仿生敲击式山核桃破壳机的设计与试验
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摘要
针对目前国内山核桃破壳机实用机型少,破壳率较低,果仁损伤率较高等情况,提出了一种仿生敲击(即模仿人工加工山核桃的方式)破壳方式,研制一款仿生敲击式山核桃破壳机。根据山核桃的物料特性以及破壳时所需的各项力学特性参数,建立了破壳机构设计的数学模型。确定了敲击臂的结构尺寸,优化了凸轮结构,并最终得到了凸轮的实际轮廓曲线。该文阐述了破壳机的总体结构与性能,建立了整机的三维实体模型,并根据建模制造了样机。该样机通过现场试验,结果表明:山核桃的含水率为14.55%~16.35%,大小为直径18~22 mm(沿缝合线方向)时,破壳率为99.41%,果仁损伤率为6.25%,生产率为94.93 kg/h,满足生产要求。该研究丰富与完善了坚果类果实的破壳机理与方法,为含隔坚果类的破壳机具设计与开发提供系统的理论依据和应用基础。
At present,extruding crack and centrifugal shell-breaking methods are adopted as the main strategies for pecan shell-breaking equipment.But the low production rate is hard to be improved.Meanwhile,the bad processing quality will affect the further processing,which restricts the development of the pecan processing industry.To solve such problems,this study proposed a bionic knock method,which imitated the artificial processing to shell pecan,and developed a bionic knock type shell breaker.Design and experiments were both mainly focused on the structure and parameters of the shell breaker.The paper described the overall structure of prototype and introduced the technical parameters of shell breaker,and the three-dimensional model was built by Pro/Engineer software.In this study,cell feed wheel was designed to translate pecan into feed pipe from hopper one by one like water flow,and thus the method could avoid pecans plugging the feed pipe.The bottom of the pipe was linked with shelling system,which was one of the most important parts during the study.In order to figure out a more efficient shelling method,a bionic knock structure was designed based on the particle properties and mechanical behavior of pecan rupturing under knock loading,and the mathematical model of designing the shelling system was built.The system included 3 parts:disk-cam,support point and mechanical arm.The mechanical arm could roll around the support point in a certain angle range,and through the profile curve of disk-cam,the movement of mechanical arm could be controlled to finish shelling process.The groove structure was designed,which could reduce the deformation of pecan under the knock to protect the kernel from damage,and within a few sockets on the inner wall of groove,it could change the surface load into linear load and achieve a better shell-breaking quality.According to the movement requirements of shelling system,the structure dimension of mechanical parts was built,the push movement angle of the cam was optimized by the inverse method and the practical cam profile curve was designed.What was more,the transmission system and the time sequence relationship on all the actions were both introduced,and the transmission system diagram and the one time sequence diagram on shell breaker were showed in the paper.After the physical prototype of mechanism was manufactured,the field test was performed,and 3 groups of pecans were selected.The results showed that the prototype working performance was stable and high-quality.While the rotating speed of camshaft was 52 r/min,the pecan moisture content was set nearly to 14.55%-16.35%,and the diameter volume was from 18 to 22 mm,the shell-breaking rates of the 3 test groups were 99.59%,99.40%and 99.31%respectively,which were high,and the kernel damage rates were 5.77%,7.00%and 6.01%respectively,which were low.The processing efficiency was also higher than the traditional shelling equipment,which could reach 95.54,98.00 and 91.25 kg/h respectively for the 3 groups of pecans.The test performance of prototype could basically meet the production demands.The research can enrich and perfect the mechanism and method for shell-breaking of walnut,and provide the technology and equipment support to realize the mechanization of pecan processing industry.
At present,extruding crack and centrifugal shell-breaking methods are adopted as the main strategies for pecan shell-breaking equipment.But the low production rate is hard to be improved.Meanwhile,the bad processing quality will affect the further processing,which restricts the development of the pecan processing industry.To solve such problems,this study proposed a bionic knock method,which imitated the artificial processing to shell pecan,and developed a bionic knock type shell breaker.Design and experiments were both mainly focused on the structure and parameters of the shell breaker.The paper described the overall structure of prototype and introduced the technical parameters of shell breaker,and the three-dimensional model was built by Pro/Engineer software.In this study,cell feed wheel was designed to translate pecan into feed pipe from hopper one by one like water flow,and thus the method could avoid pecans plugging the feed pipe.The bottom of the pipe was linked with shelling system,which was one of the most important parts during the study.In order to figure out a more efficient shelling method,a bionic knock structure was designed based on the particle properties and mechanical behavior of pecan rupturing under knock loading,and the mathematical model of designing the shelling system was built.The system included 3 parts:disk-cam,support point and mechanical arm.The mechanical arm could roll around the support point in a certain angle range,and through the profile curve of disk-cam,the movement of mechanical arm could be controlled to finish shelling process.The groove structure was designed,which could reduce the deformation of pecan under the knock to protect the kernel from damage,and within a few sockets on the inner wall of groove,it could change the surface load into linear load and achieve a better shell-breaking quality.According to the movement requirements of shelling system,the structure dimension of mechanical parts was built,the push movement angle of the cam was optimized by the inverse method and the practical cam profile curve was designed.What was more,the transmission system and the time sequence relationship on all the actions were both introduced,and the transmission system diagram and the one time sequence diagram on shell breaker were showed in the paper.After the physical prototype of mechanism was manufactured,the field test was performed,and 3 groups of pecans were selected.The results showed that the prototype working performance was stable and high-quality.While the rotating speed of camshaft was 52 r/min,the pecan moisture content was set nearly to 14.55%-16.35%,and the diameter volume was from 18 to 22 mm,the shell-breaking rates of the 3 test groups were 99.59%,99.40%and 99.31%respectively,which were high,and the kernel damage rates were 5.77%,7.00%and 6.01%respectively,which were low.The processing efficiency was also higher than the traditional shelling equipment,which could reach 95.54,98.00 and 91.25 kg/h respectively for the 3 groups of pecans.The test performance of prototype could basically meet the production demands.The research can enrich and perfect the mechanism and method for shell-breaking of walnut,and provide the technology and equipment support to realize the mechanization of pecan processing industry.
引文
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[10]涂灿,杨薇,尹青剑,等.澳洲坚果破壳工艺参数优化及压缩特性的有限元分析[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(16):272-277.Tu Can,Yang Wei,Yin Qingjian,et al.Optimization of technical parameters of breaking Macadamia nut shell and finite element analysis of compression characteristics[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(16):272-277.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]张宏,马岩,李勇,等.基于遗传BP神经网络的核桃破裂功预测模型[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(18):78-84.Zhang Hong,Ma Yan,Li Yong,et al.Rupture energy prediction model for walnut shell breaking based on genetic BP neural network[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2014,30(18):78-84.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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[13]王云阳,张丽,王绍金,等.澳洲坚果果壳解吸等温线与吸附等温线拟合模型[J].农业机械学报,2012,43(5):103-107.Wang Yunyang,Zhang Li,Wang Shaojin,et al.Fitting models of water desorption and adsorption isotherms of macadamia nut shell[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2012,43(5):103-107.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]董远德,史建新,乔园园.核桃不同破壳方式的破壳取仁效果[J].农产品加工.2007,9(9):4-9.Dong Yuande,Shi Jianxin,Qiao Yuanyuan.Effect of the shellbreaking and kernel-taking about walnut for vary shellbreaking methods[J].Academic Periodical of Farm Products Processing.2007,9(9):4-9.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]Oluwole F A,Aviara N A,Haque M A.Development and performance tests of a sheanut cracker[J].Journal of Food Engineering,2004,65(1):117-123.
[16]Ojolo S J,Damisa O,Orisaleye J I,et al.Design and development of cashew nut shelling machine[J].Journal of Engineering,Design and Technology,2010,8(2):146-157.
[17]郑甲红,赵奎鹏,王娅妮,等.锯口挤压式核桃破壳机[J].木材加工机械.2015,26(2):5-7.Zheng Jiahong,Zhao Kuipeng,Wang Yani,et al.Design on Walnut shelling-breaking machine with sawing and extrusion.[J].Wood Processing Machinery.2015,26(2):5-7.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]李忠新,刘奎,杨莉玲,等.锥篮式核桃破壳装置设计与试验[J].农业机械学报2012,43(10):146-152.Li Zhongxin,Liu Kui,Yang Liling,et al.Design and experiment of walnut-cracking device[J].Transaction of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2012,43(10):146-152.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]陈超超.击打式山核桃破壳机的设计与研究[D].泰安:山东农业大学.2014Chen Chaochao.Design and Research of Impact mountain Walnut Shell-breaking Machine.[D].Taian:Shandong Agricultural University.2014.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]刘明政,李长河,张彦彬,等.柔性带剪切挤压核桃破壳机理分析与性能试验[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(7):266-273.Liu Mingzheng,Li Changhe,Zhang Yanbin,et al.Shell crushing mechanism analysis and performance test of flexible-belt shearing extrusion for walnut[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(7):266-273.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]刘德顺,陈夕兵.冲击机械系统动力学[M].北京:科学出版社,1999.186-195.
[22]哈尔滨工业大学理论力学教研室.理论力学(I)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2009.
[23]汤攀,李红,陈超,等.考虑配重的垂直摇臂式喷头摇臂运动规律及水力性能[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(2):37-44.Tang Pan,Li Hong,Chen Chao,et al.Arm movement law and hydraulic performance of vertical impact sprinkler with counterweight[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(2):37-44.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]王枫,崔建坤,胡昌志.变等效摆杆长度摆动双滚子从动件盘形凸轮解析设计法[J].机械传动,2014,28(12):73-76.Wang Feng,Cui Jiankun,Hu Changzhi.Analytical design method of swing double rollers follower disc cam with variable length of equivalent pendulum rod.[J].Journal of Mechanical Transmission.2014,28(12):73-76(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]叶秉良,李丽,俞高红,等.蔬菜钵苗移栽机取苗臂凸轮机构的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(8):21-29.Ye Bingliang,Li Li,Yu Gaohong,et al.Design and test on cam mechanism of seedling pick-up arm for vegetable transplanter[J].Transaction of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2014,30(8):21-29.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]温建民,付本国.摆动滚子从动件盘形凸轮的自动化设计[J].中国工程机械学报,2006,10(4):465-473.Wen Jianming,Fu Benguo.Parametric design of oscillatingroller-followed disk cam.[J].Chinese Journal of construction machinery,2006,10(4):465-473.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]常勇,杨富富.关于凹圆弧底摆动从动件盘形凸轮机构的系统研究[J].机械设计,2010,27(1):41-44.Chang Yong,Yang Fufu.Research about the system of disc cam mechanism with convex arc bottomed swinging follower[J].Journal of Machine Design.2010,27(1):41-44.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]常勇,杨富富,李延平.摆动从动杆盘形凸轮机构最小尺寸的完全解法[J].农业机械学报,2013,44(3):237-245.Chang Yong,Yang Fufu,Li Yanping,Thorough solution of the minimum size of disc cam mechanism with oscillating follower[J].Transaction of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2013,44(3):237-245.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[29]付鹏洋,胡建平,刘发,等.齿轮连杆凸轮组合式栽植机构仿真与试验[J].农业机械学报,2014,45(增刊1):52-56.Fu Pengyang,Hu Jianping,Liu Fa,et al.Simulation analysis and experiment for gear-linkage-cam combination planting mechanism[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2014,45(Supp.1):52-56.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[30]赵超.山核桃破壳力学分析[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版),2012,9(12):123-127.Zhao Chao.Mechanical analysis of cracking hickory[J].Journal of Southwest University(Natural Science Edition).2012,9(12):123-127.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[2]Froogh Sharifian,Mohammadali Haddad Derafshi.Mechanical behavior of walnut under cracking conditions[J].Journal of Applied Sciences 2008,8(5):886-890.
[3]Koyuncu M A,Ekinci K,Savran.Cracking charateristics of walnut[J]Biosystems Engineering.2004,87(3):305-311.
[4]Kocturk B O,Gurhan R.Determination of mechanical properties of various walnut according to different moisture levels[J].Journal of Agricultural Science.2007,13(1):69-74.
[5]Ragab Khir,Pan Zhongli,Griffiths G,Atungulu.Size and moisture distribution characteristics of walnut and their components[J].Food Bioprocess Technol,2013,6(3):771-782.
[6]朱德泉,曹成茂,丁正耀,等.山核桃坚果热风干燥特性及其工艺参数优化[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(7):364-369.Zhu Dequan,Cao Chengmao,Ding Zhengyao,et al.Hot-air drying characteristics and technical parameters optimization of kernel hickory(Carya cathayensis Sarg.)[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2011,27(7):364-369.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]史建新,赵海军,辛动军.基于有限元分析的核桃脱壳技术研究[J].农业工程学报.2005,21(3):185-188.Shi Jianxin,Zhao Haijun,Xin Dongjun.Technology for breaking walnut shell based on finite element analysis[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2005,21(3):185-188.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]闫茹,高警,郑甲红,等.基于Workbench的核桃破壳力学特性分析[J].农机化研究.2014,36(10):38-41.Yan Ru,Gao Jing,Zheng Jiahong,et al.Analysis of mechanical properties of walnut shell based on workbench[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research.2014,36(10):38-41.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]刘奎,李忠新,杨莉玲,等.机械破壳时核桃仁损伤特性研究[J].农产品加工.2014(16):41-44.Liu Kui,Li Zhongxin,Yang Liling,et al.The walnut kernel damage characteristics during the walnut mechanical shelling process[J].Academic Periodical of Farm Products Processing.2014(16):41-44.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]涂灿,杨薇,尹青剑,等.澳洲坚果破壳工艺参数优化及压缩特性的有限元分析[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(16):272-277.Tu Can,Yang Wei,Yin Qingjian,et al.Optimization of technical parameters of breaking Macadamia nut shell and finite element analysis of compression characteristics[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(16):272-277.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]张宏,马岩,李勇,等.基于遗传BP神经网络的核桃破裂功预测模型[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(18):78-84.Zhang Hong,Ma Yan,Li Yong,et al.Rupture energy prediction model for walnut shell breaking based on genetic BP neural network[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2014,30(18):78-84.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]李建欢,杨薇.澳洲坚果热风干燥过程中果壳收缩特性[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(11):268-273.Li Jianhuan,Yang Wei.Shrinkage characteristics of macadamia nuts shell during hot-air drying[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(11):268-273.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]王云阳,张丽,王绍金,等.澳洲坚果果壳解吸等温线与吸附等温线拟合模型[J].农业机械学报,2012,43(5):103-107.Wang Yunyang,Zhang Li,Wang Shaojin,et al.Fitting models of water desorption and adsorption isotherms of macadamia nut shell[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2012,43(5):103-107.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]董远德,史建新,乔园园.核桃不同破壳方式的破壳取仁效果[J].农产品加工.2007,9(9):4-9.Dong Yuande,Shi Jianxin,Qiao Yuanyuan.Effect of the shellbreaking and kernel-taking about walnut for vary shellbreaking methods[J].Academic Periodical of Farm Products Processing.2007,9(9):4-9.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]Oluwole F A,Aviara N A,Haque M A.Development and performance tests of a sheanut cracker[J].Journal of Food Engineering,2004,65(1):117-123.
[16]Ojolo S J,Damisa O,Orisaleye J I,et al.Design and development of cashew nut shelling machine[J].Journal of Engineering,Design and Technology,2010,8(2):146-157.
[17]郑甲红,赵奎鹏,王娅妮,等.锯口挤压式核桃破壳机[J].木材加工机械.2015,26(2):5-7.Zheng Jiahong,Zhao Kuipeng,Wang Yani,et al.Design on Walnut shelling-breaking machine with sawing and extrusion.[J].Wood Processing Machinery.2015,26(2):5-7.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]李忠新,刘奎,杨莉玲,等.锥篮式核桃破壳装置设计与试验[J].农业机械学报2012,43(10):146-152.Li Zhongxin,Liu Kui,Yang Liling,et al.Design and experiment of walnut-cracking device[J].Transaction of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2012,43(10):146-152.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]陈超超.击打式山核桃破壳机的设计与研究[D].泰安:山东农业大学.2014Chen Chaochao.Design and Research of Impact mountain Walnut Shell-breaking Machine.[D].Taian:Shandong Agricultural University.2014.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]刘明政,李长河,张彦彬,等.柔性带剪切挤压核桃破壳机理分析与性能试验[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(7):266-273.Liu Mingzheng,Li Changhe,Zhang Yanbin,et al.Shell crushing mechanism analysis and performance test of flexible-belt shearing extrusion for walnut[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(7):266-273.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]刘德顺,陈夕兵.冲击机械系统动力学[M].北京:科学出版社,1999.186-195.
[22]哈尔滨工业大学理论力学教研室.理论力学(I)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2009.
[23]汤攀,李红,陈超,等.考虑配重的垂直摇臂式喷头摇臂运动规律及水力性能[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(2):37-44.Tang Pan,Li Hong,Chen Chao,et al.Arm movement law and hydraulic performance of vertical impact sprinkler with counterweight[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(2):37-44.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]王枫,崔建坤,胡昌志.变等效摆杆长度摆动双滚子从动件盘形凸轮解析设计法[J].机械传动,2014,28(12):73-76.Wang Feng,Cui Jiankun,Hu Changzhi.Analytical design method of swing double rollers follower disc cam with variable length of equivalent pendulum rod.[J].Journal of Mechanical Transmission.2014,28(12):73-76(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]叶秉良,李丽,俞高红,等.蔬菜钵苗移栽机取苗臂凸轮机构的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(8):21-29.Ye Bingliang,Li Li,Yu Gaohong,et al.Design and test on cam mechanism of seedling pick-up arm for vegetable transplanter[J].Transaction of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2014,30(8):21-29.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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[27]常勇,杨富富.关于凹圆弧底摆动从动件盘形凸轮机构的系统研究[J].机械设计,2010,27(1):41-44.Chang Yong,Yang Fufu.Research about the system of disc cam mechanism with convex arc bottomed swinging follower[J].Journal of Machine Design.2010,27(1):41-44.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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