掌叶木不同种源种子的经济性状
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摘要
【目的】研究掌叶木种子千粒质量、出仁率、含油率和籽油脂肪酸等经济性状在种源间的差异及变异规律,评估并筛选最优生物柴油原料种源。【方法】以广西乐业、田林、凤山、环江和贵州独山5个种源掌叶木种子为试验材料,测定千粒质量和出仁率后,采用索氏抽提法分别测定种子、种仁和种皮含油率,利用气相色谱法分析籽油脂肪酸组成和含量;对种子经济性状间及其与地理-气候因子进行相关性分析,并对各种源进行聚类分析;基于脂肪酸燃料特性因子对各种源进行评估。【结果】1)各种源间的种皮含油率差异不显著,千粒质量、出仁率、种子和种仁含油率差异均极显著(P<0. 01),此5个性状在种源间变异系数均值为13. 7%,其中凤山种源除种皮含油率外,千粒质量(210. 02 g)、出仁率(68. 89%)、种子含油率[43. 23 g·(100 g)~(-1)]和种仁含油率[56. 56 g·(100 g)~(-1)]均最高。2)掌叶木籽油含有14种长链脂肪酸,包括6种饱和脂肪酸、5种单不饱和脂肪酸和3种多不饱和脂肪酸,其中不饱和脂肪酸平均质量分数高达94. 08%,种源间变异系数仅为0. 53%; 8种主要脂肪酸(质量分数>1%)占籽油脂肪酸组成的98. 19%,它们在种源间的变异系数均值为7. 21%,其中神经酸平均质量分数(7. 8%)排在已知含有神经酸木本植物第4位。3)相关性分析结果表明:种子含油率与种仁含油率呈极显著正相关(P <0. 01,R=0. 997);除亚麻酸外,主要脂肪酸间均呈较多的显著或极显著相关,这些脂肪酸按碳链长度22划分为2大类群,群内各组分相互促进,群间反促进;千粒质量与亚麻酸、出仁率与饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸、种子含油率与棕榈酸、亚油酸、芥酸和单不饱和脂肪酸均呈极显著相关(P <0. 01),相关系数分别为-0. 983、-0. 964、0. 964、-0. 998、-0. 981、0. 995和0. 976;种子经济性状与地理-气候因子间的相关性不显著。4)聚类分析结果显示:5个种源被分为3组,其中,乐业和独山2个种源聚为一组,田林和环江2个种源聚为一组,凤山种源单独聚为一组。5)掌叶木籽油作为生物柴油原料须分离木焦油酸和神经酸,且不能满足冷滤点-10℃要求,凤山种源各项评估数值均为最优。【结论】掌叶木种子千粒质量、出仁率、种子含油率和种仁含油率等经济性状在种源间存在丰富变异;籽油经济利用价值较高,籽油低温流动性较好,主要脂肪酸质量分数在种源间离散程度和变异幅度均较小,性状稳定;种子经济性状受地理-气候因子影响不显著,在种源间具有随机变异的特点,且广西凤山为最优生物柴油原料种源。
【Objective】 The difference and variation patterns of seed economic properties of 1 000-grain weight,kernel rate,oil yield,and seed oil fatty acid of Handeliodendron bodinieri among provenances were studied,and the best provenance for biodiesel material was evaluated and screened. 【Method 】 Seeds of H. bodinieri from five provenances including Leye,Tianlin,Fengshan,and Huanjiang in Guangxi,and Dushan in Guizhou were used as experimental materials. The oil yield of seed,seed kernel and seed coat was determined by Soxhlet extraction after measuring the 1 000-grain weight and kernel rate. The fatty acid composition and content of seed oil were analyzed by gas chromatography.Correlation analysis among seed economic traits and between the traits and geographic-climatic factors were conducted,and cluster analysis of different provenances was performed. On the basis of fuel property of fatty acids,evaluation of different provenances was conducted.【Result】 1) The difference in oil content of seed coat among different provenances was not significant,but extremely significant(P<0. 01) in 1 000-grain weight,kernel rate,seed oil yield and seed kernel oil yield,and the average coefficient of variation of these five traits among provenances was 13. 7%,in which,1 000-grain weight(210. 02 g),kernel rate(68. 89%),seed oil yield(43. 23 g·(100 g)~(-1)) and seed kernel oil yield(56. 56 g·(100 g)~(-1)) of Fengshan provenance were all the highest except for seed coat oil yield. 2) 14 long chain fatty acids,including 6 saturated fatty acid,5 monounsaturated fatty acids and 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were found in the seed oil of H. bodinieri,among which the average mass fraction of unsaturated fatty acid was as high as 94. 08%,and the average coefficient of variation among provenances was only 0. 53%. Eight major fatty acids(mass fraction > 1%) accounted for 98. 19% of the total fatty acid of seed oil,and their average coefficient of variation among provenances was 7. 21%,among them the average mass fraction of nervonic acid(7. 80%) was ranked the 4 thin the list of woody plants known to contain nerve acid. 3) The correlation analysis showed that there was an extremely significant positive correlation(P < 0. 01,R =0. 997) between oil yield of seed and kernel. There were many significant or extremely significant correlations between the major fatty acids except linolenic acid. These main fatty acids were divided into two groups according to the length of carbon chain 22,and promoted each other within group,but reversely promoted between groups. There were extremely significant correlations(P<0. 01) among 1 000-grain weight with linolenic acid,kernel rate with saturated and unsaturated fatty acids,seed oil yield with palmitic acid,linoleic acid,erucic acid and single unsaturated fatty acids,and their correlation coefficients were-0. 983,-0. 964,0. 964,-0. 998,-0. 981,0. 995 and 0. 976,respectively. The correlations between seed economic traits and geographic-climatic factors were not significant. 4) The cluster analysis showed that five provenances were clustered in 3 groups,in which,2 provenances of Leye and Dushan were clustered in one group,2 provenances of Tianlin and Huanjiang were clustered in one group,and Fengshan provenance was separately clustered in one group. 5) As raw material for biodiesel,the tetracosanoic acid and nervonic acid must be isolated from the seed oil of H. bodinieri which could not meet the CFPP requirement of-10 ℃. All the evaluated values of Fengshan provenance were the best.【Conclusion】 There are abundant variation among provenance of seed economic traits of 1 000-grain weight,kernel rate,seed oil yield,seed kernel oil yield of H. bodinieri. The economic utilization value of seed oil is higher and the low temperature fluidity of seed oil is better. Mass fractions of major fatty acids are in a stable condition with a small degree of dispersion and variation among provenances. The seed economic traits are not significantly affected by geographic-climatic factors and have the characteristics of random variation among provenances,and Fengshan is the best provenance for raw material for biodiesel.
【Objective】 The difference and variation patterns of seed economic properties of 1 000-grain weight,kernel rate,oil yield,and seed oil fatty acid of Handeliodendron bodinieri among provenances were studied,and the best provenance for biodiesel material was evaluated and screened. 【Method 】 Seeds of H. bodinieri from five provenances including Leye,Tianlin,Fengshan,and Huanjiang in Guangxi,and Dushan in Guizhou were used as experimental materials. The oil yield of seed,seed kernel and seed coat was determined by Soxhlet extraction after measuring the 1 000-grain weight and kernel rate. The fatty acid composition and content of seed oil were analyzed by gas chromatography.Correlation analysis among seed economic traits and between the traits and geographic-climatic factors were conducted,and cluster analysis of different provenances was performed. On the basis of fuel property of fatty acids,evaluation of different provenances was conducted.【Result】 1) The difference in oil content of seed coat among different provenances was not significant,but extremely significant(P<0. 01) in 1 000-grain weight,kernel rate,seed oil yield and seed kernel oil yield,and the average coefficient of variation of these five traits among provenances was 13. 7%,in which,1 000-grain weight(210. 02 g),kernel rate(68. 89%),seed oil yield(43. 23 g·(100 g)~(-1)) and seed kernel oil yield(56. 56 g·(100 g)~(-1)) of Fengshan provenance were all the highest except for seed coat oil yield. 2) 14 long chain fatty acids,including 6 saturated fatty acid,5 monounsaturated fatty acids and 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were found in the seed oil of H. bodinieri,among which the average mass fraction of unsaturated fatty acid was as high as 94. 08%,and the average coefficient of variation among provenances was only 0. 53%. Eight major fatty acids(mass fraction > 1%) accounted for 98. 19% of the total fatty acid of seed oil,and their average coefficient of variation among provenances was 7. 21%,among them the average mass fraction of nervonic acid(7. 80%) was ranked the 4 thin the list of woody plants known to contain nerve acid. 3) The correlation analysis showed that there was an extremely significant positive correlation(P < 0. 01,R =0. 997) between oil yield of seed and kernel. There were many significant or extremely significant correlations between the major fatty acids except linolenic acid. These main fatty acids were divided into two groups according to the length of carbon chain 22,and promoted each other within group,but reversely promoted between groups. There were extremely significant correlations(P<0. 01) among 1 000-grain weight with linolenic acid,kernel rate with saturated and unsaturated fatty acids,seed oil yield with palmitic acid,linoleic acid,erucic acid and single unsaturated fatty acids,and their correlation coefficients were-0. 983,-0. 964,0. 964,-0. 998,-0. 981,0. 995 and 0. 976,respectively. The correlations between seed economic traits and geographic-climatic factors were not significant. 4) The cluster analysis showed that five provenances were clustered in 3 groups,in which,2 provenances of Leye and Dushan were clustered in one group,2 provenances of Tianlin and Huanjiang were clustered in one group,and Fengshan provenance was separately clustered in one group. 5) As raw material for biodiesel,the tetracosanoic acid and nervonic acid must be isolated from the seed oil of H. bodinieri which could not meet the CFPP requirement of-10 ℃. All the evaluated values of Fengshan provenance were the best.【Conclusion】 There are abundant variation among provenance of seed economic traits of 1 000-grain weight,kernel rate,seed oil yield,seed kernel oil yield of H. bodinieri. The economic utilization value of seed oil is higher and the low temperature fluidity of seed oil is better. Mass fractions of major fatty acids are in a stable condition with a small degree of dispersion and variation among provenances. The seed economic traits are not significantly affected by geographic-climatic factors and have the characteristics of random variation among provenances,and Fengshan is the best provenance for raw material for biodiesel.
引文
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陈波涛,陈润生,邓伯龙,等.2010.贵州生物柴油原料林树种的选择.贵州农业科学,38(5):173-176.(Chen B T,Chen R S,Deng B L,et al.2010.Selection of tree species for bio-diesel raw material forest in Guizhou.Guizhou Agricultural Sciences,38(5):173-176.[in Chinese])
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