草坡自然保护区大熊猫空间利用与生境选择动态特征
|
摘要
大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)空间利用与生境选择动态特征研究,是深入了解野生大熊猫种群动态及生境状况的重要途径,也是实施大熊猫保护的主要科学依据。本文基于2001年全国第三次大熊猫调查、2012年全国第四次大熊猫调查及2016年保护区野外生境调查数据,研究了草坡自然保护区大熊猫种群空间分布动态变化和生境选择动态特征。结果表明:空间利用方面,随着草坡自然保护区大熊猫种群数量的增加,大熊猫的空间利用面积扩大了45.62%,大熊猫在空间分布上有明显扩散的现象。生境选择动态方面:在选取的7个微生境因子中,草坡自然保护区大熊猫对坡向、海拔、坡度的选择趋向于均衡选择、向高海拔选择、向较大坡度选择;对坡型、植被类型、森林起源、主食竹类型的选择并无明显变化。在一定空间和食物资源条件下,种群数量急剧增加产生的生境压力导致大熊猫对生境的空间利用格局发生明显变化。大熊猫对生境利用面积的扩大和对一定生境的适应表明野生大熊猫有着明显的环境适应和迁移扩散能力。因此,在较大时间尺度上研究保护区野生大熊猫种群的空间利用变化与生境选择动态变化特征,能够了解大熊猫种群的种群动态和对不同生境因子的需求程度,对野生大熊猫种群保护及生境恢复有着重要的指导意义。
The spatial distribution pattern and habitat selection dynamic characteristics of giant pandas were important to understand their population dynamics and living environment,which also provided primary reference for the conservation. Based on data from the 3 rdand 4 thnational giant panda surveys,aswell as field survey data of 2016,the spatial distribution dynamics and habitat selection dynamic characteristics were studied for the giant panda population in Caopo Nature Reserve. The results showed that along with an increase of the giant panda population,the spatial utilization area of giant pandas increased by 45. 62%. With the pressure of an increasing population size,the giant panda spatial utilization pattern underwent a significant diffusion. In terms of habitat selection,among the seven microhabitat factors selected,the slope and altitude selection of giant pandas tended to be balanced,higher altitude,and larger slope. There was no obvious change in the selection of slope type,vegetation type,forest origin and bamboo type. Under the condition of limited space and food resources,the habitat pressure caused by the rapid increase of population resulted in significant changes in the spatial utilization pattern of giant pandas. The results showed that the wild giant panda population had a high capacity for environmental adaptation,migration and diffusion. Hence,by studying the changes in spatial utilization and habitat selection characteristics of the giant panda population in the reserve over a long temporal scale,It would be possible to understand the population dynamics of the giant panda population and the demand for different habitat factors. The methods and results of this study had significance for the continued conservation of wild giant panda populations.
The spatial distribution pattern and habitat selection dynamic characteristics of giant pandas were important to understand their population dynamics and living environment,which also provided primary reference for the conservation. Based on data from the 3 rdand 4 thnational giant panda surveys,aswell as field survey data of 2016,the spatial distribution dynamics and habitat selection dynamic characteristics were studied for the giant panda population in Caopo Nature Reserve. The results showed that along with an increase of the giant panda population,the spatial utilization area of giant pandas increased by 45. 62%. With the pressure of an increasing population size,the giant panda spatial utilization pattern underwent a significant diffusion. In terms of habitat selection,among the seven microhabitat factors selected,the slope and altitude selection of giant pandas tended to be balanced,higher altitude,and larger slope. There was no obvious change in the selection of slope type,vegetation type,forest origin and bamboo type. Under the condition of limited space and food resources,the habitat pressure caused by the rapid increase of population resulted in significant changes in the spatial utilization pattern of giant pandas. The results showed that the wild giant panda population had a high capacity for environmental adaptation,migration and diffusion. Hence,by studying the changes in spatial utilization and habitat selection characteristics of the giant panda population in the reserve over a long temporal scale,It would be possible to understand the population dynamics of the giant panda population and the demand for different habitat factors. The methods and results of this study had significance for the continued conservation of wild giant panda populations.
引文
[1]欧阳志云,刘建国,肖寒,等.卧龙自然保护区大熊猫生境评价[J].生态学报,2001,21(11):1869~1874.
[2]Clobert J,Baguette M,Benton TG,et al.Dispersal Ecology and Evolution[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2012.
[3]Hull V,Roloff G,Zhang J,et al.A synthesis of giant panda habitat selection[J].Ursus,2014,25(2):148~162.
[4]杨春花,张和民,周小平,等.大熊猫生境选择研究进展[J].生态学报,2006,26(10):3442~3453.
[5]王学志,徐卫华,欧阳志云,等.生态位因子分析在大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)生境评价中的应用[J].生态学报,2008,28(2):821~828.
[6]Li Y,Vi1a A,Yang W,et al.Effects of Conservation Policies on Forest Cover Change in Giant Panda Habitat Regions,China[J].Land Use Policy,2013,33(4):42
[7]白文科,张晋东,杨霞,等.基于GIS的卧龙自然保护区大熊猫生境选择与利用[J].生态环境学报,2017,26(1):73~80.
[8]Liu X H,Wu P P,Songer M,et al.Monitoring Wildlife Abundance and Diversity With Infra-Red Camera Traps in Guanyinshan Nature Reser of Shaanxi Province,China[J].Ecological Indicators,2013,33:121~128.
[9]Hull V,Zhang J,Huang J,et al.Habitat Use and Selection by Giant Pandas[J].Plos One,2016,11(9):1~18.
[10]Wu X,Gao J,Zhang Y,et al.Land Cover Status in the Koshi River Basin,Central Himalayas[J].资源与生态学报(英文版),2017,8(1):10~19.
[11]胡锦矗,夏勒.卧龙的大熊猫[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社,1985.
[12]国家林业局.全国第三次大熊猫调查报告[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.
[13]Zhang Z J,Swaisgood R R,Zhang S N,et al.Old-growthforest is what giant pandas really need[J].Biology Letters,2011,7(3):403~406.
[14]四川省林业厅.四川省第四次大熊猫调查报告[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社,2015.
[15]Liu J,Ouyang Z,Taylor WW,et al.A framework for evaluating the effects of human factors on wildlife habitat:the case of giant pandas[J].Conserv Biol,1999,13(6):1360~1370.
[16]Hu J,Wei F.Comparative ecology of giant pandas in the five mountain ranges of their distribution in China.In:Lindburg D,Baragona K,editors.Giant pandas:biology and conservation.Berkeley,California[M].USA:University of California Press,2004:137~148.
[17]Bearer S,Linderman M,Huang J,et al.Effects of fuelwood collection and timber harvesting on giant panda habitat use[J].Biol Conserv,2008,141(2):385–393.
[18]Vi1a A,Tuanmu M N,Xu W,et al.Range-wide analysis of wildlife habitat:Implications for conservation[J].Biological Conservation,2010,143(9):1960~1969.
[19]Liu J.Promises and perils for the panda[J].Science,2015,348(6235):642.
[20]周洁敏.大熊猫栖息地评价指标体系初探[J].中南林学院学报,2005,25(3):39~44.
[21]张泽钧,胡锦矗.大熊猫生境选择研究[J].四川师范学院学报(自然科学版),2000,21(1):18~21.
[22]Kernohan B J,Gitzen R A,Millspaugh J J.Analysis of Animal Space Use and Movements[M].Philadelphia:Elsevier Inc,2001:125~166.
[23]Laver P N,Kelly M J.A Critical Review of Home Range Studies[J].Journal of Wildlife Management,2008,72(1):290~298.
[24]孙承骞,张哲邻,金学林.秦岭大熊猫局域种群的划分及数量分布[J].陕西师范大学学报:自然科学版,2006,34(增刊):163~167.
[25]Wu X,Ouyang Z,Vi1a A,et al.Designing a conservation plan for protecting the habitat for giant pandas in the Qionglai mountain range,China[J].Diversity&Distributions,2006,12(5):610~619.
[26]魏辅文,张泽钧,胡锦矗.野生大熊猫生态学研究进展与前瞻[J].兽类学报,2011,31(4):412~421.
[27]Tuanmu M N,Vi1a A,Roloff G J,et al.Temporal transferability of wildlife habitat models:implications for habitat monitoring[J].Journal of Biogeography,2011,38(8):1510~1523.
[28]张明春,黄炎,李德生,等.圈养大熊猫野化培训期的生境选择特征[J].生态学报,2013,33(19):6014~6020.
[29]胡锦矗.大熊猫研究[M].上海:上海科技教育出版社,2001.
[30]潘文石,高郑生,吕植.秦岭大熊猫的自然庇护所[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1988.
[31]张泽钧,胡锦矗,吴华.邛崃山系大熊猫和小熊猫生境选择的比较[J].兽类学报,2002,22(3):161~168.
[32]张晋东.人类与自然干扰下大熊猫空间利用与活动模式研究[D].北京:中国科学院研究生院,2012:124~131.
[33]Wei F,Feng Z,Wang Z,et al.Habitat Use and Separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda[J].Journal of Mammalogy,2000,81(2):448~455.
[34]徐卫华,欧阳志云,李宇,等.基于遥感和GIS的秦岭山系大熊猫生境评价[J].遥感技术与应用,2006,21(3):238~242.
[35]Reid D G,Hu J.Giant Panda Selection Between Bashania fangiana Bamboo Habitats in Wolong Reserve,Sichuan,China[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,1991,28(1):228~243.
[36]Liu X,Cheng X,Skidmore A K.Potential solar radiation pattern in relation to the monthly distribution of giant pandas in Foping Nature Reserve,China[J].Ecological Modelling,2011,222(3):645~652.
[37]Liu J,Linderman M,Ouyang ZY,et al.Ecological degradation in protected areas:the case of Wolong Nature Reserve for giant pandas[J].Science,2001,292(5514):98~101.
[2]Clobert J,Baguette M,Benton TG,et al.Dispersal Ecology and Evolution[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2012.
[3]Hull V,Roloff G,Zhang J,et al.A synthesis of giant panda habitat selection[J].Ursus,2014,25(2):148~162.
[4]杨春花,张和民,周小平,等.大熊猫生境选择研究进展[J].生态学报,2006,26(10):3442~3453.
[5]王学志,徐卫华,欧阳志云,等.生态位因子分析在大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)生境评价中的应用[J].生态学报,2008,28(2):821~828.
[6]Li Y,Vi1a A,Yang W,et al.Effects of Conservation Policies on Forest Cover Change in Giant Panda Habitat Regions,China[J].Land Use Policy,2013,33(4):42
[7]白文科,张晋东,杨霞,等.基于GIS的卧龙自然保护区大熊猫生境选择与利用[J].生态环境学报,2017,26(1):73~80.
[8]Liu X H,Wu P P,Songer M,et al.Monitoring Wildlife Abundance and Diversity With Infra-Red Camera Traps in Guanyinshan Nature Reser of Shaanxi Province,China[J].Ecological Indicators,2013,33:121~128.
[9]Hull V,Zhang J,Huang J,et al.Habitat Use and Selection by Giant Pandas[J].Plos One,2016,11(9):1~18.
[10]Wu X,Gao J,Zhang Y,et al.Land Cover Status in the Koshi River Basin,Central Himalayas[J].资源与生态学报(英文版),2017,8(1):10~19.
[11]胡锦矗,夏勒.卧龙的大熊猫[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社,1985.
[12]国家林业局.全国第三次大熊猫调查报告[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.
[13]Zhang Z J,Swaisgood R R,Zhang S N,et al.Old-growthforest is what giant pandas really need[J].Biology Letters,2011,7(3):403~406.
[14]四川省林业厅.四川省第四次大熊猫调查报告[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社,2015.
[15]Liu J,Ouyang Z,Taylor WW,et al.A framework for evaluating the effects of human factors on wildlife habitat:the case of giant pandas[J].Conserv Biol,1999,13(6):1360~1370.
[16]Hu J,Wei F.Comparative ecology of giant pandas in the five mountain ranges of their distribution in China.In:Lindburg D,Baragona K,editors.Giant pandas:biology and conservation.Berkeley,California[M].USA:University of California Press,2004:137~148.
[17]Bearer S,Linderman M,Huang J,et al.Effects of fuelwood collection and timber harvesting on giant panda habitat use[J].Biol Conserv,2008,141(2):385–393.
[18]Vi1a A,Tuanmu M N,Xu W,et al.Range-wide analysis of wildlife habitat:Implications for conservation[J].Biological Conservation,2010,143(9):1960~1969.
[19]Liu J.Promises and perils for the panda[J].Science,2015,348(6235):642.
[20]周洁敏.大熊猫栖息地评价指标体系初探[J].中南林学院学报,2005,25(3):39~44.
[21]张泽钧,胡锦矗.大熊猫生境选择研究[J].四川师范学院学报(自然科学版),2000,21(1):18~21.
[22]Kernohan B J,Gitzen R A,Millspaugh J J.Analysis of Animal Space Use and Movements[M].Philadelphia:Elsevier Inc,2001:125~166.
[23]Laver P N,Kelly M J.A Critical Review of Home Range Studies[J].Journal of Wildlife Management,2008,72(1):290~298.
[24]孙承骞,张哲邻,金学林.秦岭大熊猫局域种群的划分及数量分布[J].陕西师范大学学报:自然科学版,2006,34(增刊):163~167.
[25]Wu X,Ouyang Z,Vi1a A,et al.Designing a conservation plan for protecting the habitat for giant pandas in the Qionglai mountain range,China[J].Diversity&Distributions,2006,12(5):610~619.
[26]魏辅文,张泽钧,胡锦矗.野生大熊猫生态学研究进展与前瞻[J].兽类学报,2011,31(4):412~421.
[27]Tuanmu M N,Vi1a A,Roloff G J,et al.Temporal transferability of wildlife habitat models:implications for habitat monitoring[J].Journal of Biogeography,2011,38(8):1510~1523.
[28]张明春,黄炎,李德生,等.圈养大熊猫野化培训期的生境选择特征[J].生态学报,2013,33(19):6014~6020.
[29]胡锦矗.大熊猫研究[M].上海:上海科技教育出版社,2001.
[30]潘文石,高郑生,吕植.秦岭大熊猫的自然庇护所[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1988.
[31]张泽钧,胡锦矗,吴华.邛崃山系大熊猫和小熊猫生境选择的比较[J].兽类学报,2002,22(3):161~168.
[32]张晋东.人类与自然干扰下大熊猫空间利用与活动模式研究[D].北京:中国科学院研究生院,2012:124~131.
[33]Wei F,Feng Z,Wang Z,et al.Habitat Use and Separation between the Giant Panda and the Red Panda[J].Journal of Mammalogy,2000,81(2):448~455.
[34]徐卫华,欧阳志云,李宇,等.基于遥感和GIS的秦岭山系大熊猫生境评价[J].遥感技术与应用,2006,21(3):238~242.
[35]Reid D G,Hu J.Giant Panda Selection Between Bashania fangiana Bamboo Habitats in Wolong Reserve,Sichuan,China[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,1991,28(1):228~243.
[36]Liu X,Cheng X,Skidmore A K.Potential solar radiation pattern in relation to the monthly distribution of giant pandas in Foping Nature Reserve,China[J].Ecological Modelling,2011,222(3):645~652.
[37]Liu J,Linderman M,Ouyang ZY,et al.Ecological degradation in protected areas:the case of Wolong Nature Reserve for giant pandas[J].Science,2001,292(5514):98~101.