天津玉米机械粒收初步研究
|
摘要
为明确天津玉米子粒脱水特征及影响机械粒收的主要因素,2015年和2018年在天津武清区开展春玉米和夏玉米田间试验,调查不同玉米品种的子粒含水率和机械粒收后的破碎率、杂质率及田间损失率。结果表明,春玉米收获时子粒含水率为16.4%～23.2%,破碎率为1.5%～3.2%,符合国家机械粒收标准。在本地区10月初播种冬小麦之前完全可以实现机械粒收。夏玉米在传统收获季子粒含水率为27.2%～42.2%,含水率过高导致的高破碎率是限制机械粒收的主要因素。当前种植的主要夏播品种无法满足玉米机械粒收的熟期与水分需求,需筛选早熟、脱水快的品种,或延迟冬小麦播种及采取冬小麦改种春小麦的种植制度调整,实现夏玉米机械粒收。
Mechanical kernel harvest is the development direction of maize production in China. To clear the maize kernel dehydration characteristics and the influencing factors of mechanical kernel harvest, field experiments of spring and summer maize were carried out in Wuqing, Tianjin in 2015 and 2018. The kernel moisture content,kernel broken rate, impurity rate and field loss rate after mechanical kernel harvest were investigated for different maize cultivars. The results indicated that kernel moisture content and broken rate of spring maize was 16.4%-23.2% and 1.5%-3.2% respectively, which meet for the national standard. Mechanical kernel harvest can be real-ized before the winter wheat is planted in the region in early October. The kernel moisture content of summer maize was 27.2%-42.2% at traditional harvest date. High kernel broken rate resulting from high grain moisture content is the main factor limiting mechanical kernel harvest. At present, the main summer maize cultivars cannot meet for the maturity and moisture demands of mechanical kernel harvest. Common methods to realize the mechanical kernel harvest of summer maize should be select maize cultivar with shorter growth period and the rapid dehydration char-acteristic, or delay the sowing date of winter wheat, or adjust the planting system of winter wheat to spring wheat.
Mechanical kernel harvest is the development direction of maize production in China. To clear the maize kernel dehydration characteristics and the influencing factors of mechanical kernel harvest, field experiments of spring and summer maize were carried out in Wuqing, Tianjin in 2015 and 2018. The kernel moisture content,kernel broken rate, impurity rate and field loss rate after mechanical kernel harvest were investigated for different maize cultivars. The results indicated that kernel moisture content and broken rate of spring maize was 16.4%-23.2% and 1.5%-3.2% respectively, which meet for the national standard. Mechanical kernel harvest can be real-ized before the winter wheat is planted in the region in early October. The kernel moisture content of summer maize was 27.2%-42.2% at traditional harvest date. High kernel broken rate resulting from high grain moisture content is the main factor limiting mechanical kernel harvest. At present, the main summer maize cultivars cannot meet for the maturity and moisture demands of mechanical kernel harvest. Common methods to realize the mechanical kernel harvest of summer maize should be select maize cultivar with shorter growth period and the rapid dehydration char-acteristic, or delay the sowing date of winter wheat, or adjust the planting system of winter wheat to spring wheat.
引文
[1]中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2016.
[2]姜修胜.京津冀玉米生产技术效率比较分析[D].北京:北京农学院,2017.
[3]李少昆.我国玉米机械粒收质量影响因素及粒收技术的发展方向[J].石河子大学学报(自然科学版),2017,35(3):265-272.Li S K.Factors affecting the quality of maize grain mechanical harvest and the development trend of grain harvest technology[J].Journal of Shihezi University(Natural Science),2017,35(3):265-272.(in Chinese)
[4]李少昆,王克如,谢瑞芝,等.机械粒收推动玉米生产方式转型[J].中国农业科学,2018,51(10):1842-1844.Li S K,Wang,K R,Xie R Z,et al.Grain mechanical harvesting technology promotes the transformation of maize production mode[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2018,51(10):1842-1844.(in Chinese)
[5]柳枫贺,王克如,李健,等.影响玉米机械收粒质量因素的分析[J].作物杂志,2013(4):116-119.Liu F H,Wang K R,Li J,et al.Factors affecting corn mechanically harvesting grain quality[J].Crops,2013(4):116-119.(in Chinese)
[6]柴宗文,王克如,郭银巧,等.玉米机械粒收质量现状及其与含水率的关系[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(11):2036-2043.Chai Z W,Wang K R,Guo Y Q,et al.Current status of maize mechanical grain harvesting and its relationship with grain moisture content[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2017,50(11):2036-2043.(in Chinese)
[7]谢瑞芝,雷晓鹏,王克如,等.黄淮海夏玉米子粒机械收获研究初报[J].作物杂志,2014(2):76-79.Xie R Z,Lei X P,Wang K R,et al.Research on corn mechanically harvesting grain quality in Huanghuaihai Plain[J].Crops,2014(2):76-79.(in Chinese)
[8]王克如,李少昆.玉米机械粒收破碎率研究进展[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(11):2018-2026.Wang K R,Li S K.Progresses in research on grain broken rate by mechanical grain harvesting[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2017,50(11):2018-2026.(in Chinese)
[9]李璐璐,王克如,谢瑞芝,等.玉米生理成熟后田间脱水期间的子粒重量与含水率变化[J].中国农业科学2017,50(11):2052-2060.Li L L,Wang K R,Xie R Z,et al.Corn kernel weight and moisture content after physiological maturity in field[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2017,50(11):2052-2060.(in Chinese)
[10]高尚,明博,李璐璐,等.黄淮海夏玉米子粒脱水与气象因子的关系[J].作物学报,2018,44(12):1755-1763.Gao S,Ming B,Li L L,et al.Relationship between grain dehydration and meteorological factors in the Yellow-Huai-Hai Rivers summer maize[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2018,44(12):1755-1763.(in Chinese)
[11]边士倩,李文琴,常雪艳.天津市玉米子粒机械化收获现状及发展对策[J].天津农林科技,2016(5):45-46.Bian S Q,Li W Q,Chang X Y.Present situation and development countermeasures of maize grain mechanical harvesting technology in Tianjin[J].Tianjin Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology,2016(5):45-46.(in Chinese)
[12]Maiorano A,Fanchini D,Donatelli M.MIMYCS.Moisture,a process-based model of moisture content in developing maize kernels[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2014,59:86-95.
[13]王克如,刘泽,汪建来,等.皖北地区玉米机械粒收质量及影响因素研究[J].玉米科学,2018,26(5):123-129.Wang K R,Liu Z,Wang J L,et al.Research on the grain quality of mechanical kernel harvest and the influencing factors in the northern of Anhui[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2018,26(5):123-129.(in Chinese)
[2]姜修胜.京津冀玉米生产技术效率比较分析[D].北京:北京农学院,2017.
[3]李少昆.我国玉米机械粒收质量影响因素及粒收技术的发展方向[J].石河子大学学报(自然科学版),2017,35(3):265-272.Li S K.Factors affecting the quality of maize grain mechanical harvest and the development trend of grain harvest technology[J].Journal of Shihezi University(Natural Science),2017,35(3):265-272.(in Chinese)
[4]李少昆,王克如,谢瑞芝,等.机械粒收推动玉米生产方式转型[J].中国农业科学,2018,51(10):1842-1844.Li S K,Wang,K R,Xie R Z,et al.Grain mechanical harvesting technology promotes the transformation of maize production mode[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2018,51(10):1842-1844.(in Chinese)
[5]柳枫贺,王克如,李健,等.影响玉米机械收粒质量因素的分析[J].作物杂志,2013(4):116-119.Liu F H,Wang K R,Li J,et al.Factors affecting corn mechanically harvesting grain quality[J].Crops,2013(4):116-119.(in Chinese)
[6]柴宗文,王克如,郭银巧,等.玉米机械粒收质量现状及其与含水率的关系[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(11):2036-2043.Chai Z W,Wang K R,Guo Y Q,et al.Current status of maize mechanical grain harvesting and its relationship with grain moisture content[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2017,50(11):2036-2043.(in Chinese)
[7]谢瑞芝,雷晓鹏,王克如,等.黄淮海夏玉米子粒机械收获研究初报[J].作物杂志,2014(2):76-79.Xie R Z,Lei X P,Wang K R,et al.Research on corn mechanically harvesting grain quality in Huanghuaihai Plain[J].Crops,2014(2):76-79.(in Chinese)
[8]王克如,李少昆.玉米机械粒收破碎率研究进展[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(11):2018-2026.Wang K R,Li S K.Progresses in research on grain broken rate by mechanical grain harvesting[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2017,50(11):2018-2026.(in Chinese)
[9]李璐璐,王克如,谢瑞芝,等.玉米生理成熟后田间脱水期间的子粒重量与含水率变化[J].中国农业科学2017,50(11):2052-2060.Li L L,Wang K R,Xie R Z,et al.Corn kernel weight and moisture content after physiological maturity in field[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2017,50(11):2052-2060.(in Chinese)
[10]高尚,明博,李璐璐,等.黄淮海夏玉米子粒脱水与气象因子的关系[J].作物学报,2018,44(12):1755-1763.Gao S,Ming B,Li L L,et al.Relationship between grain dehydration and meteorological factors in the Yellow-Huai-Hai Rivers summer maize[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2018,44(12):1755-1763.(in Chinese)
[11]边士倩,李文琴,常雪艳.天津市玉米子粒机械化收获现状及发展对策[J].天津农林科技,2016(5):45-46.Bian S Q,Li W Q,Chang X Y.Present situation and development countermeasures of maize grain mechanical harvesting technology in Tianjin[J].Tianjin Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology,2016(5):45-46.(in Chinese)
[12]Maiorano A,Fanchini D,Donatelli M.MIMYCS.Moisture,a process-based model of moisture content in developing maize kernels[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2014,59:86-95.
[13]王克如,刘泽,汪建来,等.皖北地区玉米机械粒收质量及影响因素研究[J].玉米科学,2018,26(5):123-129.Wang K R,Liu Z,Wang J L,et al.Research on the grain quality of mechanical kernel harvest and the influencing factors in the northern of Anhui[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2018,26(5):123-129.(in Chinese)