生物炭施用3年后对稻麦轮作系统CH_4和N_2O综合温室效应的影响
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摘要
本试验对比观测研究了在稻田土壤中经3年陈化后的生物炭(B_3)和新施入生物炭(B_0)对稻麦轮作系统CH_4和N_2O综合温室效应和温室气体强度的影响,旨在明确生物炭对土壤温室气体排放的长期效应.田间试验设置4个处理,分别为对照(CK)、施用氮肥不施用生物炭(N)、施用氮肥和新生物炭(NB_0)以及施用氮肥和陈化生物炭(NB_3)处理.结果表明:NB_0和NB_3处理均显著提高了稻田土壤pH值、有机碳和全氮含量,并且显著影响与温室气体排放相关的微生物潜在活性.与N处理相比,NB_3处理显著增加了作物产量,增幅14.1%,并且显著降低了CH_4和N_2O排放,降幅分别为9.0%和34.0%;而NB_0处理显著增加作物产量,增幅9.3%,显著降低N_2O排放,降幅38.6%,但增加了CH_4排放,增幅4.7%;同时NB_0和NB_3处理均能降低稻麦轮作系统的综合温室效应和温室气体强度,且NB_3处理能更有效地减少温室气体的排放并提高作物产量.在土壤中经3年陈化后的生物炭仍然具有固碳减排能力,因此,施用生物炭对稻麦轮作系统固碳减排和改善作物生产具有长期效应.
To evaluate the long-term effects of biochar amendment on greenhouse gas emissions(GHGs),a field experiment was conducted to examine the effects of 3-year field-aged biochar(B_3) and fresh biochar(B_0) on global warming potential(GWP) and greenhouse gas intensity(GHGI) of methane(CH_4) and nitrous oxide(N_2O) in a typical rice-wheat rotation system. Four treatments were established as control without nitrogen fertilizer(CK),urea without biochar(N),urea with fresh biochar amended in 2015(NB_0),and urea with 3-year field-aged biochar amended in 2012(NB_3). Results showed that both the NB_0 and NB_3 treatments obviously increased soil pH,soil organic carbon(SOC),total nitrogen(TN) and influenced the potential activity of functional microorganisms related to GHGs compared to the N treatment. Relative to the N treatment,the NB_3 treatment significantly improved crop yield by 14.1% while reduced the CH_4 and N_2O emissions by9.0% and 34.0%,respectively. In addition,the NB_0 treatment significantly improved crop yield by9.3%,while reduced the N_2O emission by 38. 6% though increased the CH_4 emissions by 4. 7%relative to the N treatment. Moreover,both the NB_0 and NB_3 treatments could significantly reduce both GWP and GHGI,with NB_3 being more effective in simultaneously mitigating the GHGs emissions and enhancing crop yield. Since field-aged biochar showed obvious effects on GHGs mitigation and carbon sequestration after 3 years,biochar incorporations had long-term effect on GHGs mitigation and crop production in the rice-wheat rotation system.
To evaluate the long-term effects of biochar amendment on greenhouse gas emissions(GHGs),a field experiment was conducted to examine the effects of 3-year field-aged biochar(B_3) and fresh biochar(B_0) on global warming potential(GWP) and greenhouse gas intensity(GHGI) of methane(CH_4) and nitrous oxide(N_2O) in a typical rice-wheat rotation system. Four treatments were established as control without nitrogen fertilizer(CK),urea without biochar(N),urea with fresh biochar amended in 2015(NB_0),and urea with 3-year field-aged biochar amended in 2012(NB_3). Results showed that both the NB_0 and NB_3 treatments obviously increased soil pH,soil organic carbon(SOC),total nitrogen(TN) and influenced the potential activity of functional microorganisms related to GHGs compared to the N treatment. Relative to the N treatment,the NB_3 treatment significantly improved crop yield by 14.1% while reduced the CH_4 and N_2O emissions by9.0% and 34.0%,respectively. In addition,the NB_0 treatment significantly improved crop yield by9.3%,while reduced the N_2O emission by 38. 6% though increased the CH_4 emissions by 4. 7%relative to the N treatment. Moreover,both the NB_0 and NB_3 treatments could significantly reduce both GWP and GHGI,with NB_3 being more effective in simultaneously mitigating the GHGs emissions and enhancing crop yield. Since field-aged biochar showed obvious effects on GHGs mitigation and carbon sequestration after 3 years,biochar incorporations had long-term effect on GHGs mitigation and crop production in the rice-wheat rotation system.
引文
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[19]Wang J,Xiong Z,Kuzyakov Y.Biochar stability in soil:Meta-analysis of decomposition and priming effects.Global Change Biology Bioenergy,2016,8:512-523
[20]Zhou Z,Xu X,Bi Z,et al.Soil concentration profiles and diffusion and emission of nitrous oxide influenced by the application of biochar in a rice-wheat annual rotation system.Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2016,23:7949-7961
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[23]Liu W,Lu HH,Wu W,et al.Transgenic Bt rice does not affect enzyme activities and microbial composition in the rhizosphere during crop development.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2008,40:475-486
[24]Hanson RS,Wattenberg EV.Ecology of Methylotrophic Bacteria.Biotechnology,1991,18:325-348
[25]Kurola J,Salkinojasalonen M,Aarnio T,et al.Activity,diversity and population size of ammonia-oxidising bacteria in oil-contaminated landfarming soil.FEMS Microbiology Letters,2005,250:33-38
[26]Smith MS,Tiedje JM.Phases of denitrification following oxygen depletion in soil.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,1979,11:261-267
[27]IPCC.Climate Change 2013:The Physical Science Basis in Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2013
[28]Singh BP,Cowie AL.Long-term influence of biochar on native organic carbon mineralisation in a low-carbon clayey soil.Scientific Reports,2014,4:3678,doi:10.1038/srep03687
[29]Borchard N,Ladd B,Eschemann S,et al.Black carbon and soil properties at historical charcoal production sites in Germany.Geoderma,2014,232:236-242
[30]Qin X,Li Y,Hong W,et al.Long-term effect of biochar application on yield-scaled greenhouse gas emissions in a rice paddy cropping system:A four-year case study in south China.Science of the Total Environment,2016,569:1390-1401
[31]Dong D,Feng Q,Mcgrouther K,et al.Effects of biochar amendment on rice growth and nitrogen retention in a waterlogged paddy field.Journal of Soils and Sediments,2015,15:153-162
[32]Biederman LA,Harpole WS.Biochar and its effects on plant productivity and nutrient cycling:A meta-analysis.Global Change Biology Bioenergy,2013,5:202-214
[33]Liu X,Zhang A,Ji C,et al.Biochar’s effect on crop productivity and the dependence on experimental conditions:A meta-analysis of literature data.Plant and Soil,2013,373:583-594
[34]Kocsis T,BiróB,Ulmer,et al.Time-lapse effect of ancient plant coal biochar on some soil agrochemical parameters and soil characteristics.Environmental Science&Pollution Research International,2017:1-10
[35]Criscuoli I,Baronti S,Alberti G,et al.Anthropogenic charcoal-rich soils of the XIX century reveal that biochar leads to enhanced fertility and fodder quality of alpine grasslands.Plant and Soil,2017,411:1-18
[36]Dong H,Yao Z,Zheng X,et al.Effect of ammoniumbased,non-sulfate fertilizers on CH4emissions from a paddy field with a typical Chinese water management regime.Atmospheric Environment,2011,45:1095-1101
[37]Cai ZC.A category for estimate of CH4emission from rice paddy fields in China.Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,1997,49:171-179
[38]Pittelkow CM,Adviento-Borbe MA,Hill JE,et al.Yield-scaled global warming potential of annual nitrous oxide and methane emissions from continuously flooded rice in response to nitrogen input.Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2013,177:10-20
[39]Xu X(许欣),Chen C(陈晨),Xiong Z-Q(熊正琴).Effects of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer amendment on abundance and potential activity of methanotrophs and methanogens in paddy field.Acta Pedologica Sinica(土壤学报),2016,53(6):1517-1527(in Chinese)
[40]Jia Z-J(贾仲君),Cai Z-C(蔡祖聪).Effects of rice plants on methane emission from paddy fields.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2003,14(11):2049-2053(in Chinese)
[41]Xu X,Wu Z,Dong Y,et al.Effects of nitrogen and biochar amendment on soil methane concentration profiles and diffusion in a rice-wheat annual rotation system.Scientific Reports,2016,6:38688,DOI:10.1038/srep38688
[42]Quilliam RS,Glanville HC,Wade SC,et al.Life in the‘charosphere’:Does biochar in agricultural soil provide a significant habitat for microorganisms.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2013,65:287-293
[43]Kammann C,Finke C,Schr9der M,et al.Can biochar serve as a toop to reduce soil GHG costs of agricultural production in the long term?Egu General Assembly,2013,15:13272
[44]Chintala R,Owen RK,Schumacher TE,et al.Denitrification kinetics in biomass-and biochar-amended soils of different landscape positions.Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22:5152-5163
[2]Kuppusamy S,Thavamani P,Megharaj M,et al.Agronomic and remedial benefits and risks of applying biochar to soil:Current knowledge and future research directions.Environment International,2016,87:1-12
[3]Jeffery S,Verheijen FGA,Kammann C,et al.Biochar effects on methane emissions from soils:A meta-analysis.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2016,101:251-258
[4]Knoblauch C,Maarifat AA,Pfeiffer EM,et al.Degradability of black carbon and its impact on trace gas fluxes and carbon turnover in paddy soils.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2011,43:1768-1778
[5]Wang J,Pan X,Liu Y,et al.Effects of biochar amendment in two soils on greenhouse gas emissions and crop production.Plant and Soil,2012,360:287-298
[6]Zhang A,Liu Y,Pan G,et al.Effect of biochar amendment on maize yield and greenhouse gas emissions from a soil organic carbon poor calcareous loamy soil from Central China Plain.Plant and Soil,2012,351:263-275
[7]Case SDC,Mc Namara NP,Reay DS,et al.Biochar suppresses N2O emissions while maintaining N availability in a sandy loam soil.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2015,81:178-185
[8]Cayuela ML,Snchez-Monedero MA,Roig A,et al.Biochar and denitrification in soils:When,how much and why does biochar reduce N2O emissions.Scientific Reports,2013,3:1732,doi:10.1038/srep01732
[9]Cayuela ML,Zwieten LV,Singh BP,et al.Biochar’s role in mitigating soil nitrous oxide emissions:A review and meta-analysis.Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2014,191:5-16
[10]Wang Z,Zheng H,Luo Y,et al.Characterization and influence of biochars on nitrous oxide emission from agricultural soil.Environmental Pollution,2013,174:289-296
[11]Shen J,Tang H,Liu J,et al.Contrasting effects of straw and straw-derived biochar amendments on greenhouse gas emissions within double rice cropping systems.Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2014,188:264-274
[12]Troy SM,Lawlor PG,Flynn CJO,et al.Impact of biochar addition to soil on greenhouse gas emissions following pig manure application.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2013,60:173-181
[13]Lehmann J.A handful of carbon.Nature,2007,447:143-144
[14]Spokas KA.Impact of biochar field aging on laboratory greenhouse gas production potentials.Global Change Biology Bioenergy,2013,5:165-176
[15]Hagemann N,Harter J,Kaldamukova R,et al.Does soil aging affect the N2O mitigation potential of biochar?A combined microcosm and field study.Global Change Biology Bioenergy,2017,9:953-964
[16]Nelissen V,Rütting T,Huygens D,et al.Temporal evolution of biochar’s impact on soil nitrogen processes:A15N tracing study.Global Change Biology Bioenergy,2015,7:635-645
[17]Major J,Lehmann J,Rondon M,et al.Fate of soilapplied black carbon:Downward migration,leaching and soil respiration.Global Change Biology,2010,16:1366-1379
[18]Okimori Y,Ogawa M,Takahashi F.Potential of CO2emission reductions by carbonizing biomass waste from industrial tree plantation in South Sumatra,Indonesia.Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change,2003,8:261-280
[19]Wang J,Xiong Z,Kuzyakov Y.Biochar stability in soil:Meta-analysis of decomposition and priming effects.Global Change Biology Bioenergy,2016,8:512-523
[20]Zhou Z,Xu X,Bi Z,et al.Soil concentration profiles and diffusion and emission of nitrous oxide influenced by the application of biochar in a rice-wheat annual rotation system.Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2016,23:7949-7961
[21]Li L(李露),Zhou Z-Q(周自强),Pan X-J(潘晓健),et al.Effects of biochar on N2O and CH4emissions from paddy field under rice-wheat rotation during rice and wheat growing seasons relative to timing of amendment.Acta Pedologica Sinica(土壤学报),2015,52(4):839-848(in Chinese)
[22]Bao S-D(鲍士旦).Soil and Agricultural Chemistry Analysis.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2000(in Chinese)
[23]Liu W,Lu HH,Wu W,et al.Transgenic Bt rice does not affect enzyme activities and microbial composition in the rhizosphere during crop development.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2008,40:475-486
[24]Hanson RS,Wattenberg EV.Ecology of Methylotrophic Bacteria.Biotechnology,1991,18:325-348
[25]Kurola J,Salkinojasalonen M,Aarnio T,et al.Activity,diversity and population size of ammonia-oxidising bacteria in oil-contaminated landfarming soil.FEMS Microbiology Letters,2005,250:33-38
[26]Smith MS,Tiedje JM.Phases of denitrification following oxygen depletion in soil.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,1979,11:261-267
[27]IPCC.Climate Change 2013:The Physical Science Basis in Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2013
[28]Singh BP,Cowie AL.Long-term influence of biochar on native organic carbon mineralisation in a low-carbon clayey soil.Scientific Reports,2014,4:3678,doi:10.1038/srep03687
[29]Borchard N,Ladd B,Eschemann S,et al.Black carbon and soil properties at historical charcoal production sites in Germany.Geoderma,2014,232:236-242
[30]Qin X,Li Y,Hong W,et al.Long-term effect of biochar application on yield-scaled greenhouse gas emissions in a rice paddy cropping system:A four-year case study in south China.Science of the Total Environment,2016,569:1390-1401
[31]Dong D,Feng Q,Mcgrouther K,et al.Effects of biochar amendment on rice growth and nitrogen retention in a waterlogged paddy field.Journal of Soils and Sediments,2015,15:153-162
[32]Biederman LA,Harpole WS.Biochar and its effects on plant productivity and nutrient cycling:A meta-analysis.Global Change Biology Bioenergy,2013,5:202-214
[33]Liu X,Zhang A,Ji C,et al.Biochar’s effect on crop productivity and the dependence on experimental conditions:A meta-analysis of literature data.Plant and Soil,2013,373:583-594
[34]Kocsis T,BiróB,Ulmer,et al.Time-lapse effect of ancient plant coal biochar on some soil agrochemical parameters and soil characteristics.Environmental Science&Pollution Research International,2017:1-10
[35]Criscuoli I,Baronti S,Alberti G,et al.Anthropogenic charcoal-rich soils of the XIX century reveal that biochar leads to enhanced fertility and fodder quality of alpine grasslands.Plant and Soil,2017,411:1-18
[36]Dong H,Yao Z,Zheng X,et al.Effect of ammoniumbased,non-sulfate fertilizers on CH4emissions from a paddy field with a typical Chinese water management regime.Atmospheric Environment,2011,45:1095-1101
[37]Cai ZC.A category for estimate of CH4emission from rice paddy fields in China.Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,1997,49:171-179
[38]Pittelkow CM,Adviento-Borbe MA,Hill JE,et al.Yield-scaled global warming potential of annual nitrous oxide and methane emissions from continuously flooded rice in response to nitrogen input.Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2013,177:10-20
[39]Xu X(许欣),Chen C(陈晨),Xiong Z-Q(熊正琴).Effects of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer amendment on abundance and potential activity of methanotrophs and methanogens in paddy field.Acta Pedologica Sinica(土壤学报),2016,53(6):1517-1527(in Chinese)
[40]Jia Z-J(贾仲君),Cai Z-C(蔡祖聪).Effects of rice plants on methane emission from paddy fields.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2003,14(11):2049-2053(in Chinese)
[41]Xu X,Wu Z,Dong Y,et al.Effects of nitrogen and biochar amendment on soil methane concentration profiles and diffusion in a rice-wheat annual rotation system.Scientific Reports,2016,6:38688,DOI:10.1038/srep38688
[42]Quilliam RS,Glanville HC,Wade SC,et al.Life in the‘charosphere’:Does biochar in agricultural soil provide a significant habitat for microorganisms.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2013,65:287-293
[43]Kammann C,Finke C,Schr9der M,et al.Can biochar serve as a toop to reduce soil GHG costs of agricultural production in the long term?Egu General Assembly,2013,15:13272
[44]Chintala R,Owen RK,Schumacher TE,et al.Denitrification kinetics in biomass-and biochar-amended soils of different landscape positions.Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22:5152-5163