中国育成草莓品种的系谱分析
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摘要
【目的】调查统计1953—2016年我国培育的草莓品种,分析其亲本的类型和来源,归纳出草莓育种亲本选配规律。【方法】利用我国育成的108个草莓品种的系谱资料,探究其直接亲本和原始亲本组成,计算亲本的遗传贡献值。【结果】1953—2016年我国共育成草莓品种108个,其中3个品种遗传背景不详,因此仅对剩余105个亲本来源清楚的品种进行统计分析。105个草莓品种涉及直接亲本85个、原始亲本68个。‘红颜’和‘甜查理’作为原始亲本,使用频数最高,分别衍生出17个和15个品种,遗传贡献值分别为8.1%和7.7%。【结论】杂交选育是我国草莓育种的主要途径,利用欧美品种与日韩品种杂交育成品种的比例占58.9%。我国草莓育种中衍生品种数较多的亲本为‘红颜’和‘甜查理’,早熟、品质优、抗病是我国草莓领域主要的育种方向。
【Objective】Strawberry breeding in China was initiated in the 1950 s, and has achieved rapid development in the 21 stcentury. However, the main cultivars used in production are cultivars introduced from the oversea. In order to provide reference for future strawberry breeding, the survey of strawberry cultivars bred in China from 1953 to 2016 were investigated and summarized. The parentages of 105 cultivars were analyzed based on the pedigree data to reveal the most important varieties used as parents for breeding strawberry varieties in China.【Methods】Literatures were used to trace the parents of released cultivars. The genetic contribution of ancestral parents for each released cultivar was calculated based on the deduced direct parents. The genetic contribution value of all the cultivars of parents bred through seedling selection or self-bred was 1 and that of the cultivars of parents bred through conventional crossing was 0.5. The parents of every parent were deduced till to the ultimate ancestral parents according to the equal segmentation methods and the total value of genetic contribution was 1. The calculation methods of genetic contribution value for all the parent cultivars bred through sport selection or induced mutation were the same as the parent cultivars bred by seedling selection.【Results】There were 108 strawberry cultivars released in China from 1953 to 2016, including 9 everbearing type cultivars, and 99 june-bearing type cultivars. Cultivars were classified according to purpose as fresh type, ornamental and fresh type, processing and fresh type, processing type, the proportions of the four types were 88.9%, 4.6%, 4.6% and1.9%, respectively. Among those cultivars, 95 were bred by hybrid breeding, 11 by seedling selection, 1 by bud sport selection and 1 by mutation breeding, respectively. The parental records of 3 cultivars were unclear, therefor, statistical analysis was only carried out on 105 cultivars with clear parental recordes.The 105 cultivars could be ultimately traced to 85 direct parents, including imported strawberry cultivars(71.6%), bred cultivars(22.7%) and domestic cultivars(2.3%). These cultivars could be ultimately traced to 68 ancestral parents, of whom 91.6% were imported strawberry cultivars and 2.8% were domestic cultivars, respectively. In 95 cultivars from hybridization, the proportion of crossing between Western cultivars and Japan-Korea cultivars was higher than that between western cultivars and Chinese cultivars. 17 cultivars were derived from‘Benihoppe'. The genetic contribution value of‘Benihoppe'was 8.1%. On the other hand, the production area of‘Benihoppe'was the largest in China. 14 cultivars were derived from‘Sweet Charlie'. The genetic contribution value of‘Sweet Charlie'was 7.7%. In total, the proportion of cultivars derived from‘Benihoppe'or‘Sweet Charlie'was 26.9%. Moreover, there were 3 cultivars bred by the crossing between‘Benihoppe'and‘Sweet Charlie'.【Conclusion】The main breeding methods of strawberry in China was hybrid breeding. The most important cultivar used as parents for breeding new varieties in China were‘Benihoppe'and‘Sweet Charlie'. American cultivars have played a leading role in the selection of everbearing cultivars with smart fruits, high yielding, and long storage life. Wild germplasm have not been used in strawberry breeding in China so far, although they could contribute.
【Objective】Strawberry breeding in China was initiated in the 1950 s, and has achieved rapid development in the 21 stcentury. However, the main cultivars used in production are cultivars introduced from the oversea. In order to provide reference for future strawberry breeding, the survey of strawberry cultivars bred in China from 1953 to 2016 were investigated and summarized. The parentages of 105 cultivars were analyzed based on the pedigree data to reveal the most important varieties used as parents for breeding strawberry varieties in China.【Methods】Literatures were used to trace the parents of released cultivars. The genetic contribution of ancestral parents for each released cultivar was calculated based on the deduced direct parents. The genetic contribution value of all the cultivars of parents bred through seedling selection or self-bred was 1 and that of the cultivars of parents bred through conventional crossing was 0.5. The parents of every parent were deduced till to the ultimate ancestral parents according to the equal segmentation methods and the total value of genetic contribution was 1. The calculation methods of genetic contribution value for all the parent cultivars bred through sport selection or induced mutation were the same as the parent cultivars bred by seedling selection.【Results】There were 108 strawberry cultivars released in China from 1953 to 2016, including 9 everbearing type cultivars, and 99 june-bearing type cultivars. Cultivars were classified according to purpose as fresh type, ornamental and fresh type, processing and fresh type, processing type, the proportions of the four types were 88.9%, 4.6%, 4.6% and1.9%, respectively. Among those cultivars, 95 were bred by hybrid breeding, 11 by seedling selection, 1 by bud sport selection and 1 by mutation breeding, respectively. The parental records of 3 cultivars were unclear, therefor, statistical analysis was only carried out on 105 cultivars with clear parental recordes.The 105 cultivars could be ultimately traced to 85 direct parents, including imported strawberry cultivars(71.6%), bred cultivars(22.7%) and domestic cultivars(2.3%). These cultivars could be ultimately traced to 68 ancestral parents, of whom 91.6% were imported strawberry cultivars and 2.8% were domestic cultivars, respectively. In 95 cultivars from hybridization, the proportion of crossing between Western cultivars and Japan-Korea cultivars was higher than that between western cultivars and Chinese cultivars. 17 cultivars were derived from‘Benihoppe'. The genetic contribution value of‘Benihoppe'was 8.1%. On the other hand, the production area of‘Benihoppe'was the largest in China. 14 cultivars were derived from‘Sweet Charlie'. The genetic contribution value of‘Sweet Charlie'was 7.7%. In total, the proportion of cultivars derived from‘Benihoppe'or‘Sweet Charlie'was 26.9%. Moreover, there were 3 cultivars bred by the crossing between‘Benihoppe'and‘Sweet Charlie'.【Conclusion】The main breeding methods of strawberry in China was hybrid breeding. The most important cultivar used as parents for breeding new varieties in China were‘Benihoppe'and‘Sweet Charlie'. American cultivars have played a leading role in the selection of everbearing cultivars with smart fruits, high yielding, and long storage life. Wild germplasm have not been used in strawberry breeding in China so far, although they could contribute.
引文
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[7]张运涛,雷家军.草莓研究进展Ⅳ[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2015:3-51.ZHANG Yuntao,LEI Jiajun.Advance of strawberry researchⅣ[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2015:3-51.
[8]张运涛,雷家军,王桂霞.草莓研究进展Ⅴ[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2017:79-159.ZHANG Yuntao,LEI Jiajun,WANG Guixia.Advance of strawberry researchⅤ[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2017:79-159.
[9]齐永志,苏媛,贾薇,王宁,刘雪静,马燕会,甄文超.草莓新品种‘连童’[J].园艺学报,2017,44(6):1217-1218.QI Yongzhi,SU Yuan,JIA Wei,WANG Ning,LIU Xuejing,MA Yanhui,ZHEN Wenchao.A new strawberry cultivar‘Liantong’[J].Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2017,44(6):1217-1218.
[10]陈胜萍,陈志,刘晓光,杨晓辉,荣二花,赵志国,刘素萍.早熟优质草莓新品种‘唐莓1号’选育[J].北京农学院学报,2015,30(4):54-58.CHEN Shengping,CHEN Zhi,LIU Xiaoguang,YANG Xiaohui,RONG Erhua,ZHAO Zhiguo,LIU Suping.A new strawberry cultivar‘Tangmei 1’with early maturity and high quality[J].Journal of Beijing University of Agriculture,2015,30(4):54-58.
[11]雷家军,薛莉,代汉萍,邓明琴.红花草莓新品种‘粉佳人’和‘俏佳人’[J].园艺学报,2015,42(3):599-600.LEI Jiajun,XUE Li,DAI Hanping,DENG Mingqin.Two new pink-flowered strawberry cultivars‘Pink Beauty’and‘Pretty Beauty’[J].Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2015,42(3):599-600.
[12]张豫超,杨肖芳,苗立祥,蒋桂华.优质抗病草莓新品种——‘越心’的选育[J].果树学报,2015,32(6):1294-1296.ZHANG Yuchao,YANG Xiaofang,MIAO Lixiang,JIANG Guihua.‘Yuexin’,a new strawberry cultivar with high quality and disease resistance[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2015,32(6):1294-1296.
[13]曹贵寿,王俊宇,吕英忠,曹彦清,秦华军.优质大果草莓新品种——‘晋硕’的选育[J].果树学报,2015,32(2):343-345.CAO Guishou,WANG Junyu,LüYingzhong,CAO Yanqing,QIN Huajun.The breeding of the new strawberry variety‘Jin Shuo’[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2015,32(2):343-345.
[14]高清华,叶正文,段可,郑宏清,张丽勍.优质抗炭疽病草莓新品种——‘申阳’的选育[J].果树学报,2015,32(3):517-519.GAO Qinghua,YE Zhengwen,DUAN Ke,ZHENG Hongqing,ZHANG Liqing.‘Shen Yang’,a new strawberry cultivar with high quality and Anthracnose resistance[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2015,32(3):517-519.
[15]赵密珍,吴伟民,王壮伟,于红梅,钱亚明,王庆莲,蔡伟建,王静.设施促成草莓新品种——‘紫金香玉’的选育[J].果树学报,2014,31(6):1172-1174.ZHAO Mizhen,WU Weimin,WANG Zhuangwei,YU Hongmei,QIAN Yaming,WANG Qinglian,CAI Weijian,WANG Jing.‘Zijinxiangyu’,a new strawberry cultivar with high quality and disease resistance[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2014,31(6):1172-1174.
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