母语为泰语和哈萨克语的汉语高级学习者对“把”字句谓语动词语义特征的习得
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摘要
使用句子可接受度检验的方法,考察了母语为泰语和哈萨克语的高级汉语学习者对"把"字句谓语动词的"及物"和"有界"这两个语义特征的习得。结果发现:(1)母语者和学习者对"把"字句可接受程度的判断都受到动词及物性、动词界性和母语三个因素的综合影响。(2)动词具备"有界"特征是做"把"字句谓语的必要条件,动词具备"及物"特征是做"把"字句谓语的充分条件。(3)"把"字句谓语动词语义特征的典型性影响动词的习得顺序。不同母语的学习者对"把"字句谓语动词的习得顺序都是:满足2个特征的动词→满足0个特征的动词→满足1个特征(即"有界")的动词。(4)母语影响学习者对"把"字句谓语动词语义特征的评价方式,也影响学习者对非典型"把"字句的接受程度。
This study adopts sentence acceptability judgment test to examine the acquisition of two semantic properties of the predicate verb in bǎ-sentences,namely transitivity and telicity,by L1-Thai and L1-Kazakh advanced learners of Chinese.The results show that:(ⅰ)The accept ability judgment made by Chinese natives and L2 learners are simultaneously influenced by verb transitivity,verb telicity and L1.(ⅱ)Being telic is a necessary condition for a verb to be the predicate in a bǎ-sentence;being transitive is a sufficient condition.(ⅲ)The acquisition order of the predicate verbs in bǎ-sentences is influenced by the prototypicality of their semantic properties.Learners with different L1 sacquire the predicate verbs in bǎ-sentences in a universal order:verbs with bothproperties→verbs with neither property→verbs with only one property(telicity).(ⅳ)L1 influences learners' assessment pattern of the semantic properties of the predicate verb in bǎ-sentences.L1 also affects learners' acceptability of theatypical bǎ-sentences within transitiveverbs.
This study adopts sentence acceptability judgment test to examine the acquisition of two semantic properties of the predicate verb in bǎ-sentences,namely transitivity and telicity,by L1-Thai and L1-Kazakh advanced learners of Chinese.The results show that:(ⅰ)The accept ability judgment made by Chinese natives and L2 learners are simultaneously influenced by verb transitivity,verb telicity and L1.(ⅱ)Being telic is a necessary condition for a verb to be the predicate in a bǎ-sentence;being transitive is a sufficient condition.(ⅲ)The acquisition order of the predicate verbs in bǎ-sentences is influenced by the prototypicality of their semantic properties.Learners with different L1 sacquire the predicate verbs in bǎ-sentences in a universal order:verbs with bothproperties→verbs with neither property→verbs with only one property(telicity).(ⅳ)L1 influences learners' assessment pattern of the semantic properties of the predicate verb in bǎ-sentences.L1 also affects learners' acceptability of theatypical bǎ-sentences within transitiveverbs.
引文
崔希亮(1995)“把”字句的若干句法语义问题,《世界汉语教学》第3期。
戴耀晶(1998)现代汉语动作类二价动词探索,《中国语文》第1期。
邓守信(2010)《对外汉语教学语法(简体字版)》,北京:北京语言大学出版社。
国家汉办/孔子学院总部(2009)《新汉语水平考试大纲·HSK三级》,北京:商务印书馆。
国家汉语水平考试委员会办公室考试中心(2001)《汉语水平词汇与汉字等级大纲(修订本)》,北京:经济科学出版社。
黄月圆、杨素英(2004)汉语作为第二语言的“把”字句习得研究,《世界汉语教学》第1期。
金立鑫(1997)“把”字句的句法、语义、语境特征,《中国语文》第6期。
靳洪刚(1993)从汉语“把”字句看语言分类规律在第二语言习得过程中的作用,《语言教学与研究》第2期。
李向农、周国光、孔令达(1990)2-5岁儿童运用“把”字句情况的初步考察,《语文研究》第4期。
林巧莉、韩景泉(2009)事件终结性的语言表达,《语言教学与研究》第4期。
吕叔湘(1987)句型和动词学术讨论会开幕词(代序),中国社会科学院语言研究所现代汉语研究室编《句型和动词》,北京:语文出版社。
马庆株(1988)自主动词和非自主动词,《中国语言学报》第3期。
沈家煊(1995)“有界”与“无界”,《中国语文》第5期。
沈家煊(2004)再谈“有界”与“无界”,《语言学论丛》第三十辑。北京:商务印书馆。
施春宏(2010)从句式群看“把”字句及相关句式的语法意义,《世界汉语教学》第3期。
王惠(1997)从及物性系统看现代汉语的句式,《语言学论丛》第十九辑。
王力(1943)《中国语法理论》,《王力文集·第一卷》,济南:山东教育出版社,1985年。
王政红(1994)“把”字句的情状类型及其语法特征,《南京师大学报》(社会科学版)第4期。
徐烈炯、沈阳(1998)题元理论与汉语配价问题,《当代语言学》第3期。
杨素英(1998a)从情状类型来看“把”字句(上),《汉语学习》第2期。
杨素英(1998b)从情状类型来看“把”字句(下),《汉语学习》第3期。
杨小璐、肖丹(2008)现代汉语把字句习得的个案研究,《当代语言学》第3期。
叶向阳(2004)“把”字句的致使性解释,《世界汉语教学》第2期。
袁毓林(2010)《汉语配价语法研究》,北京:商务印书馆。
张伯江(2000)论“把”字句的句式语义,《语言研究》第1期。
张定京(2004)《现代哈萨克语实用语法(语法形式篇)》,北京:中央民族大学出版社。
周国光(1995)确定配价的原则与方法,沈阳、郑定欧主编《现代汉语配价语法研究》,北京:北京大学出版社。
Eckman,Fred R.(1977)Markedness and the contrastive analysis hypothesis.Language learning27:315-330.
Eckman,Fred R.(1985)Some theoretical and pedagogical implications of the markedness differential hypothesis.Studies in Second Language Acquisition 7:289-307.
Erbaugh,Mary S.(1992)The acquisition of Mandarin.In Dan I.Slobin(ed.),The crosslinguistic study of language acquisition,373-455.Hillsdale,NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Fahn,Sharon R.L.(1993)The acquisition of Mandarin Chinese Ba Construction.Honolulu:University of Hawaii dissertation.
Goldberg,Adele E.(1995)Constructions:A construction grammar approach to argument structure.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
Levin,Beth&Tova R.Rapoport(1988)Lexical subordination.In Proceedings of the 24th Annual Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society(24-1):275-289.Chicago,IL:Chicago Linguistic Society.
Li,Charles N.&Sandra A.Thompson(1981)Mandarin Chinese:A functional reference grammar.Berkeley:University of California Press.
Liu,Feng-Hsi(1997)An aspectual analysis of BA.Journal of East Asian Linguistics 6:51-99.
Stringer,David(2007)Motion events in L2acquisition:A lexicalist account.In Heather Caunt-Nulton,Samantha Kulatilake and I-hao Woo(eds.),BUCLD31:Proceedings of the 31st Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development,Vol.2,585-596.Somerville,MA:Cascadilla Press.
Sun,Chaofen(1995)Transitivity,the ba construction and its history.Journal of Chinese Linguistics 23:159-195.
Sun,Chaofen(1996)Word-order change and grammaticalization in the history of Chinese.Stanford:Stanford University Press.
Tai,James H-Y(1984)Verbs and times in Chinese:Vendler’s four categories.In Veena Mishra David Testen and Joseph Drogo(eds.),Lexical semantics,288-296.Chicago:Chicago Linguistic Society.
Thompson,Sandra A.(1973)Transitivity and some problems with the bǎconstruction in Mandarin Chinese.Journal of Chinese Linguistics 1:208-221.
Vendler,Zeno(1967)Linguistics in philosophy.Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press.
戴耀晶(1998)现代汉语动作类二价动词探索,《中国语文》第1期。
邓守信(2010)《对外汉语教学语法(简体字版)》,北京:北京语言大学出版社。
国家汉办/孔子学院总部(2009)《新汉语水平考试大纲·HSK三级》,北京:商务印书馆。
国家汉语水平考试委员会办公室考试中心(2001)《汉语水平词汇与汉字等级大纲(修订本)》,北京:经济科学出版社。
黄月圆、杨素英(2004)汉语作为第二语言的“把”字句习得研究,《世界汉语教学》第1期。
金立鑫(1997)“把”字句的句法、语义、语境特征,《中国语文》第6期。
靳洪刚(1993)从汉语“把”字句看语言分类规律在第二语言习得过程中的作用,《语言教学与研究》第2期。
李向农、周国光、孔令达(1990)2-5岁儿童运用“把”字句情况的初步考察,《语文研究》第4期。
林巧莉、韩景泉(2009)事件终结性的语言表达,《语言教学与研究》第4期。
吕叔湘(1987)句型和动词学术讨论会开幕词(代序),中国社会科学院语言研究所现代汉语研究室编《句型和动词》,北京:语文出版社。
马庆株(1988)自主动词和非自主动词,《中国语言学报》第3期。
沈家煊(1995)“有界”与“无界”,《中国语文》第5期。
沈家煊(2004)再谈“有界”与“无界”,《语言学论丛》第三十辑。北京:商务印书馆。
施春宏(2010)从句式群看“把”字句及相关句式的语法意义,《世界汉语教学》第3期。
王惠(1997)从及物性系统看现代汉语的句式,《语言学论丛》第十九辑。
王力(1943)《中国语法理论》,《王力文集·第一卷》,济南:山东教育出版社,1985年。
王政红(1994)“把”字句的情状类型及其语法特征,《南京师大学报》(社会科学版)第4期。
徐烈炯、沈阳(1998)题元理论与汉语配价问题,《当代语言学》第3期。
杨素英(1998a)从情状类型来看“把”字句(上),《汉语学习》第2期。
杨素英(1998b)从情状类型来看“把”字句(下),《汉语学习》第3期。
杨小璐、肖丹(2008)现代汉语把字句习得的个案研究,《当代语言学》第3期。
叶向阳(2004)“把”字句的致使性解释,《世界汉语教学》第2期。
袁毓林(2010)《汉语配价语法研究》,北京:商务印书馆。
张伯江(2000)论“把”字句的句式语义,《语言研究》第1期。
张定京(2004)《现代哈萨克语实用语法(语法形式篇)》,北京:中央民族大学出版社。
周国光(1995)确定配价的原则与方法,沈阳、郑定欧主编《现代汉语配价语法研究》,北京:北京大学出版社。
Eckman,Fred R.(1977)Markedness and the contrastive analysis hypothesis.Language learning27:315-330.
Eckman,Fred R.(1985)Some theoretical and pedagogical implications of the markedness differential hypothesis.Studies in Second Language Acquisition 7:289-307.
Erbaugh,Mary S.(1992)The acquisition of Mandarin.In Dan I.Slobin(ed.),The crosslinguistic study of language acquisition,373-455.Hillsdale,NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Fahn,Sharon R.L.(1993)The acquisition of Mandarin Chinese Ba Construction.Honolulu:University of Hawaii dissertation.
Goldberg,Adele E.(1995)Constructions:A construction grammar approach to argument structure.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
Levin,Beth&Tova R.Rapoport(1988)Lexical subordination.In Proceedings of the 24th Annual Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society(24-1):275-289.Chicago,IL:Chicago Linguistic Society.
Li,Charles N.&Sandra A.Thompson(1981)Mandarin Chinese:A functional reference grammar.Berkeley:University of California Press.
Liu,Feng-Hsi(1997)An aspectual analysis of BA.Journal of East Asian Linguistics 6:51-99.
Stringer,David(2007)Motion events in L2acquisition:A lexicalist account.In Heather Caunt-Nulton,Samantha Kulatilake and I-hao Woo(eds.),BUCLD31:Proceedings of the 31st Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development,Vol.2,585-596.Somerville,MA:Cascadilla Press.
Sun,Chaofen(1995)Transitivity,the ba construction and its history.Journal of Chinese Linguistics 23:159-195.
Sun,Chaofen(1996)Word-order change and grammaticalization in the history of Chinese.Stanford:Stanford University Press.
Tai,James H-Y(1984)Verbs and times in Chinese:Vendler’s four categories.In Veena Mishra David Testen and Joseph Drogo(eds.),Lexical semantics,288-296.Chicago:Chicago Linguistic Society.
Thompson,Sandra A.(1973)Transitivity and some problems with the bǎconstruction in Mandarin Chinese.Journal of Chinese Linguistics 1:208-221.
Vendler,Zeno(1967)Linguistics in philosophy.Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press.