洪泽湖地区麦稻两熟农田及杨树林地降雨径流对地下水水质的影响
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摘要
农业氮磷养分流失已经成为地下水污染的重要原因之一,为了探究和比较麦稻两熟农田和杨树林地氮磷流失对地下水的影响,本文在洪泽湖河湖交汇区设置农田和杨树林监测小区和监测井,进行了为期1年的地表养分流失和地下水水质监测。结果表明:1)林地雨前雨后表层土壤含水量均小于麦田,麦田土壤含水量较雨前平均提高8.95%,林地提高4.05%。2)麦田和杨树林地表层土壤硝态氮、铵态氮及有效磷流失总量分别为63.53 mg·kg~(-1)、5.61 mg·kg~(-1)及57.43 mg·kg~(-1)和16.78 mg·kg~(-1)、2.45 mg·kg~(-1)及0.73 mg·kg~(-1),稻季田面水硝态氮、铵态氮、可溶性磷和颗粒态磷流失总量为8.32 mg·L~(-1)、27.44 mg·L~(-1)、2.39 mg·L~(-1)和2.99 mg·L~(-1),监测期内杨树林氮磷流失总量明显低于农田。3)农田表层养分流失量与降雨量存在密切关系,基本随降雨量增大呈对数增长,而杨树林几乎不受降雨影响。4)农田产生径流的理论最小降雨量(麦田:3.3 mm;稻田:4.2 mm)远小于杨树林地(22.8 mm),麦田铵态氮、正磷酸盐浓度,稻田和杨树林地总氮、硝态氮、铵态氮、总磷、可溶性磷、正磷酸盐浓度与降雨量存在显著相关性。5)农田径流中养分浓度与地下水氮磷含量存在显著相关性(P<0.05),而杨树林地地下水氮磷含量保持在相对稳定水平,与径流中养分浓度无明显相关性。与农田相比,林地能够更好地控制径流养分流失,缓解地下水污染,有利于农业面源污染的控制。
The loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in agriculture has become an important cause of groundwater pollution. To explore and compare the losses of nitrogen and phosphorus from runoff in wheat fields, rice fields, and poplar forestland, the surface nutrient losses and groundwater quality were monitored in the area of Hung-tse Lake for one year, by setting up monitoring plots and monitoring wells on farmland and poplar forestland. The main results were as follows: 1) the surface soil water content before and after precipitation in the forestland was lower than that in the wheat field. The average soil water content in wheat fields was 8.95% higher than that before rain, whereas it was 4.05% higher than that before rain in forestland. 2) The total loss of nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, and available phosphorus in the surface soil of the wheat field were 63.53 mg·kg~(-1), 5.61 mg·kg~(-1), and 57.43 mg·kg~(-1); while those in the poplar forestland were 16.78 mg·kg~(-1), 2.45 mg·kg~(-1), and 0.73 mg·kg~(-1), respectively. The total loss of nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, soluble phosphorus, and particulate phosphorus in the surface water of the rice field was 8.32 mg·L~(-1), 27.44 mg·L~(-1), 2.39 mg·L~(-1), and 2.99 mg·L~(-1), and the total loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in the poplar forestland was significantly lower than that in the farmland during the monitoring period. 3)There was a close relationship between the soil nutrient loss and rainfall in farmland. The soil nutrient loss in farmland increased logarithmically with an increase in rainfall. However, the loss of surface nutrients in the poplar forestland was almost unaffected by rainfall. 4) The theoretical minimum rainfall generating runoff in farmlands(wheat field: 3.3 mm; rice field: 4.2 mm) was much lower than that of the poplar forestland(22.8 mm). The concentration of ammonium nitrogen, orthophosphate,total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total phosphorus, and soluble phosphorus were significantly correlated with rainfall in wheat field. 5) There was a significant correlation between the nutrient concentrations in farmland runoff and nitrogen and phosphorus contents in groundwater(P < 0.05). The nitrogen and phosphorus contents in the groundwater of poplar forestland, which had no significant correlations with the nutrient concentrations in the runoff, remained at a relatively stable level. Compared with farmlands, forestland can better control nutrient losses caused by runoff, alleviate groundwater pollution, and contribute to the control of agricultural non-point source pollution.
The loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in agriculture has become an important cause of groundwater pollution. To explore and compare the losses of nitrogen and phosphorus from runoff in wheat fields, rice fields, and poplar forestland, the surface nutrient losses and groundwater quality were monitored in the area of Hung-tse Lake for one year, by setting up monitoring plots and monitoring wells on farmland and poplar forestland. The main results were as follows: 1) the surface soil water content before and after precipitation in the forestland was lower than that in the wheat field. The average soil water content in wheat fields was 8.95% higher than that before rain, whereas it was 4.05% higher than that before rain in forestland. 2) The total loss of nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, and available phosphorus in the surface soil of the wheat field were 63.53 mg·kg~(-1), 5.61 mg·kg~(-1), and 57.43 mg·kg~(-1); while those in the poplar forestland were 16.78 mg·kg~(-1), 2.45 mg·kg~(-1), and 0.73 mg·kg~(-1), respectively. The total loss of nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, soluble phosphorus, and particulate phosphorus in the surface water of the rice field was 8.32 mg·L~(-1), 27.44 mg·L~(-1), 2.39 mg·L~(-1), and 2.99 mg·L~(-1), and the total loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in the poplar forestland was significantly lower than that in the farmland during the monitoring period. 3)There was a close relationship between the soil nutrient loss and rainfall in farmland. The soil nutrient loss in farmland increased logarithmically with an increase in rainfall. However, the loss of surface nutrients in the poplar forestland was almost unaffected by rainfall. 4) The theoretical minimum rainfall generating runoff in farmlands(wheat field: 3.3 mm; rice field: 4.2 mm) was much lower than that of the poplar forestland(22.8 mm). The concentration of ammonium nitrogen, orthophosphate,total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total phosphorus, and soluble phosphorus were significantly correlated with rainfall in wheat field. 5) There was a significant correlation between the nutrient concentrations in farmland runoff and nitrogen and phosphorus contents in groundwater(P < 0.05). The nitrogen and phosphorus contents in the groundwater of poplar forestland, which had no significant correlations with the nutrient concentrations in the runoff, remained at a relatively stable level. Compared with farmlands, forestland can better control nutrient losses caused by runoff, alleviate groundwater pollution, and contribute to the control of agricultural non-point source pollution.
引文
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[3]孟利,左锐,王金生,等.基于PCA-APCS-MLR的地下水污染源定量解析研究[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(10):3773-3786MENG L,ZUO R,WANG J S,et al.Quantitative source apportionment of groundwater pollution based on PCA-APCS-MLR[J].China Environmental Science,2017,37(10):3773-3786
[4]史常亮,李赟,朱俊峰.劳动力转移、化肥过度使用与面源污染[J].中国农业大学学报,2016,21(5):169-180SHI C L,LI Y,ZHU J F.Rural labor transfer,excessive fertilizer use and agricultural non-point source pollution[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2016,21(5):169-180
[5]朱兆良.稻田节氮的水肥综合管理技术的研究[J].土壤,1991,23(5):241-245ZHU Z L.Study on comprehensive management of nitrogen in rice field[J].Soil,1991,23(5):241-245
[6]朱兆良.推荐氮肥适宜施用量的方法论刍议[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2006,12(1):1-4ZHU Z L.On the methodology of recommendation for the application rate of chemical fertilizer nitrogen to crops[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2006,12(1):1-4
[7]徐巡军.沿江潮土稻麦轮作下磷素临界指标研究[J].现代农业科技,2016,(12):215-217XU X J.Study on the critical index of phosphorus in rice and wheat rotation in tidal soils along the river[J].Modern Agricultural Science and Technology,2016,(12):215-217
[8]侯云鹏,孔丽丽,李前,等.不同施磷水平下水稻产量、养分吸收及土壤磷素平衡研究[J].东北农业科学,2016,41(6):61-66HOU Y P,KONG L L,LI Q,et al.Studies on effect of different phosphorus levels on yield,nutrient absorption of rice and soil phosphorus balance[J].Journal of Northeast Agricultural Sciences,2016,41(6):61-66
[9]叶玉适,梁新强,李亮,等.不同水肥管理对太湖流域稻田磷素径流和渗漏损失的影响[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(4):1125-1135YE Y S,LIANG X Q,LI L,et al.Effects of different water and nitrogen managements on phosphorus loss via runoff and leaching from paddy fields in Taihu Lake basin[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2015,35(4):1125-1135
[10]OUYANG W J,LI Z,LIU J,et al.Inventory of apparent nitrogen and phosphorus balance and risk of potential pollution in typical sloping cropland of purple soil in China-A case study in the Three Gorges Reservoir region[J].Ecological Engineering,2017,106:620-628
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[13]席运官,田伟,李妍,等.太湖地区稻麦轮作系统氮、磷径流排放规律及流失系数[J].江苏农业学报,2014,30(3):534-540XI Y G,TIAN W,LI Y,et al.Nitrogen and phosphorus runoff losses and loss coefficients in rice-wheat rotation system in Taihu Lake basin[J].Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2014,30(3):534-540
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[16]GRANOVSKY A V,MCCOY E L,DICK W A,et al.Impacts of antecedant moisture and soil surface mulch coverage on water and chemical transport through a no-till soil[J].Soil and Tillage Research,1994,32(2/3):223-236
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