis showed that corridors,as a new model of biodiversity conservation,have become an important topic in international ecological research. With the help of remote sensing and geographic information technology,large-scale,high-accuracy access to corridor simulation data,and the integration of models to construct corridors for target species,protection and management are the directions for the future development of biodiversity conservation corridors.
引文
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[21] Gardner R H,Milne B T,Turnei M G,O'Neill R V. Neutral models for the analysis of broad-scale landscape pattern. Landscape Ecology,1987,1(1):19-28.
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[23] Harary F. Graph Theory. Massachusetts,USA:Addison-Wesley,1969.
[24] Urban D,Keitt T. Landscape connectivity:a graph-theoretic perspective. Ecology,2001,82(5):1205-1218.
[25]布仁仓,胡远满,常禹,李秀珍,贺红士.景观指数之间的相关分析.生态学报,2005,25(10):2764-2775.
[26] Knaapen J P,Scheffer M,Harms B. Estimating habitat isolation in landscape planning. Landscape and Urban Planning,1992,23(1):1-16.
[27] Adriaensen F,Chardon J P,De Blust G,Swinnen E,Villalba S,Gulinck H,Matthysen E. The application of'least-cost'modelling as a functional landscape model. Landscape and Urban Planning,2003,64(4):233-247.
[28] Pullinger M G,Johnson C J. Maintaining or restoring connectivity of modified landscapes:evaluating the least-cost path model with multiple sources of ecological information. Landscape Ecology,2010,25(10):1547-1560.
[29] Richard Y,Armstrong D P. Cost distance modelling of landscape connectivity and gap-crossing ability using radio-tracking data. Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,47(3):603-610.
[30]陈春娣,吴胜军,Douglas M C,吕明权,温兆飞,姜毅,陈吉龙.阻力赋值对景观连接模拟的影响.生态学报,2015,35(22):7367-7376.
[31] Mcrae B H,Dickson B G,Keitt T H,Shah V B. Using circuit theory to model connectivity in ecology,evolution,and conservation. Ecology,2008,89(10):2712-2724.
[32] McRae B H,Beier P. Circuit theory predicts gene flow in plant and animal populations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2007,104(50):19885-19890.
[33]沈泽昊.景观生态学的实验研究方法综述.生态学报,2004,24(4):769-774.
[34] Bennett A F,Henein K,Merriam G. Corridor use and the elements of corridor quality:Chipmunks and fencerows in a farmland mosaic. Biological Conservation,1994,68(2):155-165.
[35] Zeller K A,Mc Garigal K,Cushman S A,Beier P,Vickers T W,Boyce W M. Sensitivity of resource selection and connectivity models to landscape definition. Landscape Ecology,2017,32(4):835-855.
[36] R9dder D,Nekum S,Cord A F,Engler J O. Coupling satellite data with species distribution and connectivity models as a tool for environmental management and planning in matrix-sensitive species. Environmental Management,2016,58(1):130-143.
[37] Saura S,TornéJ. Conefor Sensinode 2. 2:A software package for quantifying the importance of habitat patches for landscape connectivity.Environmental Modelling&Software,2009,24(1):135-139.
[38] Breckheimer I,Milt A. Landscape connectivity modeling toolbox. User guide.(2012-02-04). http://www.unc.edu/depts/geog/lbe/Connect/files/Connect_userguide_b038.pdf.
[39] Carroll C,McRae B H,Brookes A. Use of linkage mapping and centrality analysis across habitat gradients to conserve connectivity of gray wolf populations in western North America. Conservation Biology,2012,26(1):78-87.
[40] Majka D,Beier P,Jenness J. CorridorDesigner Arc GIS toolbox tutorial.(2007-12-17). http://corridordesign. org/dl/tools/CD_toolbox_tutorial.pdf.
[41] Mc Garigal K,Marks B J. FRAGSTATS:Spatial Pattern Analysis Program for Quantifying Landscape Structure. General Technical Report PNWGTR-351. Portland,OR:U.S. Department of Agriculture,Forest Service,Pacific Northwest Research Station,1995:122-122.
[42] Theobald D M,Norman J L,Sherburne M R. Fun Conn v1 User's manual:Arc GIS tools for functional connectivity modeling. Natural Resource Ecology Lab, Colorado State University.(2006-07-26). http://www. stat. colostate. edu/—nsu/starmap/learningmaterials/technicalreports/FunConn.Users.Guide.pdf
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[47] Vogt P,Riitters K. GuidosToolbox:universal digital image object analysis. European Journal of Remote Sensing,2017,50(1):352-361.
[48] Ribeiro J W,dos Santos J S,Dodonov P,Martello F,Niebuhr B B,Ribeiro M C. LandScape Corridors(LSCORRIDORS):a new software package for modelling ecological corridors based on landscape patterns and species requirements. Methods in Ecology and Evolution,2017,8(11):1425-1432.
[49] McRae B H,Shah V B,Mohapatra T K. Circuitscape 4 User Guide. The Nature Conservancy. 2013,http://www.circuitscape.org.
[50] Brás R,Cerdeira J O,Alagador D,Araújo M B. Linking habitats for multiple species. Environmental Modelling&Software,2013,40:336-339.
[51] Landguth E L,Hand B K,Glassy J,Cushman S A,Sawaya M A. UNICOR:a species connectivity and corridor network simulator. Ecography,2012,35(1):9-14.
[52] Moilanen A,Franco A M A,Early R I,Fox R,Wintle B,Thomas C D. Prioritizing multiple-use landscapes for conservation:methods for large multi-species planning problems. Proceedings:Biological Sciences,2005,272(1575):1885-1891.
[53] Pinto N,Keitt T H. Beyond the least-cost path:evaluating corridor redundancy using a graph-theoretic approach. Landscape Ecology,2009,24(2):253-266.
[54] Zetterberg A,M9rtberg U M,Balfors B. Making graph theory operational for landscape ecological assessments,planning,and design. Landscape and Urban Planning,2010,95(4):181-191.
[55] Koh I,Rowe H I,Holland J D. Graph and circuit theory connectivity models of conservation biological control agents. Ecological Applications,2013,23(7):1554-1573.
[56] Dilts T E,Weisberg P J,Leitner P,Matocq M D,Inman R D,Nussear K E,Esque T C. Multiscale connectivity and graph theory highlight critical areas for conservation under climate change. Ecological Applications,2016,26(4):1223-1237.
[57] Mui A B,Caverhill B,Johnson B,Fortin M J,He Y H. Using multiple metrics to estimate seasonal landscape connectivity for Blanding's turtles(Emydoidea blandingii)in a fragmented landscape. Landscape Ecology,2017,32(3):531-546.
[2] Loreau M,Naeem S,Inchausti P,Bengtsson J,Grime J P,Hector A,Hooper D U,Huston M A,Raffaelli D,Schmid B. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning:Current knowledge and future challenges. Science,2001,294(5543):804-808.
[3] Fahrig L. Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics,2003,34(2):487-515.
[4] Cardinale B J,Duffy J E,Gonzalez A,Hooper D U,Perrings C,Venail P,Narwani A,Mace G M,Tilman D,Wardle D A,Kinzig A P,Daily G C,Loreau M,Grace J B,Larigauderie A,Srivastava D S,Naeem S. Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity. Nature,2012,486(7401):59-67.
[5] Chetkiewicz C L B,Clair C C S,Boyce M S. Corridors for conservation:Integrating pattern and process. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics,2006,37(1):317-342.
[6] Damschen E I,Haddad N M,Orrock J L,Tewksbury J J,Levey D J. Corridors increase plant species richness at large scales. Science,2006,313(5791):1284-1286.
[7]习近平.决胜全面建成小康社会夺取新时代中国特色社会主义伟大胜利.北京:人民出版社,2017:51-52.
[8]李正玲,陈明勇,吴兆录.生物保护廊道研究进展.生态学杂志,2009,28(3):523-528.
[9]刘芳.吉林珲春野生东北虎栖息地生境评价与潜在廊道分析[D].北京:北京林业大学,2016.
[10]诸葛海锦,林丹琪,李晓文.青藏高原高寒荒漠区藏羚生态廊道识别及其保护状况评估.应用生态学报,2015,26(8):2504-2510.
[11]温晓金,杨海娟,刘焱序.基于地形因子的千米尺度景观生态廊道布局研究.地理科学进展,2013,32(2):298-307.
[12]朱强,俞孔坚,李迪华.景观规划中的生态廊道宽度.生态学报,2005,25(9):2406-2412.
[13]刘世梁,侯笑云,尹艺洁,成方妍,张月秋,董世魁.景观生态网络研究进展.生态学报,2017,37(12):3947-3956.
[14]陈春娣,贾振毅,吴胜军,童笑笑,周文佐,陈若漪,张超林.基于文献计量法的中国景观连接度应用研究进展.生态学报,2017,37(10):3243-3255.
[15] Merriam G. Connectivity:a Fundamental Ecological Characteristic of Landscape Pattern. In:Proceedings of the First International Seminar on Methodology in Landscape Ezcological Research and Planning-Theme 1. Roskilde,Denmark:Roskilde University,1984.
[16] Mac Arthur R H,Wilson E O. The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton:Princeton University Press,1967.
[17] Hanski I,Gilpin M. Metapopulation dynamics:brief history and conceptual domain. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society,1991,42(1/2):3-16.
[18] Turner M G. Landscape ecology:what is the state of the science? Annual Review of Ecology,Evolution,and Systematics,2005,36:319-344.
[19]穆少杰,周可新,方颖,朱超.构建大尺度绿色廊道,保护区域生物多样性.生物多样性,2014,22(2):242-249.
[20] Worboys G L,Ament R,Day J C,Lausche B,Locke H,Mc Clure M,Peterson C H,Pittock J,Tabor G,Woodley S. Guidelines:areas of connectivity conservation.,(2016-05-27). https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/content/documents/acc_advdraft_guidelines_28may2016.pdf.
[21] Gardner R H,Milne B T,Turnei M G,O'Neill R V. Neutral models for the analysis of broad-scale landscape pattern. Landscape Ecology,1987,1(1):19-28.
[22]富伟,刘世梁,崔保山,张兆苓.景观生态学中生态连接度研究进展.生态学报,2009,29(11):6174-6182.
[23] Harary F. Graph Theory. Massachusetts,USA:Addison-Wesley,1969.
[24] Urban D,Keitt T. Landscape connectivity:a graph-theoretic perspective. Ecology,2001,82(5):1205-1218.
[25]布仁仓,胡远满,常禹,李秀珍,贺红士.景观指数之间的相关分析.生态学报,2005,25(10):2764-2775.
[26] Knaapen J P,Scheffer M,Harms B. Estimating habitat isolation in landscape planning. Landscape and Urban Planning,1992,23(1):1-16.
[27] Adriaensen F,Chardon J P,De Blust G,Swinnen E,Villalba S,Gulinck H,Matthysen E. The application of'least-cost'modelling as a functional landscape model. Landscape and Urban Planning,2003,64(4):233-247.
[28] Pullinger M G,Johnson C J. Maintaining or restoring connectivity of modified landscapes:evaluating the least-cost path model with multiple sources of ecological information. Landscape Ecology,2010,25(10):1547-1560.
[29] Richard Y,Armstrong D P. Cost distance modelling of landscape connectivity and gap-crossing ability using radio-tracking data. Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,47(3):603-610.
[30]陈春娣,吴胜军,Douglas M C,吕明权,温兆飞,姜毅,陈吉龙.阻力赋值对景观连接模拟的影响.生态学报,2015,35(22):7367-7376.
[31] Mcrae B H,Dickson B G,Keitt T H,Shah V B. Using circuit theory to model connectivity in ecology,evolution,and conservation. Ecology,2008,89(10):2712-2724.
[32] McRae B H,Beier P. Circuit theory predicts gene flow in plant and animal populations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2007,104(50):19885-19890.
[33]沈泽昊.景观生态学的实验研究方法综述.生态学报,2004,24(4):769-774.
[34] Bennett A F,Henein K,Merriam G. Corridor use and the elements of corridor quality:Chipmunks and fencerows in a farmland mosaic. Biological Conservation,1994,68(2):155-165.
[35] Zeller K A,Mc Garigal K,Cushman S A,Beier P,Vickers T W,Boyce W M. Sensitivity of resource selection and connectivity models to landscape definition. Landscape Ecology,2017,32(4):835-855.
[36] R9dder D,Nekum S,Cord A F,Engler J O. Coupling satellite data with species distribution and connectivity models as a tool for environmental management and planning in matrix-sensitive species. Environmental Management,2016,58(1):130-143.
[37] Saura S,TornéJ. Conefor Sensinode 2. 2:A software package for quantifying the importance of habitat patches for landscape connectivity.Environmental Modelling&Software,2009,24(1):135-139.
[38] Breckheimer I,Milt A. Landscape connectivity modeling toolbox. User guide.(2012-02-04). http://www.unc.edu/depts/geog/lbe/Connect/files/Connect_userguide_b038.pdf.
[39] Carroll C,McRae B H,Brookes A. Use of linkage mapping and centrality analysis across habitat gradients to conserve connectivity of gray wolf populations in western North America. Conservation Biology,2012,26(1):78-87.
[40] Majka D,Beier P,Jenness J. CorridorDesigner Arc GIS toolbox tutorial.(2007-12-17). http://corridordesign. org/dl/tools/CD_toolbox_tutorial.pdf.
[41] Mc Garigal K,Marks B J. FRAGSTATS:Spatial Pattern Analysis Program for Quantifying Landscape Structure. General Technical Report PNWGTR-351. Portland,OR:U.S. Department of Agriculture,Forest Service,Pacific Northwest Research Station,1995:122-122.
[42] Theobald D M,Norman J L,Sherburne M R. Fun Conn v1 User's manual:Arc GIS tools for functional connectivity modeling. Natural Resource Ecology Lab, Colorado State University.(2006-07-26). http://www. stat. colostate. edu/—nsu/starmap/learningmaterials/technicalreports/FunConn.Users.Guide.pdf
[43] Leonard P B,Duffy E B,Baldwin R F,McRae B H,Shah V B,Mohapatra T K. gflow:software for modelling circuit theory‐based connectivity at any scale. Methods in Ecology and Evolution,2017,8(4):519-526.
[44] Shirk A J,McRae B H. Gnarly landscape utilities:core mapper user guide. Fort Collins,CO:The Nature Conservancy.(2013-01-01). http://www.circuitscape.org/gnarly-landscape-utilities.
[45] Galpern P,Doctolero S,Chubaty A M. Efficient modelling of landscape connectivity,habitat,and protected area networks.(2012-01-01). http://grainscape.r-forge.r-project.org/.
[46] Foltête J C,Clauzel C,Vuidel G. A software tool dedicated to the modelling of landscape networks. Environmental Modelling&Software,2012,38:316-327.
[47] Vogt P,Riitters K. GuidosToolbox:universal digital image object analysis. European Journal of Remote Sensing,2017,50(1):352-361.
[48] Ribeiro J W,dos Santos J S,Dodonov P,Martello F,Niebuhr B B,Ribeiro M C. LandScape Corridors(LSCORRIDORS):a new software package for modelling ecological corridors based on landscape patterns and species requirements. Methods in Ecology and Evolution,2017,8(11):1425-1432.
[49] McRae B H,Shah V B,Mohapatra T K. Circuitscape 4 User Guide. The Nature Conservancy. 2013,http://www.circuitscape.org.
[50] Brás R,Cerdeira J O,Alagador D,Araújo M B. Linking habitats for multiple species. Environmental Modelling&Software,2013,40:336-339.
[51] Landguth E L,Hand B K,Glassy J,Cushman S A,Sawaya M A. UNICOR:a species connectivity and corridor network simulator. Ecography,2012,35(1):9-14.
[52] Moilanen A,Franco A M A,Early R I,Fox R,Wintle B,Thomas C D. Prioritizing multiple-use landscapes for conservation:methods for large multi-species planning problems. Proceedings:Biological Sciences,2005,272(1575):1885-1891.
[53] Pinto N,Keitt T H. Beyond the least-cost path:evaluating corridor redundancy using a graph-theoretic approach. Landscape Ecology,2009,24(2):253-266.
[54] Zetterberg A,M9rtberg U M,Balfors B. Making graph theory operational for landscape ecological assessments,planning,and design. Landscape and Urban Planning,2010,95(4):181-191.
[55] Koh I,Rowe H I,Holland J D. Graph and circuit theory connectivity models of conservation biological control agents. Ecological Applications,2013,23(7):1554-1573.
[56] Dilts T E,Weisberg P J,Leitner P,Matocq M D,Inman R D,Nussear K E,Esque T C. Multiscale connectivity and graph theory highlight critical areas for conservation under climate change. Ecological Applications,2016,26(4):1223-1237.
[57] Mui A B,Caverhill B,Johnson B,Fortin M J,He Y H. Using multiple metrics to estimate seasonal landscape connectivity for Blanding's turtles(Emydoidea blandingii)in a fragmented landscape. Landscape Ecology,2017,32(3):531-546.