遗产地旅游发展利益网络治理研究——基于指数随机图模型、以农业文化遗产地云南哈尼梯田为例
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摘要
遗产地旅游利益相关者之间的纠纷与冲突问题是阻碍旅游可持续发展的重要因素,寻找疏解利益纠纷与冲突的策略,对于遗产地旅游发展来说意义重大。本文运用指数随机图模型,以全球重要农业文化遗产地云南元阳哈尼梯田为例,建立了Markov随机图模型和高阶随机图模型,运用MCMC方法对两个模型参数进行模拟估计,并以样本标准误差和t统计值来判断模型参数达到聚敛的程度,以期寻找最优的估计模型。通过数据分析,高阶模型的聚敛情况要好于Markov模型,因此,最终选择高阶模型。依据高阶模型的网络核心—边缘趋势、重叠传递性趋势或凝聚子群趋势、受中间人控制或协调趋势参数估计结论,提出了利益网络治理建议。
Interest dispute among stakeholders in the process of tourism development in heritage site is still a big problem for policy makers,becoming an significant factor hindering the sustainable development of tourism in those sites.The Exponential Random Graph Models(ERGMs)is a High-level social network analysis model.Its advantage lies in using the parameter estimation or computer simulation methods to analyze various levels of network variables,and shows a statistical test or simulation result.In terms of literature,there is almost no literature using the ERGMs to research it about tourism stakeholders in heritage site.However,the related literature which is from the network scientific analysis perspective to research literature of stakeholders in tourist destination,but didn’t use the method of ERGMs to have further study of this problem.In the data collection of Interests network,we mainly use the whole network data collection method.This study takes Yuanyang Hani Rice Terraces as an example,on the basis of organizing and classifying for main stakeholders,mainly uses expert questionnaire.This study invites 10 experienced experts,that have led or participated in the programs of Hani Rice Terraces conservation and in tourism development planning,to give a mark of the interests relationship between the 16 stakeholders("0"means no interest relationship between the two stakeholders,"1"means exist profit opportunities,channel,influence and cooperation).On the basis of summarizing given the scores of experts,based on the field interview information,the author collected the related media coverage information,and corrected the scores of experts.Eventually got the interest relationship matrix.As to analyzing the data,,this study uses ERGMs to analyze Interests network data of the Hani Rice Terraces,and establishes the Markov random graph model and high order random graph model.The article uses MC-MC method to carry out simulated estimating for the two model parameters,and the sample standard error and the t statistic to determine Convergent degree of the model parameters,in order to find the optimal estimation model.Through data analysis,convergent condition of high order model is better than Markov model.Therefore,the high order model was finally chosen.The conclusion of this study shows that the interest relationship network:(1)has the obvious core-periphery structure characteristics;(2)has a dense overlapping transitivity(or cliques structure)structure characteristics;(3)has the structure characteristics of the control or coordination by broker;(4)from the perspective of the internal and external interest groups,within and among heritage conservation interest group,tourism development interests group,comprehensive interests group,the groups equally have the core-periphery structure,intensive overlapping transitivity structure(or cliques structure)characteristics,which is controlled and coordinated structure by the broker.Based on the above conclusion,the paper puts forward the following suggestions about network governance:Firstly,according to the core—periphery structure trend of the whole interests the network,to enhance the benefits relationship and the cooperation between stakeholders within the periphery interests group,we can cultivate the key broker within the periphery interest groups;Secondly,from dense overlapping transitivity of the whole interests network,to strengthen the effective connection between factions,remove some invalid connection in the network,and try to reduce the shortcut distance between stakeholders,to improve the efficiency of interest transmission;Thirdly,from the structure characteristics of the control or coordination by broker in the whole interest network,it’s necessary to cultivate the key broker within communities,between community and government,tourism enterprises and pressure groups;Fourthly,from the perspective within interest group internal,(1)upgrade the interests relationship and cooperation between various stakeholders of periphery part of interests(D,I,N,O)and core part(B,C)in comprehensive interest group,(2)strengthen the interests communication and cooperation within the group,(3)cultivate the coordinator or consultant within interest group of the heritage protection and tourism development;Fifthly,from the perspective between the interests groups,(1)establish a interests cooperation mechanism between the core group and the periphery group,(2)prevent the destructive effect of three interest groups because of deviating from goals of the heritage protection and tourism development,(3)foster the agent,the gatekeeper and liaison between heritage conservation interest groups and tourism development interest groups.
Interest dispute among stakeholders in the process of tourism development in heritage site is still a big problem for policy makers,becoming an significant factor hindering the sustainable development of tourism in those sites.The Exponential Random Graph Models(ERGMs)is a High-level social network analysis model.Its advantage lies in using the parameter estimation or computer simulation methods to analyze various levels of network variables,and shows a statistical test or simulation result.In terms of literature,there is almost no literature using the ERGMs to research it about tourism stakeholders in heritage site.However,the related literature which is from the network scientific analysis perspective to research literature of stakeholders in tourist destination,but didn’t use the method of ERGMs to have further study of this problem.In the data collection of Interests network,we mainly use the whole network data collection method.This study takes Yuanyang Hani Rice Terraces as an example,on the basis of organizing and classifying for main stakeholders,mainly uses expert questionnaire.This study invites 10 experienced experts,that have led or participated in the programs of Hani Rice Terraces conservation and in tourism development planning,to give a mark of the interests relationship between the 16 stakeholders("0"means no interest relationship between the two stakeholders,"1"means exist profit opportunities,channel,influence and cooperation).On the basis of summarizing given the scores of experts,based on the field interview information,the author collected the related media coverage information,and corrected the scores of experts.Eventually got the interest relationship matrix.As to analyzing the data,,this study uses ERGMs to analyze Interests network data of the Hani Rice Terraces,and establishes the Markov random graph model and high order random graph model.The article uses MC-MC method to carry out simulated estimating for the two model parameters,and the sample standard error and the t statistic to determine Convergent degree of the model parameters,in order to find the optimal estimation model.Through data analysis,convergent condition of high order model is better than Markov model.Therefore,the high order model was finally chosen.The conclusion of this study shows that the interest relationship network:(1)has the obvious core-periphery structure characteristics;(2)has a dense overlapping transitivity(or cliques structure)structure characteristics;(3)has the structure characteristics of the control or coordination by broker;(4)from the perspective of the internal and external interest groups,within and among heritage conservation interest group,tourism development interests group,comprehensive interests group,the groups equally have the core-periphery structure,intensive overlapping transitivity structure(or cliques structure)characteristics,which is controlled and coordinated structure by the broker.Based on the above conclusion,the paper puts forward the following suggestions about network governance:Firstly,according to the core—periphery structure trend of the whole interests the network,to enhance the benefits relationship and the cooperation between stakeholders within the periphery interests group,we can cultivate the key broker within the periphery interest groups;Secondly,from dense overlapping transitivity of the whole interests network,to strengthen the effective connection between factions,remove some invalid connection in the network,and try to reduce the shortcut distance between stakeholders,to improve the efficiency of interest transmission;Thirdly,from the structure characteristics of the control or coordination by broker in the whole interest network,it’s necessary to cultivate the key broker within communities,between community and government,tourism enterprises and pressure groups;Fourthly,from the perspective within interest group internal,(1)upgrade the interests relationship and cooperation between various stakeholders of periphery part of interests(D,I,N,O)and core part(B,C)in comprehensive interest group,(2)strengthen the interests communication and cooperation within the group,(3)cultivate the coordinator or consultant within interest group of the heritage protection and tourism development;Fifthly,from the perspective between the interests groups,(1)establish a interests cooperation mechanism between the core group and the periphery group,(2)prevent the destructive effect of three interest groups because of deviating from goals of the heritage protection and tourism development,(3)foster the agent,the gatekeeper and liaison between heritage conservation interest groups and tourism development interest groups.
引文
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[19]耿艳辉,闵庆文,成升魁,王旭海.多方参与机制在GIAHS保护中的应用——以青田县稻鱼共生系统保护为例[J].北京:古今农业,2008,(1).
[20]郭华.国外旅游利益相关者研究综述与启示[J].西安:人文地理,2008,(2).
[21]李维安,林润辉,范建红.网络治理研究前沿与述评[J].天津:南开管理评论,2014,(5).
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[28]宋瑞.我国生态旅游利益相关者分析[J].石家庄:经济与管理,2005,(1).
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[30]王素洁,李想.基于社会网络视角的可持续乡村旅游决策探究——以山东省潍坊市杨家埠村为例[J].北京:中国农村经济,2011,(3).
[31]王素洁.旅游目的地利益相关者管理战略研究[J].济南:山东大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2012,(1).
[32]王浩,叶文,薛熙明.遗产视角下的元阳哈尼梯田旅游开发——基于国内外梯田旅游发展模式的研究[J].昆明:旅游研究,2009,(3).
[33]谢雯颖,田昆,刘令聪,汪学华,殷海康.哈尼梯田人工湿地旅游利用中生态系统可持续性及其传统文化保护[J].北京:湿地科学与管理,2012,(1).
[34]鄞益奋.网络治理:公共管理的新框架[J].哈尔滨:公共管理学报,2007,(1).
[35]张康之,程倩.网络治理理论及其实践[J].北京:新视野,2010,(6).
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[2]Baggio R,Cooper C.Knowledge Transfer in a Tourism Destination:the Effects of a Network Structure[J].Service Industries Journal,2010,30,(10):1757-1771.
[3]Baggio R,Scott N,Cooper C.Improving Tourism Destination Governance:a Complexity Science Approach[J].Tourism Review,2010,65,(4):51-60.
[4]Beritelli P,Laesser C.Power Dimensions and Influence Reputation in Tourist Destinations:Empirical Evidence from a Network of Actors and Stakeholders[J].Tourism Management,2011,32,(6):1299-1309.
[5]Cooper C,Scott N,Baggio R.Network Position and Perceptions of Destination Stakeholder Importance[J].Anatolia:An International Journal of Tourism&Hospitality Research,2009,20,(1):33-45.
[6]Dredge D.Policy Networks and the Local Organization of Tourism[J].Tourism Management,2006,27,(2):269-280.
[7]Freeman R E.Strategic Management:A Stakeholder Approach[M].Boston:Pitman/Ballinger,1984.
[8]Frank O,Strauss D.Markov Graphs[J].Journal of the American Statistical Association,1986,81,(395):832-842.
[9]Grayer C J,Thompson E A.Constrained Monte Carlo Maximum Likelihood for Dependent Data[J].Journal of the Royal Statistical Society,1992,54,(3):657-699.
[10]Jacob G R,Schreyer R.Conflict in Outdoor Recreation:A Theoretical Perspective[J].Journal of Leisure Research,1980,12,(4):368-380.
[11]Pforr C.Tourism Policy in the Making:An Australian Network Study[J].Annals of Tourism Research,2009,33,(1):87-108.
[12]Rodrigues.Tourism and Innovation in Rural Areas:the Case Study of the European Network of Village Tourism[J].Turismo em Análise,2009,20,(1):35-47.
[13]Robins G L,Snijders T A B,Wang P,Hankcock M,Pattison P.Recent Developments in Exponential Random Graph(p*)Models for Social Networks[J].Social Networks,2007,29,(2):192-215.
[14]Snijders T A B,Pattison P E,Robins G L,Hankcock M.New Specifications for Exponential Random Graph Models[J].Sociological Methodology,2006,36,(1):99-153.
[15]Tian M,Min Q,Tao H,Yuan Z,He L,Lun F.Progress and Prospects in Tourism Research on Agricultural Heritage Sites[J].Journal of Resources and Ecology,2014,5,(4):381-389.
[16]Timur S,Getz D.A.Network Perspective on Managing Stakeholders for Sustainable Urban Tourism[J].International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,2008,20,(4):445-461.
[17]崔峰,李明,王思明.农业文化遗产保护与区域经济社会发展关系研究——以江苏兴化垛田为例[J].济南:中国人口.资源与环境,2013,(12).
[18]代则光,洪名勇.社区参与乡村旅游利益相关者分析[J].石家庄:经济与管理,2009,(11).
[19]耿艳辉,闵庆文,成升魁,王旭海.多方参与机制在GIAHS保护中的应用——以青田县稻鱼共生系统保护为例[J].北京:古今农业,2008,(1).
[20]郭华.国外旅游利益相关者研究综述与启示[J].西安:人文地理,2008,(2).
[21]李维安,林润辉,范建红.网络治理研究前沿与述评[J].天津:南开管理评论,2014,(5).
[22]李明,王思明.农业文化遗产保护面临的困境与对策[J].北京:中国农业大学学报(社会科学版),2012,(3).
[23]闵庆文,孙业红.发展旅游是促进(农业文化)遗产地保护的有效途径——中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所自然与文化遗产保护论坛综述[J].北京:古今农业,2008,(3).
[24]全裕吉.从科层治理到网络治理:治理理论完整框架探寻[J].天津:现代财经,2004,(8).
[25]孙业红,闵庆文,成升魁,王旭海.农业文化遗产旅游资源开发与区域社会经济关系研究——以浙江青田“稻鱼共生”全球重要农业文化遗产为例[J].北京:资源科学,2006,(4).
[26]孙业红,闵庆文,成升魁等.农业文化遗产地旅游社区潜力研究——以浙江省青田县为例[J].北京:地理研究,2011,(7).
[27]时少华,孙业红.社会网络分析视角下世界文化遗产地旅游发展中的利益协调研究——以云南元阳哈尼梯田为例[J].北京:旅游学刊,2016,(7).
[28]宋瑞.我国生态旅游利益相关者分析[J].石家庄:经济与管理,2005,(1).
[29]唐晓云,闵庆文,吴忠军.社区型农业文化遗产旅游地居民感知及其影响——以广西桂林龙脊平安寨为例[J].北京:资源科学,2010,(6).
[30]王素洁,李想.基于社会网络视角的可持续乡村旅游决策探究——以山东省潍坊市杨家埠村为例[J].北京:中国农村经济,2011,(3).
[31]王素洁.旅游目的地利益相关者管理战略研究[J].济南:山东大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2012,(1).
[32]王浩,叶文,薛熙明.遗产视角下的元阳哈尼梯田旅游开发——基于国内外梯田旅游发展模式的研究[J].昆明:旅游研究,2009,(3).
[33]谢雯颖,田昆,刘令聪,汪学华,殷海康.哈尼梯田人工湿地旅游利用中生态系统可持续性及其传统文化保护[J].北京:湿地科学与管理,2012,(1).
[34]鄞益奋.网络治理:公共管理的新框架[J].哈尔滨:公共管理学报,2007,(1).
[35]张康之,程倩.网络治理理论及其实践[J].北京:新视野,2010,(6).
[36]赵书虹.哈尼梯田“发展中保护”的路径选择[J].桂林:旅游论坛,2014,(3).