喷施锌肥对油菜镉锌生物可给性的影响
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摘要
采用溶液培养和体外消化实验,研究不同Zn营养条件下,喷施ZnSO_4和ZnNa_2EDTA对两种油菜Cd、Zn质量分数以及生物可给性的影响,计算人体通过食用油菜摄入Cd、Zn的量,评估喷施Zn肥降低人体Cd摄入提高Zn吸收的潜力.结果表明,正常Zn营养下油菜地上部Cd质量分数显著低于缺Zn条件下,喷施ZnNa_2EDTA显著降低油菜Cd质量分数;正常Zn营养下油菜地上部Zn质量分数显著高于缺Zn条件下,喷施Zn肥可显著提高油菜Zn质量分数,其中喷施ZnSO_4处理效果最佳.正常Zn营养下油菜Cd的生物可给性显著低于缺Zn条件下,喷施Zn肥显著降低油菜Cd在胃阶段的生物可给性,与对照相比最大降幅为35.81%,喷施ZnSO_4显著降低Cd在小肠阶段的可给性,最大降幅为59.24%;喷施Zn肥使油菜Zn在胃和小肠阶段的生物可给性显著低于对照处理,最大降幅为68.90%,其中ZnSO_4降低效果明显强于ZnNa_2EDTA.食用Cd污染的普通油菜寒绿摄入Cd的量超过世界卫生组织推荐的每日耐受值,通过选择低积累油菜华骏或喷施ZnSO_4可以显著减少人体摄入Cd的量,有效降低Cd过量摄入的健康风险;食用未喷施Zn肥或喷施低浓度ZnNa_2EDTA的油菜有Zn摄入不足的风险,而食用喷施ZnSO_4或高浓度ZnNa_2EDTA的油菜可以满足蔬菜膳食Zn摄入的需要,其中喷施ZnSO_4效果更好.总之,喷施Zn肥可显著降低油菜地上部Cd、Zn的生物可给性,有效减少人体食用油菜摄入Cd的量,提高摄入Zn的量,其中喷施ZnSO_4处理的效果最佳.
Two cultivars of pakchoi with different cadmium(Cd) accumulation were grown in nutrient solutions containing low and sufficient zinc(Zn) levels.ZnSO_4 and ZnNa_2EDTA were applied as foliar fertilizers.The bioaccessibilities of Cd and Zn in pakchoi were assessed by the in vitro digestion method,and the bioaccessible established daily intakes(BEDI) of Cd and Zn from pakchoi were calculated.The effect of foliar zinc application on concentrations,bioaccessibilities,and BEDIs of Cd and Zn in pakchoi was evaluated.Results show that the Cd concentrations in shoots of the tested pakchoi cultivars under sufficient Zn condition were significantly lower than those under low Zn condition,and foliar application of ZnNa_2EDTA significantly decreased the Cd concentrations of pakchoi.The tested pakchoi cultivars with sufficient Zn had a significantly higher mean shoot Zn concentration than those with low Zn.Foliar Zn treatments significantly increased shoot Zn concentrations of pakchoi,with the highest in the ZnSO_4 treatment.Cd bioaccessibility in the tested pakchoi cultivars with sufficient Zn was significantly lower than that with low Zn.Foliar applied Zn could significantly reduce Cd bioaccessibility in the gastric phase,with a maximal reduction of 35.81% compared to the control.Foliar treatment with ZnSO_4 could significantly decrease Cd bioaccessibility in the small intestinal phase,with a maximal reduction of 59.24% compared to the control.Foliar Zn treatments reduced significantly the Zn bioaccessibility of pakchoi in the gastric and small intestinal phases,with a maximal reduction of 68.90% compared to the control.The reduction of Zn bioaccessibility was higher in the ZnSO_4 treatment than in the ZnNa_2EDTA treatment.Via the consumption of the Cd-contaminated common cultivar Hanlv,the BEDI values of Cd were higher than that of the provisional tolerable daily intake(PTDI) standard of WHO [0.83μg·(kg·d)-1].However,via the consumption of the low-Cd accumulating cultivar Huajun or pakchoi with foliar application of ZnSO_4,the BEDI values of Cd decreased significantly and were below the PTDI value.Via the consumption of pakchoi in the control orlow-level ZnNa_2EDTA treatments,the BEDI values of Zn were below that of the recommended nutrient intake for Zn.However,via the consumption of pakchoi with foliar application of ZnSO_4 or high-level ZnNa_2EDTA,the BEDI values of Zn were higher than that of the recommended nutrient intake and met the human needs for Zn from vegetables.Under the ZnSO_4 treatment,the BEDI values of Zn from pakchoi were the highest.In conclusion,foliar zinc application could significantly reduce the bioaccessibilities of Cd and Zn in pakchoi and the BEDI values of Cd and increase the BEDI values of Zn.Foliar application with ZnSO_4 was the most suitable treatment to reduce Cd intake and increase Zn intake from pakchoi.
Two cultivars of pakchoi with different cadmium(Cd) accumulation were grown in nutrient solutions containing low and sufficient zinc(Zn) levels.ZnSO_4 and ZnNa_2EDTA were applied as foliar fertilizers.The bioaccessibilities of Cd and Zn in pakchoi were assessed by the in vitro digestion method,and the bioaccessible established daily intakes(BEDI) of Cd and Zn from pakchoi were calculated.The effect of foliar zinc application on concentrations,bioaccessibilities,and BEDIs of Cd and Zn in pakchoi was evaluated.Results show that the Cd concentrations in shoots of the tested pakchoi cultivars under sufficient Zn condition were significantly lower than those under low Zn condition,and foliar application of ZnNa_2EDTA significantly decreased the Cd concentrations of pakchoi.The tested pakchoi cultivars with sufficient Zn had a significantly higher mean shoot Zn concentration than those with low Zn.Foliar Zn treatments significantly increased shoot Zn concentrations of pakchoi,with the highest in the ZnSO_4 treatment.Cd bioaccessibility in the tested pakchoi cultivars with sufficient Zn was significantly lower than that with low Zn.Foliar applied Zn could significantly reduce Cd bioaccessibility in the gastric phase,with a maximal reduction of 35.81% compared to the control.Foliar treatment with ZnSO_4 could significantly decrease Cd bioaccessibility in the small intestinal phase,with a maximal reduction of 59.24% compared to the control.Foliar Zn treatments reduced significantly the Zn bioaccessibility of pakchoi in the gastric and small intestinal phases,with a maximal reduction of 68.90% compared to the control.The reduction of Zn bioaccessibility was higher in the ZnSO_4 treatment than in the ZnNa_2EDTA treatment.Via the consumption of the Cd-contaminated common cultivar Hanlv,the BEDI values of Cd were higher than that of the provisional tolerable daily intake(PTDI) standard of WHO [0.83μg·(kg·d)-1].However,via the consumption of the low-Cd accumulating cultivar Huajun or pakchoi with foliar application of ZnSO_4,the BEDI values of Cd decreased significantly and were below the PTDI value.Via the consumption of pakchoi in the control orlow-level ZnNa_2EDTA treatments,the BEDI values of Zn were below that of the recommended nutrient intake for Zn.However,via the consumption of pakchoi with foliar application of ZnSO_4 or high-level ZnNa_2EDTA,the BEDI values of Zn were higher than that of the recommended nutrient intake and met the human needs for Zn from vegetables.Under the ZnSO_4 treatment,the BEDI values of Zn from pakchoi were the highest.In conclusion,foliar zinc application could significantly reduce the bioaccessibilities of Cd and Zn in pakchoi and the BEDI values of Cd and increase the BEDI values of Zn.Foliar application with ZnSO_4 was the most suitable treatment to reduce Cd intake and increase Zn intake from pakchoi.
引文
[1]Zeng X B,Li L F,Mei X R.Heavy metal content in Chinese vegetable plantation land soils and related source analysis[J].Agricultural Sciences in China,2008,7(9):1115-1126.
[2]刘景红,陈玉成.中国主要城市蔬菜重金属污染格局的初步分析[J].微量元素与健康研究,2004,21(5):42-44.Liu J H,Chen Y C.Primary investigation on contamination pattern of vegetables by heavy metals in Chinese cities[J].Studies of Trace Elements and Health,2004,21(5):42-44.
[3]Peralta-Videa J R,Lopez M L,Narayan M,et al.The biochemistry of environmental heavy metal uptake by plants:implications for the food chain[J].The International Journal of Biochemistry&Cell Biology,2009,41(8-9):1665-1677.
[4]谢文文,周坤,徐卫红,等.外源锌对不同品种番茄光合特性、品质及镉积累的影响[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版),2015,37(11):22-29.Xie W W,Zhou K,Xu W H,et al.Effects of exogenous zinc on photosynthetic characteristics,fruit quality and cadmium accumulation in tomato[J].Journal of Southwest University(Natural Science Edition),2015,37(11):22-29.
[5]Fahad S,Hussain S,Khan F,et al.Effects of tire rubber ash and zinc sulfate on crop productivity and cadmium accumulation in five rice cultivars under field conditions[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22(16):12424-12434.
[6]董如茵,徐应明,王林,等.土施和喷施锌肥对镉低积累油菜吸收镉的影响[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(8):2589-2596.Dong R Y,Xu Y M,Wang L,et al.Effects of soil application and foliar spray of zinc fertilizer on cadmium uptake in a pakchoi cultivar with low cadmium accumulation[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2015,35(8):2589-2596.
[7]Fu J,Cui Y S.In vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model to estimate cadmium and lead bioaccessibility/bioavailability in two vegetables:the influence of cooking and additives[J].Food and Chemical Toxicology,2013,59:215-221.
[8]Aziz R,Rafiq M T,He Z L,et al.In vitro assessment of cadmium bioavailability in Chinese cabbage grown on different soils and its toxic effects on human health[J].Bio Med Research International,2015,2015:285351.
[9]Hu J L,Wu F Y,Wu S C,et al.Bioaccessibility,dietary exposure and human risk assessment of heavy metals from market vegetables in Hong Kong revealed with an in vitro gastrointestinal model[J].Chemosphere,2013,91(4):455-461.
[10]Altundag H,Albayrak S,Dundar M S,et al.Investigation of the influence of selected soil and plant properties from Sakarya,Turkey,on the bioavailability of trace elements by applying an in vitro digestion model[J].Biological Trace Element Research,2015,168(1):276-285.
[11]Zhuang P,Li Y W,Zou B,et al.Oral bioaccessibility and human exposure assessment of cadmium and lead in market vegetables in the Pearl River Delta,South China[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2016,23(23):24402-24410.
[12]Intawongse M,Dean J R.Use of the physiologically-based extraction test to assess the oral bioaccessibility of metals in vegetable plants grown in contaminated soil[J].Environmental Pollution,2008,152(1):60-72.
[13]Waisberg M,Black W D,Waisberg C M,et al.The effect of p H,time and dietary source of cadmium on the bioaccessibility and adsorption of cadmium to/from lettuce(Lactuca sativa L.cv.Ostinata)[J].Food and Chemical Toxicology,2004,42(5):835-842.
[14]Mc Kenna I M,Chaney R L,Tao S H,et al.Interactions of plant zinc and plant species on the bioavailability of plant cadmium to Japanese quail fed lettuce and spinach[J].Environmental Research,1992,57(1):73-87.
[15]Reeves P G,Chaney R L.Marginal nutritional status of zinc,iron,and calcium increases cadmium retention in the duodenum and other organs of rats fed rice-based diets[J].Environmental Research,2004,96(3):311-322.
[16]代晶晶,徐应明,王林,等.不同锌营养下喷施锌肥对油菜生长和元素含量的影响[J].环境化学,2017,36(5):1017-1025.Dai J J,Xu Y M,Wang L,et al.Effect of foliar zinc application on growth and element concentrations of pakchoi under different zinc nutrition status[J].Environmental Chemistry,2017,36(5):1017-1025.
[17]Wang L,Xu Y M,Sun Y B,et al.Identification of pakchoi cultivars with low cadmium accumulation and soil factors that affect their cadmium uptake and translocation[J].Frontiers of Environmental Science&Engineering,2014,8(6):877-887.
[18]王景安,张福锁,李春俭.缺锌对番茄、甜椒生长发育及矿质代谢的影响[J].土壤通报,2001,32(4):177-179.Wang J A,Zhang F S,Li C J.Growth of tomato and green pepper under zinc-deficiency[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2001,32(4):177-179.
[19]韦燕燕.水稻籽粒中锌生物有效性与调控机制[D].杭州:浙江大学,2012.78.Wei Y Y.Zinc bioavailability in rice grain and regulation mechanisms[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2012.78.
[20]Ruby M V,Davis A,Link T E,et al.Development of an in vitro screening test to evaluate the in vivo bioaccessibility of ingested mine-waste lead[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1993,27(13):2870-2877.
[21]Wei Y Y,Zheng X M,Shohag M J I,et al.Bioaccessibility and human exposure assessment of cadmium and arsenic in pakchoi genotypes grown in co-contaminated soils[J].International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2017,14(9):977.
[22]国家卫生计生委疾病预防控制局.中国居民营养与慢性病状况报告(2015年)[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2015.68-70.
[23]World Health Organization.Guidelines for drinking-water quality(4th edition)[EB/OL].http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/2011/9789241548151_ch12.pdf?ua=1,2017,327.
[24]中国营养学会.中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(2013版)[M].北京:科学出版社,2014.78-79.
[25]王志宏,翟凤英,何宇纳,等.中国居民膳食锌元素的摄入状况及变化趋势[J].卫生研究,2006,35(4):485-486.
[26]徐笠,陆安祥,王纪华,等.食物中重金属的生物可给性和生物有效性的研究方法和应用进展[J].生态毒理学报,2017,12(1):89-97.Xu L,Lu A X,Wang J H,et al.Research methods and applications of bioaccessibility and bioavailability of heavy metals in food[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2017,12(1):89-97.
[27]Khan K Y.Agronomic regulations of cadmium low accumulation in pakchoi(Brassica rapa ssp.chinensis L.)for food safety and the mechanisms[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2017.13-25.
[28]陈贵青,张晓璟,徐卫红,等.不同Zn水平下辣椒体内Cd的积累、化学形态及生理特性[J].环境科学,2010,31(7):1657-1662.Chen G Q,Zhang X J,Xu W H,et al.Effect of different zinc levels on accumulation and chemical forms of cadmium,and physiological characterization in Capsicum annuum L.[J].Environmental Science,2010,31(7):1657-1662.
[29]周小勇,仇荣亮,应蓉蓉,等.锌对长柔毛委陵菜体内镉的亚细胞分布和化学形态的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(3):1066-1071.Zhou X Y,Qiu R L,Ying R R,et al.Effects of Zn on subcellular distribution and chemical forms of Cd in Potentilla griffithii var.velutina[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2008,27(3):1066-1071.
[2]刘景红,陈玉成.中国主要城市蔬菜重金属污染格局的初步分析[J].微量元素与健康研究,2004,21(5):42-44.Liu J H,Chen Y C.Primary investigation on contamination pattern of vegetables by heavy metals in Chinese cities[J].Studies of Trace Elements and Health,2004,21(5):42-44.
[3]Peralta-Videa J R,Lopez M L,Narayan M,et al.The biochemistry of environmental heavy metal uptake by plants:implications for the food chain[J].The International Journal of Biochemistry&Cell Biology,2009,41(8-9):1665-1677.
[4]谢文文,周坤,徐卫红,等.外源锌对不同品种番茄光合特性、品质及镉积累的影响[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版),2015,37(11):22-29.Xie W W,Zhou K,Xu W H,et al.Effects of exogenous zinc on photosynthetic characteristics,fruit quality and cadmium accumulation in tomato[J].Journal of Southwest University(Natural Science Edition),2015,37(11):22-29.
[5]Fahad S,Hussain S,Khan F,et al.Effects of tire rubber ash and zinc sulfate on crop productivity and cadmium accumulation in five rice cultivars under field conditions[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22(16):12424-12434.
[6]董如茵,徐应明,王林,等.土施和喷施锌肥对镉低积累油菜吸收镉的影响[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(8):2589-2596.Dong R Y,Xu Y M,Wang L,et al.Effects of soil application and foliar spray of zinc fertilizer on cadmium uptake in a pakchoi cultivar with low cadmium accumulation[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2015,35(8):2589-2596.
[7]Fu J,Cui Y S.In vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model to estimate cadmium and lead bioaccessibility/bioavailability in two vegetables:the influence of cooking and additives[J].Food and Chemical Toxicology,2013,59:215-221.
[8]Aziz R,Rafiq M T,He Z L,et al.In vitro assessment of cadmium bioavailability in Chinese cabbage grown on different soils and its toxic effects on human health[J].Bio Med Research International,2015,2015:285351.
[9]Hu J L,Wu F Y,Wu S C,et al.Bioaccessibility,dietary exposure and human risk assessment of heavy metals from market vegetables in Hong Kong revealed with an in vitro gastrointestinal model[J].Chemosphere,2013,91(4):455-461.
[10]Altundag H,Albayrak S,Dundar M S,et al.Investigation of the influence of selected soil and plant properties from Sakarya,Turkey,on the bioavailability of trace elements by applying an in vitro digestion model[J].Biological Trace Element Research,2015,168(1):276-285.
[11]Zhuang P,Li Y W,Zou B,et al.Oral bioaccessibility and human exposure assessment of cadmium and lead in market vegetables in the Pearl River Delta,South China[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2016,23(23):24402-24410.
[12]Intawongse M,Dean J R.Use of the physiologically-based extraction test to assess the oral bioaccessibility of metals in vegetable plants grown in contaminated soil[J].Environmental Pollution,2008,152(1):60-72.
[13]Waisberg M,Black W D,Waisberg C M,et al.The effect of p H,time and dietary source of cadmium on the bioaccessibility and adsorption of cadmium to/from lettuce(Lactuca sativa L.cv.Ostinata)[J].Food and Chemical Toxicology,2004,42(5):835-842.
[14]Mc Kenna I M,Chaney R L,Tao S H,et al.Interactions of plant zinc and plant species on the bioavailability of plant cadmium to Japanese quail fed lettuce and spinach[J].Environmental Research,1992,57(1):73-87.
[15]Reeves P G,Chaney R L.Marginal nutritional status of zinc,iron,and calcium increases cadmium retention in the duodenum and other organs of rats fed rice-based diets[J].Environmental Research,2004,96(3):311-322.
[16]代晶晶,徐应明,王林,等.不同锌营养下喷施锌肥对油菜生长和元素含量的影响[J].环境化学,2017,36(5):1017-1025.Dai J J,Xu Y M,Wang L,et al.Effect of foliar zinc application on growth and element concentrations of pakchoi under different zinc nutrition status[J].Environmental Chemistry,2017,36(5):1017-1025.
[17]Wang L,Xu Y M,Sun Y B,et al.Identification of pakchoi cultivars with low cadmium accumulation and soil factors that affect their cadmium uptake and translocation[J].Frontiers of Environmental Science&Engineering,2014,8(6):877-887.
[18]王景安,张福锁,李春俭.缺锌对番茄、甜椒生长发育及矿质代谢的影响[J].土壤通报,2001,32(4):177-179.Wang J A,Zhang F S,Li C J.Growth of tomato and green pepper under zinc-deficiency[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2001,32(4):177-179.
[19]韦燕燕.水稻籽粒中锌生物有效性与调控机制[D].杭州:浙江大学,2012.78.Wei Y Y.Zinc bioavailability in rice grain and regulation mechanisms[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2012.78.
[20]Ruby M V,Davis A,Link T E,et al.Development of an in vitro screening test to evaluate the in vivo bioaccessibility of ingested mine-waste lead[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1993,27(13):2870-2877.
[21]Wei Y Y,Zheng X M,Shohag M J I,et al.Bioaccessibility and human exposure assessment of cadmium and arsenic in pakchoi genotypes grown in co-contaminated soils[J].International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2017,14(9):977.
[22]国家卫生计生委疾病预防控制局.中国居民营养与慢性病状况报告(2015年)[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2015.68-70.
[23]World Health Organization.Guidelines for drinking-water quality(4th edition)[EB/OL].http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/2011/9789241548151_ch12.pdf?ua=1,2017,327.
[24]中国营养学会.中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(2013版)[M].北京:科学出版社,2014.78-79.
[25]王志宏,翟凤英,何宇纳,等.中国居民膳食锌元素的摄入状况及变化趋势[J].卫生研究,2006,35(4):485-486.
[26]徐笠,陆安祥,王纪华,等.食物中重金属的生物可给性和生物有效性的研究方法和应用进展[J].生态毒理学报,2017,12(1):89-97.Xu L,Lu A X,Wang J H,et al.Research methods and applications of bioaccessibility and bioavailability of heavy metals in food[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2017,12(1):89-97.
[27]Khan K Y.Agronomic regulations of cadmium low accumulation in pakchoi(Brassica rapa ssp.chinensis L.)for food safety and the mechanisms[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2017.13-25.
[28]陈贵青,张晓璟,徐卫红,等.不同Zn水平下辣椒体内Cd的积累、化学形态及生理特性[J].环境科学,2010,31(7):1657-1662.Chen G Q,Zhang X J,Xu W H,et al.Effect of different zinc levels on accumulation and chemical forms of cadmium,and physiological characterization in Capsicum annuum L.[J].Environmental Science,2010,31(7):1657-1662.
[29]周小勇,仇荣亮,应蓉蓉,等.锌对长柔毛委陵菜体内镉的亚细胞分布和化学形态的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(3):1066-1071.Zhou X Y,Qiu R L,Ying R R,et al.Effects of Zn on subcellular distribution and chemical forms of Cd in Potentilla griffithii var.velutina[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2008,27(3):1066-1071.