中国城市间技术转移的空间特征与邻近性机理
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摘要
技术转移是区域经济发展的主要方式。城市作为多种要素流动的中心,彼此间的相互作用和联系状况,是城市地理研究的重要内容。因此,在知识经济时代,对技术转移的机理进行探讨尤为重要。在此背景下,论文基于国家知识产权局2000—2015年的专利转移数据,借助Gephi、ArcGIS和Stata等工具,对中国技术转移网络的主体结构、分部类模式及其空间特征进行了探究。结果表明:①就技术转移网络的主体而言,虽然民营企业和高校的地位不断攀升,但多数联系建立在高校、科研院所与其衍生企业之间,说明网络整体连通性较低,溢出效应微弱;②从分部类专利转移数据来看,对创新能力要求较高的知识往往在相对较少的地方产生,且其转移的空间尺度主要集中于城市内,说明中国城市间技术转移存在一定的地域阻隔;③对多维邻近性及其影响的回归分析表明,多数城市在建立创新联系时,更倾向与同一行政区内或地理、技术规模邻近的城市进行专利转移,即地理邻近、技术邻近、社会邻近对中国产学研合作网络的构架具有正向的促进作用。
Technology transfer is the main route of regional economic development. Cities are the center of the flow of various elements, and interactions and relationships between them is an important content of urban geography research. Therefore, in the era of knowledge economy, the mechanism of technology transfer is particularly important. Consequently, in the perspective of technology transfer and network capital and based on the patent transfer data from the State Intellectual Property Office for 2000-2015, this study explored the main structure, the sub-category model, and the spatial characteristics of the technology transfer network using Gephi,ArcGIS and Stata. The results show that: 1) Although private enterprises and universities are playing an increasingly important role in the technology transfer network in China, most of the connections are established between universities, research institutions, and their derivative enterprises, indicating that the overall connectivity is low and the network spillover effect is weak. 2) According to the patent transfer data of subcategories, the knowledge required for innovation ability is often generated in relatively few places, and its transfer is mainly concentrated in cities, suggesting that there are some regional barriers to technology transfer between cities in China. 3) In addition, the vast majority of cities are more likely to carry out patent transfer in the same administrative area or between cities with geographical proximity or similar knowledge scale when establishing innovative ties—geographical proximity, technological proximity, and social proximity play a positive role in promoting the development of China's technology transfer network that comprises of enterprises,universities, and research institutions.
Technology transfer is the main route of regional economic development. Cities are the center of the flow of various elements, and interactions and relationships between them is an important content of urban geography research. Therefore, in the era of knowledge economy, the mechanism of technology transfer is particularly important. Consequently, in the perspective of technology transfer and network capital and based on the patent transfer data from the State Intellectual Property Office for 2000-2015, this study explored the main structure, the sub-category model, and the spatial characteristics of the technology transfer network using Gephi,ArcGIS and Stata. The results show that: 1) Although private enterprises and universities are playing an increasingly important role in the technology transfer network in China, most of the connections are established between universities, research institutions, and their derivative enterprises, indicating that the overall connectivity is low and the network spillover effect is weak. 2) According to the patent transfer data of subcategories, the knowledge required for innovation ability is often generated in relatively few places, and its transfer is mainly concentrated in cities, suggesting that there are some regional barriers to technology transfer between cities in China. 3) In addition, the vast majority of cities are more likely to carry out patent transfer in the same administrative area or between cities with geographical proximity or similar knowledge scale when establishing innovative ties—geographical proximity, technological proximity, and social proximity play a positive role in promoting the development of China's technology transfer network that comprises of enterprises,universities, and research institutions.
引文
段德忠,杜德斌,谌颖,等.2018.中国城市创新技术转移格局与影响因素[J].地理学报,73(4):738-754.[Duan D Z,Du D B,Chen Y,et al.2018.Pattern and influencing factors of urban innovation technology transfer in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,73(4):738-754.]
方创琳,马海涛,王振波,等.2014.中国创新型城市建设的综合评估与空间格局分异[J].地理学报,69(4):459-473.[Fang C L,Ma H T,Wang Z B,et al.2014.Comprehensive assessment and spatial heterogeneity of the construction of innovative cities in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,69(4):459-473.]
胡杨,李郇.2017.多维邻近性对产学研合作创新的影响:广州市高新技术企业的案例分析[J].地理研究,36(4):695-706.[Hu Y,Li X.2017.The impact of multi-dimensional proximities on university industry cooperative innovation:Case studies of high-tech enterprises in Guangzhou.Geographical Research,36(4):695-706.]
刘承良,桂钦昌,段德忠,等.2017.全球科研论文合作网络的结构异质性及其邻近性机理[J].地理学报,72(4):737-752.[Liu C L,Gui Q C,Duan D Z,et al.2017.Structural heterogeneity and proximity mechanism of global scientific collaboration network based on co-authored papers.Acta Geographica Sinica,72(4):737-752.]
吕国庆,曾刚,顾娜娜.2014.经济地理学视角下区域创新网络的研究综述[J].经济地理,34(2):1-8.[Lv G Q,Zeng G,Gu N N.2014.Literature review of regional innovation network:An economic geographical perspective.Economic Geography,34(2):1-8.]
吕拉昌,黄茹,廖倩.2016.创新地理学研究的几个理论问题[J].地理科学,36(5):653-661.[Lv L C,Huang R,Liao Q.2016.Several theoretical issues on innovation geography.Scientia Geographica Sinica,36(5):653-661.]
马海涛.2016.基于知识流动的中国城市网络研究进展与展望[J].经济地理,36(11):207-213.[Ma H T.2016.Research progress and prospects of city networks based on knowledge flow in China.Economic Geography,36(11):207-213.]
王秋玉,曾刚,吕国庆.2016.中国装备制造业产学研合作创新网络初探[J].地理学报,71(2):251-264.[Wang Q Y,Zeng G,Lv G Q.2016.Structural evolution of innovation networks of China's equipment manufacturing industry.Acta Geographica Sinica,71(2):251-264.]
王永明,马耀峰,王美霞.2012.中国入境游客多城市旅游空间网络结构[J].地理科学进展,31(4):518-526.[Wang YM,Ma Y F,Wang M X.2012.Network structure of multicity inbound tourists of China.Progress in Geography,31(4):518-526.]
武前波,宁越敏.2012.中国城市空间网络分析:基于电子信息企业生产网络视角[J].地理研究,31(2):207-219.[Wu Q B,Ning Y M.2012.China's urban network based on spatial organization of electronic information enterprises.Geographical Research,31(2):207-219.]
武文杰,董正斌,张文忠,等.2011.中国城市空间关联网络结构的时空演变[J].地理学报,66(4):435-445.[Wu W J,Dong Z B,Zhang W Z,et al.2011.Spatio-temporal evolution of the China's inter-urban organization network structure.Acta Geographica Sinica,66(4):435-445.]
甄峰,王波,陈映雪.2012.基于网络社会空间的中国城市网络特征:以新浪微博为例[J].地理学报,67(8):1031-1043.[Zhen F,Wang B,Chen Y X.2012.China's city network characteristics based on social network space:An empirical analysis of Sina micro-blog.Acta Geographica Sinica,67(8):1031-1043.]
Andersson D E,Gunessee S,Matthiessen C W,et al.2014.The geography of Chinese science[J].Environment and Planning A,46(12):2950-2971.
Bathelt H,Glückler J.2003.Toward a relational economic geography[J].Journal of Economic Geography,3(2):117-144.
Bathelt H,Glückler J.2011.The relational economy:Geographies of knowing and learning[M].Oxford,UK:Oxford University Press.
Bathelt H,Malmberg A,Maskell P.2004.Clusters and knowledge:Local buzz,global pipelines and the process of knowledge creation[J].Progress in Human Geography,28(1):31-56.
Boschma R.2005.Proximity and innovation:A critical assessment[J].Regional Studies,39(1):61-74.
Bouba-Olga O,Carrincazeaux C,Coris M,et al.2015.Proximity dynamics,social networks and innovation[J].Regional Studies,49(6):901-906.
Breschi S,Lissoni F.2009.Mobility of skilled workers and coinvention networks:An anatomy of localized knowledge flows[J].Journal of Economic Geography,9(4):439-468.
Buenstorf G,Geissler M.2013.Not invented here:Technology licensing,knowledge transfer and innovation based on public research[M]//Buenstorf B,Cantner U,Hanusch Het al.The two sides of innovation.Heidelberg:Springer International Publishing:77-107.
Chesbrough H W.2006.Open innovation:The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology[M].New York:Harvard Business Press.
Crescenzi R,Nathan M,Rodríguez-Pose A.2016.Do inventors talk to strangers?On proximity and collaborative knowledge creation[J].Research Policy,45(1):177-194.
Dicken P.2004."Geographers and'globalization':(yet)Another missed boat?"[J].Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,29(1):5-26.
Frenken K,van Oort F,Verburg T.2007.Related variety,unrelated variety and regional economic growth[J].Regional studies,41(5):685-697.
Hagedoorn J,Cloodt M.2003.Measuring innovative performance:Is there an advantage in using multiple indicators?[J].Research Policy,32(8):1365-1379.
Ibert O,Hautala J,Jauhiainen J S.2015.From cluster to process:New economic geographic perspectives on practices of knowledge creation[J].Geoforum,65:323-327.
Jaffe A B,Trajtenberg M,Henderson R.1993.Geographic localization of knowledge spillovers as evidenced by patent citations[J].The Quarterly Journal of Economics,108(3):577-598.
Lawson C,Lorenz E.1999.Collective learning,tacit knowledge and regional innovative capacity[J].Regional Studies,33(4):305-317.
Maskell P,Malmberg A.1999.The competitiveness of firms and regions:'Ubiquitification'and the importance of localized learning[J].European Urban and Regional Studies,6(1):9-25.
Reagans R,McEvily B.2003.Network structure and knowledge transfer:The effects of cohesion and range[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,48(2):240-267.
Santoro M D,Bierly P E.2006.Facilitators of knowledge transfer in university-industry collaborations:A knowledge-based perspective[J].IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,53(4):495-507.
Scherngell T,Barber M J.2009.Spatial interaction modelling of cross-region R&D collaborations:Empirical evidence from the 5th EU framework programme[J].Papers in Regional Science,88(3):531-546.
Shaw A T,Gilly J P.2000.On the analytical dimension of proximity dynamics[J].Regional Studies,34(2):169-180.
Siegel D S,Waldman D A,Atwater L E,et al.2003.Commercial knowledge transfers from universities to firms:Improving the effectiveness of university-industry collaboration[J].The Journal of High Technology Management Research,14(1):111-133.
Teece D J.1977.Technology transfer by multinational firms:The resource cost of international technology transfer[J].Economic Journal,87(346):242-261.
Ter Wal A L J,Boschma R A.2009.Applying social network analysis in economic geography:Framing some key analytic issues[J].The Annals of Regional Science,43(3):739-756.
Tsai W,Ghoshal S.1998.Social capital and value creation:The role of intrafirm networks[J].Academy of Management Journal,41(4):464-476.
van Elkan R.1996.Catching up and slowing down:Learning and growth patterns in an open economy[J].Journal of International Economics,41(1-2):95-111.
(1)《中华人民共和国专利法》第10条。
(2)http://search.cnipr.com/。
方创琳,马海涛,王振波,等.2014.中国创新型城市建设的综合评估与空间格局分异[J].地理学报,69(4):459-473.[Fang C L,Ma H T,Wang Z B,et al.2014.Comprehensive assessment and spatial heterogeneity of the construction of innovative cities in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,69(4):459-473.]
胡杨,李郇.2017.多维邻近性对产学研合作创新的影响:广州市高新技术企业的案例分析[J].地理研究,36(4):695-706.[Hu Y,Li X.2017.The impact of multi-dimensional proximities on university industry cooperative innovation:Case studies of high-tech enterprises in Guangzhou.Geographical Research,36(4):695-706.]
刘承良,桂钦昌,段德忠,等.2017.全球科研论文合作网络的结构异质性及其邻近性机理[J].地理学报,72(4):737-752.[Liu C L,Gui Q C,Duan D Z,et al.2017.Structural heterogeneity and proximity mechanism of global scientific collaboration network based on co-authored papers.Acta Geographica Sinica,72(4):737-752.]
吕国庆,曾刚,顾娜娜.2014.经济地理学视角下区域创新网络的研究综述[J].经济地理,34(2):1-8.[Lv G Q,Zeng G,Gu N N.2014.Literature review of regional innovation network:An economic geographical perspective.Economic Geography,34(2):1-8.]
吕拉昌,黄茹,廖倩.2016.创新地理学研究的几个理论问题[J].地理科学,36(5):653-661.[Lv L C,Huang R,Liao Q.2016.Several theoretical issues on innovation geography.Scientia Geographica Sinica,36(5):653-661.]
马海涛.2016.基于知识流动的中国城市网络研究进展与展望[J].经济地理,36(11):207-213.[Ma H T.2016.Research progress and prospects of city networks based on knowledge flow in China.Economic Geography,36(11):207-213.]
王秋玉,曾刚,吕国庆.2016.中国装备制造业产学研合作创新网络初探[J].地理学报,71(2):251-264.[Wang Q Y,Zeng G,Lv G Q.2016.Structural evolution of innovation networks of China's equipment manufacturing industry.Acta Geographica Sinica,71(2):251-264.]
王永明,马耀峰,王美霞.2012.中国入境游客多城市旅游空间网络结构[J].地理科学进展,31(4):518-526.[Wang YM,Ma Y F,Wang M X.2012.Network structure of multicity inbound tourists of China.Progress in Geography,31(4):518-526.]
武前波,宁越敏.2012.中国城市空间网络分析:基于电子信息企业生产网络视角[J].地理研究,31(2):207-219.[Wu Q B,Ning Y M.2012.China's urban network based on spatial organization of electronic information enterprises.Geographical Research,31(2):207-219.]
武文杰,董正斌,张文忠,等.2011.中国城市空间关联网络结构的时空演变[J].地理学报,66(4):435-445.[Wu W J,Dong Z B,Zhang W Z,et al.2011.Spatio-temporal evolution of the China's inter-urban organization network structure.Acta Geographica Sinica,66(4):435-445.]
甄峰,王波,陈映雪.2012.基于网络社会空间的中国城市网络特征:以新浪微博为例[J].地理学报,67(8):1031-1043.[Zhen F,Wang B,Chen Y X.2012.China's city network characteristics based on social network space:An empirical analysis of Sina micro-blog.Acta Geographica Sinica,67(8):1031-1043.]
Andersson D E,Gunessee S,Matthiessen C W,et al.2014.The geography of Chinese science[J].Environment and Planning A,46(12):2950-2971.
Bathelt H,Glückler J.2003.Toward a relational economic geography[J].Journal of Economic Geography,3(2):117-144.
Bathelt H,Glückler J.2011.The relational economy:Geographies of knowing and learning[M].Oxford,UK:Oxford University Press.
Bathelt H,Malmberg A,Maskell P.2004.Clusters and knowledge:Local buzz,global pipelines and the process of knowledge creation[J].Progress in Human Geography,28(1):31-56.
Boschma R.2005.Proximity and innovation:A critical assessment[J].Regional Studies,39(1):61-74.
Bouba-Olga O,Carrincazeaux C,Coris M,et al.2015.Proximity dynamics,social networks and innovation[J].Regional Studies,49(6):901-906.
Breschi S,Lissoni F.2009.Mobility of skilled workers and coinvention networks:An anatomy of localized knowledge flows[J].Journal of Economic Geography,9(4):439-468.
Buenstorf G,Geissler M.2013.Not invented here:Technology licensing,knowledge transfer and innovation based on public research[M]//Buenstorf B,Cantner U,Hanusch Het al.The two sides of innovation.Heidelberg:Springer International Publishing:77-107.
Chesbrough H W.2006.Open innovation:The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology[M].New York:Harvard Business Press.
Crescenzi R,Nathan M,Rodríguez-Pose A.2016.Do inventors talk to strangers?On proximity and collaborative knowledge creation[J].Research Policy,45(1):177-194.
Dicken P.2004."Geographers and'globalization':(yet)Another missed boat?"[J].Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,29(1):5-26.
Frenken K,van Oort F,Verburg T.2007.Related variety,unrelated variety and regional economic growth[J].Regional studies,41(5):685-697.
Hagedoorn J,Cloodt M.2003.Measuring innovative performance:Is there an advantage in using multiple indicators?[J].Research Policy,32(8):1365-1379.
Ibert O,Hautala J,Jauhiainen J S.2015.From cluster to process:New economic geographic perspectives on practices of knowledge creation[J].Geoforum,65:323-327.
Jaffe A B,Trajtenberg M,Henderson R.1993.Geographic localization of knowledge spillovers as evidenced by patent citations[J].The Quarterly Journal of Economics,108(3):577-598.
Lawson C,Lorenz E.1999.Collective learning,tacit knowledge and regional innovative capacity[J].Regional Studies,33(4):305-317.
Maskell P,Malmberg A.1999.The competitiveness of firms and regions:'Ubiquitification'and the importance of localized learning[J].European Urban and Regional Studies,6(1):9-25.
Reagans R,McEvily B.2003.Network structure and knowledge transfer:The effects of cohesion and range[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,48(2):240-267.
Santoro M D,Bierly P E.2006.Facilitators of knowledge transfer in university-industry collaborations:A knowledge-based perspective[J].IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,53(4):495-507.
Scherngell T,Barber M J.2009.Spatial interaction modelling of cross-region R&D collaborations:Empirical evidence from the 5th EU framework programme[J].Papers in Regional Science,88(3):531-546.
Shaw A T,Gilly J P.2000.On the analytical dimension of proximity dynamics[J].Regional Studies,34(2):169-180.
Siegel D S,Waldman D A,Atwater L E,et al.2003.Commercial knowledge transfers from universities to firms:Improving the effectiveness of university-industry collaboration[J].The Journal of High Technology Management Research,14(1):111-133.
Teece D J.1977.Technology transfer by multinational firms:The resource cost of international technology transfer[J].Economic Journal,87(346):242-261.
Ter Wal A L J,Boschma R A.2009.Applying social network analysis in economic geography:Framing some key analytic issues[J].The Annals of Regional Science,43(3):739-756.
Tsai W,Ghoshal S.1998.Social capital and value creation:The role of intrafirm networks[J].Academy of Management Journal,41(4):464-476.
van Elkan R.1996.Catching up and slowing down:Learning and growth patterns in an open economy[J].Journal of International Economics,41(1-2):95-111.
(1)《中华人民共和国专利法》第10条。
(2)http://search.cnipr.com/。