生育成本的降低与生育率:基于多国经验及数据的研究
摘要
生育成本是引导人们生育行为的重要途径之一,可以通过调节生育成本来影响家庭生育行为,实现对生育率的调节。论文分析了生育成本的构成及变化趋势,论证了生育成本与生育率之间的关系,提出了家庭生育成本降低的途径以及降低家庭生育成本的对策和建议。论文认为,生育成本由家庭成本和社会成本两部分组成,家庭生育成本的降低有助于提高生育率。家庭生育成本降低主要有两条途径:一是政府通过转移支付以社会福利的形式用于妇女和儿童发展;二是通过特定政策对部分人群进行有针对性的生育成本的调节,如西方国家实施的家庭补贴和税收优惠政策、产假、生育补贴和工作保护以及儿童看护和教育政策等。我国应建立适应中国国情的家庭政策体系,重视对家庭发展能力的保护,实现国家的人口发展与社会稳定的双重战略目的。
引文
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[26]张金岭.法国家庭政策的制度建构:理念与经验[J].国外社会科学,2017(4).
[27]张东明.德国的社会福利制度与政策[J].中国财政,2013(10).
[28]杨昕.低生育水平国家或地区鼓励生育的社会政策及对我国的启示[J].西北人口,2016,37(1).
[2]徐凯,吴金婷.“全面二孩”政策下家庭生育成本与收益分析[J].科学与财富,2016(29).
[3]邱红,王晓峰.生育外部性及生育成本分析[J].西北人口,2010,31(5).
[4]段甲旺.试论“孩子的成本效益理论”的借鉴价值:也谈实现计划生育工作思路和方法的“两个转变”[J].西北人口,1997(4).
[5]吕红平.论子女成本:效用理论在中国的应用[J].人口与经济,1998(2).
[6]宋健,周宇香.全面两孩政策执行中生育成本的分担:基于国家、家庭和用人单位三方视角[J].中国人民大学学报,2016,30(6).
[7]Laurie J. Bassi,Burt S.Barnow.Expenditures onChildren and Child Support Guidelines[J].Journal ofPolicy Analysis and Management,No.3(1993).
[8]Jens Bonke,Martin Browning,“Spending OnChildren:Direct Survey Evidence,”The EconomicJournal,Vol.121,2011.
[9]Anne H.Gauthier. Jan Hatzius. Family Bene-fits and Fertility:An Econometric Analysis[J]. Popula-tion Studies,No.51(1997).
[10]周云.中日两国生育意愿、生育水平及影响因素比较[J].人口与社会,2016,32(1).
[11]Anne H.Gauthier.The impact of family poli-cies on fertility in industrialized countries:a review ofthe literature[J].Population Research and Policy Re-view,No.26(2007).
[12]Thomas A.Diprete,S.Philip Morgan. Docross-national differences in the costs of children gen-erate cross-national differences in fertility rates[J].Population Research and Policy Review,No.22(2003).
[13]Natalie Svarcova,“The Financial Impact ofGovernment Policies on Families with Children in the Czech Republic,Hungary,Poland,and Slovakia,”AUCO Economic Review,No.3(2009).
[14]Daniela Del Boca.Labour Market Participationof Women and Fertility:the Effect of Social Policies[J].C Women,2014.
[15]Alma Cohen.Rajeev Dehijia. Financial In-centives and Fertility[J].The Review of Economics andStatistics,Vol.95,No.1(2013).
[16]Guy Laroque. Does Fertility Respond to Fi-nancial Incentives[J].Social Science Electronic Pub-lishing,Vol.36,No.6(2008).
[17]United States Department of Agriculture.Ex-penditures on Children by Families[J]. MiscellaneousPublication,2002—2015.
[18]盛亦男,杨文庄.西方发达国家的家庭政策及对我国的启示[J].人口研究,2012,36(4).
[19]Theodore Joyce,“Welfare Reform and Non-marital Fertility in the 1990s:Evidence from birth re-cords,”National Bureau of Economic Research,2002.
[20]Kevin Milligan,“Subsidizing the stork:NewEvidence on Tax Incentives and Fertility,”NationalBureau of Economic Research,2002.
[21]宋卫清,丹尼尔·艾乐.福利国家中的社会经济压力和决策者:德国和意大利家庭政策的比较研究[J].欧洲研究,2008,26(6).
[22]Paul Gregg,“Family expenditures post-welfarereform in the UK:Are low-income families starting tocatch up,”Labour Economics,No.13(2006).
[23]Elizabeth Truss.Affordable Quality:New ap-proaches to childcare[J].Center Forum,2012.
[24]Dan T.Rosenbaum.Family Expenditures onChild Care[J].The B.E.Journal of Economic Analysis&Policy,No.7(2007).
[25]吕亚军.战后西方发达国家家庭政策的嬗变[J].安庆师范学院学报(社会科学版),2010,29(1).
[26]张金岭.法国家庭政策的制度建构:理念与经验[J].国外社会科学,2017(4).
[27]张东明.德国的社会福利制度与政策[J].中国财政,2013(10).
[28]杨昕.低生育水平国家或地区鼓励生育的社会政策及对我国的启示[J].西北人口,2016,37(1).