基于极坐标定位的丹顶鹤多尺度越冬生境选择研究——以江苏盐城自然保护区为例
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摘要
丹顶鹤作为湿地环境的指示物种,其种群数量逐年下降引起了野生动物保护工作者的广泛关注。近年来,随着研究的深入,鸟类生境选择具有多尺度特征的观点逐渐成为研究者的共识。江苏盐城自然保护区是丹顶鹤大陆西线种群最重要的越冬栖息地,选择该区域进行多尺度越冬生境选择研究对于丹顶鹤保护具有重要的现实意义。基于遥感影像和丹顶鹤越冬分布的调查,本文用极坐标的方法在GIS软件中对丹顶鹤分布定位进行制图。借助Arc GIS 10.2和fragstats 4.2软件,从点缓冲、景观和区域3个尺度系统分析丹顶鹤越冬生境多尺度利用特征。在点缓冲尺度上,通过缓冲分析和叠置分析描述丹顶鹤生境利用的强度,发现丹顶鹤连续利用生境和经常利用生境的植被类型是碱蓬,偶尔在芦苇中活动,偏好生境区植被覆盖度在30%以下,植被高度在60 cm以下。在景观尺度上,丹顶鹤偏好程度较高的前三类生境为芦苇沼泽、碱蓬沼泽、明水,对互花米草沼泽具有负向选择。在区域尺度上,受道路和土地利用干扰影响,丹顶鹤主要分布于保护区核心区的低干扰区域;除了干扰之外还与生境面积、生境破碎程度密切相关。综合三个尺度,研究得出丹顶鹤生境选择具有明显的多尺度利用特征,丹顶鹤保护需要考虑多尺度生境保护问题。
As the top of the wetland food chain,red-crowned cranes is an indicator species of wetland quality. At present,the declining population of red-crowned cranes has drawn widespread attentions of wildlife protection people. Habitat loss and fragmentation may be the main reasons of the population declination of red-crowned cranes. When the research is going on,it was suggested that multi-scale characteristics about habit can help us to advance knowledge of bird selection.Yancheng nature reserve in Jiangsu province is the most important overwintering habitat for the west population line of redcrowned crane in the world. It is of great practical significance by taking Yancheng as the research area for the protection of red-crowned cranes. Remote sensing images was used to identify the landscape of study area,and four field observationswere processed to investigate the number and the distribution of red-crowned cranes population during the winters of 2015—2016. The method of polar coordinates in GIS was used to map the foraging distribution of red-crowned cranes. The multiscales,which contained point buffer scale,landscape scale and region scale,were selected to analyse the utilization of the overwintering habitat of red-crowned cranes. On the point of buffer scale,the buffer and overlay analysis of GIS were achieved by using Arc GIS 10. 2 software. This method can describe the habitat use intensity of red-crowned crane. The results showed that red-crowned cranes like stay in the vegetation that covered with Suaeda best,and reed better. The coverage and the height of vegetation which were less than 30% and 60 cm respectively are well received by the red-crowned crane. On the landscape scale,field surveies of population numbers in multi-landscapes were recombined into single landscape. The results showed that the top three preference habitats of red-crowned crane were reed marshes,Suaeda marsh,and water. Suaeda marsh,reed marsh and water were selected by the red-crowned crane. They did not select Spartina alterniflora marsh as their habit. On the regional scale,the interference intensity was described by road and land use. The response of the red-crowned crane to the interference was discussed by the neighborhood analysis. The red-crowned cranes were distributed in the core area of the low interference with large area. In addition to interference,the habitat area and its fragmentation are closely related to the habitat selection of red-crowned cranes. The landscape index of different interference intensity showed that the low disturbing habitat with less than 2 km2 and higher fragmentation will not be used by red-crowned cranes. Based on the result of three scales,we concluded that the habitat selection of red-crowned crane has obvious multi-scale utilization characteristics. Multi-scale habitat characteristics should be considered while protecting redcrowned cranes.
As the top of the wetland food chain,red-crowned cranes is an indicator species of wetland quality. At present,the declining population of red-crowned cranes has drawn widespread attentions of wildlife protection people. Habitat loss and fragmentation may be the main reasons of the population declination of red-crowned cranes. When the research is going on,it was suggested that multi-scale characteristics about habit can help us to advance knowledge of bird selection.Yancheng nature reserve in Jiangsu province is the most important overwintering habitat for the west population line of redcrowned crane in the world. It is of great practical significance by taking Yancheng as the research area for the protection of red-crowned cranes. Remote sensing images was used to identify the landscape of study area,and four field observationswere processed to investigate the number and the distribution of red-crowned cranes population during the winters of 2015—2016. The method of polar coordinates in GIS was used to map the foraging distribution of red-crowned cranes. The multiscales,which contained point buffer scale,landscape scale and region scale,were selected to analyse the utilization of the overwintering habitat of red-crowned cranes. On the point of buffer scale,the buffer and overlay analysis of GIS were achieved by using Arc GIS 10. 2 software. This method can describe the habitat use intensity of red-crowned crane. The results showed that red-crowned cranes like stay in the vegetation that covered with Suaeda best,and reed better. The coverage and the height of vegetation which were less than 30% and 60 cm respectively are well received by the red-crowned crane. On the landscape scale,field surveies of population numbers in multi-landscapes were recombined into single landscape. The results showed that the top three preference habitats of red-crowned crane were reed marshes,Suaeda marsh,and water. Suaeda marsh,reed marsh and water were selected by the red-crowned crane. They did not select Spartina alterniflora marsh as their habit. On the regional scale,the interference intensity was described by road and land use. The response of the red-crowned crane to the interference was discussed by the neighborhood analysis. The red-crowned cranes were distributed in the core area of the low interference with large area. In addition to interference,the habitat area and its fragmentation are closely related to the habitat selection of red-crowned cranes. The landscape index of different interference intensity showed that the low disturbing habitat with less than 2 km2 and higher fragmentation will not be used by red-crowned cranes. Based on the result of three scales,we concluded that the habitat selection of red-crowned crane has obvious multi-scale utilization characteristics. Multi-scale habitat characteristics should be considered while protecting redcrowned cranes.
引文
[1]Bird Life International.Grus japonensis:the IUCN red list of threatened species.(2016-10-01)[2016-12-05].http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/summary/22692167/0
[2]吕士成.盐城沿海丹顶鹤种群动态与湿地环境变迁的关系.南京师大学报:自然科学版,2009,32(4):89-93.
[3]张曼胤.江苏盐城滨海湿地景观变化及其对丹顶鹤生境的影响[D].长春:东北师范大学,2008.
[4]Su L Y,Zou H F.Status,threats and conservation needs for the continental population of the Red-crowned Crane.Chinese Birds,2012,3(3):147-164.
[5]赵越,赵国辉,李晓民.洪河湿地夏季丹顶鹤觅食生境初步研究.国土与自然资源研究,2014,(1):86-88.
[6]Grand J,Cushman S A.A multi-scale analysis of species-environment relationships:breeding birds in a pitch pine-scrub oak(Pinus rigida-Quercus ilicifolia)community.Biological Conservation,2003,112(3):307-317.
[7]Xu J L,Zhang X H,Zhang Z W,Zheng G M,Ruan X F,Zhu J G,Xi B.Multi-scale analysis on wintering habitat selection of Reeves's Pheasant(Syrmaticus reevesii)in Dongzhai National Nature Reserve,Henan Province,China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(7):2061-2067.
[8]杨刚,王勇,许洁,丁由中,吴时英,唐海明,李宏庆,王小明,马波,王正寰.城市公园生境类型对鸟类群落的影响.生态学报,2015,35(12):4186-4195.
[9]张国钢,郑光美,张正旺,郭建荣,王建平,宫树龙.山西芦芽山褐马鸡越冬栖息地选择的多尺度研究.生态学报,2005,25(5):952-957.
[10]刘春悦,江红星,张树清,侯韵秋,陆军.基于TM与ASAR遥感数据的扎龙丹顶鹤繁殖栖息地多尺度特征.应用生态学报,2012,23(2):491-498.
[11]曹铭昌,刘高焕,单凯,侯银蓄,王明春,李东来,申文明.基于多尺度的丹顶鹤生境适宜性评价——以黄河三角洲自然保护区为例.生物多样性,2010,18(3):283-291.
[12]曹铭昌,刘高焕,徐海根.丹顶鹤多尺度生境选择机制——以黄河三角洲自然保护区为例.生态学报,2011,31(21):6344-6352.
[13]吴庆明,邹红菲,金洪阳,马建章.丹顶鹤春迁期觅食栖息地多尺度选择——以双台河口保护区为例.生态学报,2013,33(20):6470-6477.
[14]金洪阳,郝萌,杨玉成,邹红菲.双台河口自然保护区丹顶鹤春季迁徙停歇地生境选择.野生动物,2011,32(3):136-140.
[15]于文阁,朱宝光.洪河自然保护区丹顶鹤秋季觅食生境特征.东北林业大学学报,2008,36(10):36-37.
[16]舒莹,胡远满,冷文芳,朱书玉,单凯.黄河三角洲丹顶鹤秋冬季生境选择机制.生态学杂志,2006,25(8):954-958.
[17]杨波.盐城国家珍禽保护区丹顶鹤生境结构特征及变化研究[D].南京:南京林业大学,2008.
[18]马志军.丹顶鹤越冬期的生境变迁及生境选择//中国动物科学研究——中国动物学会第十四届会员代表大会及中国动物学会65周年年会论文集.郑州:中国动物学会,1999.
[19]舒莹.黄河三角洲丹顶鹤生境变化分析及生境选择机制研究[D].济南:山东师范大学,2004.
[20]李明阳,张称意,吴军,徐婷.扎龙湿地丹顶鹤繁殖生境变化驱动因素分析.南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2012,36(6):76-80.
[21]刘红玉,李兆富.基于景观斑块谱特征分析的湿地景观变化对丹顶鹤栖息地影响研究.自然资源学报,2009,24(4):602-611.
[22]朱丽娟,刘红玉.挠力河流域丹顶鹤繁殖期生境景观连接度分析.生态与农村环境学报,2008,24(2):12-16,83-83.
[23]黄翀,刘高焕,张海龙,单凯.黄河河口湿地景观变化影响丹顶鹤生境的评价分析.地球信息科学学报,2009,11(4):491-497.
[24]Liu C Y,Jiang H X,Zhang S Q,Li C R,Hou Y Q,Qian F W.Multi-scale analysis to uncover habitat use of red-crowned cranes:implications for conservation.Current Zoology,2013,59(5):604-617.
[25]陈一宁,高抒,贾建军,王爱军.米草属植物Spartina angilica和Spartina alterniflora引种后江苏海岸湿地生态演化的初步探讨.海洋与湖沼,2005,36(5):394-403.
[26]Li Z Q.Suitable distance to observe Red-crowned Cranes:a note on the observer effect.Chinese Birds,2011,2(3):147-151.
[27]张佰莲,田秀华,刘群秀,宋国贤.崇明东滩自然保护区越冬白头鹤警戒行为的观察.东北林业大学学报,2009,37(7):93-95,98-98.
[28]方精云,王襄平,沈泽昊,唐志尧,贺金生,于丹,江源,王志恒,郑成洋,朱江玲,郭兆迪.植物群落清查的主要内容、方法和技术规范.生物多样性,2009,17(06):533-548.
[29]丁宏,金永焕,崔建国,赵林森,朴正吉.道路的生态学影响域范围研究进展.浙江林学院学报,2008,25(6):810-816.
[30]Reijnen R,Foppen R,Meeuwsen H.The effects of traffic on the density of breeding birds in Dutch agricultural grasslands.Biological Conservation,1996,75(3):255-260.
[31]欧维新,甘玉婷婷.耦合种群动态的生境格局变化分析粒度与景观因子选择——以盐城越冬丹顶鹤及其生境的变化为例.生态学报,2016,36(10):2996-3004.
[32]李金录,冯科民.丹顶鹤及白鹤的越冬研究.东北林业大学学报,1985,3(3):135-142.
[33]董科,吕士成,Healy T.江苏盐城国家级珍禽自然保护区丹顶鹤的承载力.生态学报,2005,25(10):2608-2615.
[34]吴庆明,杨宇博,邹红菲,陶蕊,李全亮.扎龙保护区春季丹顶鹤觅食的农田生境利用分析.生态学报,2017,37(9):3212-3217.
[2]吕士成.盐城沿海丹顶鹤种群动态与湿地环境变迁的关系.南京师大学报:自然科学版,2009,32(4):89-93.
[3]张曼胤.江苏盐城滨海湿地景观变化及其对丹顶鹤生境的影响[D].长春:东北师范大学,2008.
[4]Su L Y,Zou H F.Status,threats and conservation needs for the continental population of the Red-crowned Crane.Chinese Birds,2012,3(3):147-164.
[5]赵越,赵国辉,李晓民.洪河湿地夏季丹顶鹤觅食生境初步研究.国土与自然资源研究,2014,(1):86-88.
[6]Grand J,Cushman S A.A multi-scale analysis of species-environment relationships:breeding birds in a pitch pine-scrub oak(Pinus rigida-Quercus ilicifolia)community.Biological Conservation,2003,112(3):307-317.
[7]Xu J L,Zhang X H,Zhang Z W,Zheng G M,Ruan X F,Zhu J G,Xi B.Multi-scale analysis on wintering habitat selection of Reeves's Pheasant(Syrmaticus reevesii)in Dongzhai National Nature Reserve,Henan Province,China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(7):2061-2067.
[8]杨刚,王勇,许洁,丁由中,吴时英,唐海明,李宏庆,王小明,马波,王正寰.城市公园生境类型对鸟类群落的影响.生态学报,2015,35(12):4186-4195.
[9]张国钢,郑光美,张正旺,郭建荣,王建平,宫树龙.山西芦芽山褐马鸡越冬栖息地选择的多尺度研究.生态学报,2005,25(5):952-957.
[10]刘春悦,江红星,张树清,侯韵秋,陆军.基于TM与ASAR遥感数据的扎龙丹顶鹤繁殖栖息地多尺度特征.应用生态学报,2012,23(2):491-498.
[11]曹铭昌,刘高焕,单凯,侯银蓄,王明春,李东来,申文明.基于多尺度的丹顶鹤生境适宜性评价——以黄河三角洲自然保护区为例.生物多样性,2010,18(3):283-291.
[12]曹铭昌,刘高焕,徐海根.丹顶鹤多尺度生境选择机制——以黄河三角洲自然保护区为例.生态学报,2011,31(21):6344-6352.
[13]吴庆明,邹红菲,金洪阳,马建章.丹顶鹤春迁期觅食栖息地多尺度选择——以双台河口保护区为例.生态学报,2013,33(20):6470-6477.
[14]金洪阳,郝萌,杨玉成,邹红菲.双台河口自然保护区丹顶鹤春季迁徙停歇地生境选择.野生动物,2011,32(3):136-140.
[15]于文阁,朱宝光.洪河自然保护区丹顶鹤秋季觅食生境特征.东北林业大学学报,2008,36(10):36-37.
[16]舒莹,胡远满,冷文芳,朱书玉,单凯.黄河三角洲丹顶鹤秋冬季生境选择机制.生态学杂志,2006,25(8):954-958.
[17]杨波.盐城国家珍禽保护区丹顶鹤生境结构特征及变化研究[D].南京:南京林业大学,2008.
[18]马志军.丹顶鹤越冬期的生境变迁及生境选择//中国动物科学研究——中国动物学会第十四届会员代表大会及中国动物学会65周年年会论文集.郑州:中国动物学会,1999.
[19]舒莹.黄河三角洲丹顶鹤生境变化分析及生境选择机制研究[D].济南:山东师范大学,2004.
[20]李明阳,张称意,吴军,徐婷.扎龙湿地丹顶鹤繁殖生境变化驱动因素分析.南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2012,36(6):76-80.
[21]刘红玉,李兆富.基于景观斑块谱特征分析的湿地景观变化对丹顶鹤栖息地影响研究.自然资源学报,2009,24(4):602-611.
[22]朱丽娟,刘红玉.挠力河流域丹顶鹤繁殖期生境景观连接度分析.生态与农村环境学报,2008,24(2):12-16,83-83.
[23]黄翀,刘高焕,张海龙,单凯.黄河河口湿地景观变化影响丹顶鹤生境的评价分析.地球信息科学学报,2009,11(4):491-497.
[24]Liu C Y,Jiang H X,Zhang S Q,Li C R,Hou Y Q,Qian F W.Multi-scale analysis to uncover habitat use of red-crowned cranes:implications for conservation.Current Zoology,2013,59(5):604-617.
[25]陈一宁,高抒,贾建军,王爱军.米草属植物Spartina angilica和Spartina alterniflora引种后江苏海岸湿地生态演化的初步探讨.海洋与湖沼,2005,36(5):394-403.
[26]Li Z Q.Suitable distance to observe Red-crowned Cranes:a note on the observer effect.Chinese Birds,2011,2(3):147-151.
[27]张佰莲,田秀华,刘群秀,宋国贤.崇明东滩自然保护区越冬白头鹤警戒行为的观察.东北林业大学学报,2009,37(7):93-95,98-98.
[28]方精云,王襄平,沈泽昊,唐志尧,贺金生,于丹,江源,王志恒,郑成洋,朱江玲,郭兆迪.植物群落清查的主要内容、方法和技术规范.生物多样性,2009,17(06):533-548.
[29]丁宏,金永焕,崔建国,赵林森,朴正吉.道路的生态学影响域范围研究进展.浙江林学院学报,2008,25(6):810-816.
[30]Reijnen R,Foppen R,Meeuwsen H.The effects of traffic on the density of breeding birds in Dutch agricultural grasslands.Biological Conservation,1996,75(3):255-260.
[31]欧维新,甘玉婷婷.耦合种群动态的生境格局变化分析粒度与景观因子选择——以盐城越冬丹顶鹤及其生境的变化为例.生态学报,2016,36(10):2996-3004.
[32]李金录,冯科民.丹顶鹤及白鹤的越冬研究.东北林业大学学报,1985,3(3):135-142.
[33]董科,吕士成,Healy T.江苏盐城国家级珍禽自然保护区丹顶鹤的承载力.生态学报,2005,25(10):2608-2615.
[34]吴庆明,杨宇博,邹红菲,陶蕊,李全亮.扎龙保护区春季丹顶鹤觅食的农田生境利用分析.生态学报,2017,37(9):3212-3217.