市场化与国际足球排名——来自最新跨国面板数据的实证分析
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摘要
以加拿大弗雷泽研究所发布的人类自由指数衡量一个国家的市场化发展程度,实证分析市场化对国际足球排名的影响程度,并初步讨论发展足球项目所涉及到的社会、经济因素。结果发现,在控制收入、人口、区域等因素后,经济自由度和个人自由度分别对国际足球排名具有显著的负向和正向作用。
Based on the measurement of the marketization degree of a country with the Human Freedom Index published by the Fraser Institute of Canada,this paper empirically analyzed the impact of marketization on international soccer rankings. Also,the social and economic factors involved in the development of soccer projects were discussed. After controlling factors such as income,population and region,the author found that economic freedom and individual freedom have significant negative and positive effects on international soccer rankings.
Based on the measurement of the marketization degree of a country with the Human Freedom Index published by the Fraser Institute of Canada,this paper empirically analyzed the impact of marketization on international soccer rankings. Also,the social and economic factors involved in the development of soccer projects were discussed. After controlling factors such as income,population and region,the author found that economic freedom and individual freedom have significant negative and positive effects on international soccer rankings.
引文
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[8]Bredtmann J,Crede C,Otten S.The effect of gender equality on international soccer performance[J].International Journal of Sport Finance,2016(11):288-309.
[9]Leeds M A,Marikova Leeds E.International soccer success and national institutions[J].Journal of Sports Economics,2009,10(4):369-390.
[10]Krause M,Szymanski S.Convergence versus the middle-income trap:the case of globalsoccer[J].Applied Economics,2019,51(27):2980-2999.
[11]Bologna J,Hall J.Economic freedom research:Some comments and suggestions[J].Economic Freedom and Economic Education,Ideas and Influence of James Gwartney.The Annual Proceedings of the Wealth and Well-Being of Nations,2014(6):123-135.
[12]Macmillan P,Smith I.Explaining International SoccerRankings[J].Journal of Sports Economics,2007,8(2):202-213.
[13]Collins T.Early Football and the Emergence of Modern Soccer,c.1840-1880[J].The International Journal of the History of Sport,2015,32(9):1127-1142.
[14]Houston R G,Wilson D P.Income,leisure and proficiency:an economic study of footballperformance[J].Applied Economics Letters,2002,9(14):939-943.
[2]Hoffmann R,Ging L C,Ramasamy B.The Socio-Economic Determinants of International Soccer Performance[J].Journal of Applied Economics,2002,5(2):253-272.
[3]Jacobs J C.Programme-level determinants of women's international football performance[J].European Sport Management Quarterly,2014,14(5):521-537.
[4]Ignacio L,Carlos L P,Santiago L P.Democracy andfootball[J].Social Science Quarterly,2016,97(5):1282-1294.
[5]Hall J C,Humphreys B R,Ruseski J E.Economic Freedom and Exercise:Evidence from State Outcomes[J].Southern Economic Journal,2018,84(4):1050-1066.
[6]Hall J C,Humphreys B R,Ruseski J E.Economic Freedom,Race,and Health Disparities:Evidence from US States[J].Public Finance Review,2018,46(2):276-300.
[7]Szymanski S.Why China doesn't dominate soccer:The Washington Post[Z].[2019-01-21].https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/global-opinions/wp/2018/06/18/why-china-doesntdominate-soccer/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.d75c243fd200.
[8]Bredtmann J,Crede C,Otten S.The effect of gender equality on international soccer performance[J].International Journal of Sport Finance,2016(11):288-309.
[9]Leeds M A,Marikova Leeds E.International soccer success and national institutions[J].Journal of Sports Economics,2009,10(4):369-390.
[10]Krause M,Szymanski S.Convergence versus the middle-income trap:the case of globalsoccer[J].Applied Economics,2019,51(27):2980-2999.
[11]Bologna J,Hall J.Economic freedom research:Some comments and suggestions[J].Economic Freedom and Economic Education,Ideas and Influence of James Gwartney.The Annual Proceedings of the Wealth and Well-Being of Nations,2014(6):123-135.
[12]Macmillan P,Smith I.Explaining International SoccerRankings[J].Journal of Sports Economics,2007,8(2):202-213.
[13]Collins T.Early Football and the Emergence of Modern Soccer,c.1840-1880[J].The International Journal of the History of Sport,2015,32(9):1127-1142.
[14]Houston R G,Wilson D P.Income,leisure and proficiency:an economic study of footballperformance[J].Applied Economics Letters,2002,9(14):939-943.