一批楚墓包金金属饰片金箔成分及制作工艺的科学研究
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摘要
出土于湖北当阳赵巷M12和曹家岗M5春秋晚期楚墓的金属饰片部分外包有带纹饰的金箔,该批饰片数量较大,类型丰富,材质多样,制作精良,在楚墓所出类似文物中规格较高。为对金箔的元素含量、厚度、颜色、光泽度、纹饰和制作工艺等方面展开系统的研究,本研究采用扫描电镜、X射线荧光分析显微镜、激光共聚焦显微镜、三维视频显微镜、色差仪、光泽度仪以及气质联用色谱等分析手段对194片金箔进行科学的分析。研究表明,这批楚墓金箔为金银合金,Au含量为82%～95%,Ag为5%～18%,厚度7～35μm,与先秦时期其他墓葬出土的金箔、金片相比,其厚度最薄,金含量相对较高,金箔表面更光亮,打磨抛光较为明显,纹饰种类更为丰富,纹饰刻划更加细腻、繁缛。显然,其制作工艺达到较高的水准。同时,对该批金箔的冶炼技术和制作工艺过程进行了探讨。研究结果可为了解中国传统金箔和纹饰制作工艺提供重要的参考依据。
Some metal ornaments covered with patterned gold leaves were excavated from two Chu tombs(dating back to the late Spring and Autumn period), namely M12 in Zhaoxiang and M5 in Caojiagang in Dangyang, Hubei province. Compared with other analogous artifacts, the large number, diverse characteristics and exquisite craftsmanship of these gold leaves suggest significant historical value and high status, which will contribute to the understanding of the burial customs of the Chu State during the Eastern Zhou period. In our research, we applied a variety of scientific methods, including scanning electronic microscopy(SEM), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry(XRF), three-dimensional video microscopy, laser confocal microscopy, colorimetry, vancometer measurement and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry(GC-MS) to study 194 gold leaf samples in terms of their elemental content, thickness, color, glossiness, patterns and manufacturing techniques. The results indicate that 1) the gold leaves are Au-Ag alloys which contains 82%～95% gold and 5%～18% silver; 2) the thickness varies from 7 to 35 μm. Compared with other gold leaves unearthed from pre-Qin tombs, these gold leaves are the thinnest and have relatively higher gold contents. In addition, their surfaces are much brighter and have abundant sculptural types, as well as more elaborate ornamentation. Combining the scientific data obtained, we also evaluated the superb manufacturing techniques of the Chu State based on the technical characteristics of gold leaves. The smelting technology and manufacturing process used for these gold leaves are discussed in this paper.
Some metal ornaments covered with patterned gold leaves were excavated from two Chu tombs(dating back to the late Spring and Autumn period), namely M12 in Zhaoxiang and M5 in Caojiagang in Dangyang, Hubei province. Compared with other analogous artifacts, the large number, diverse characteristics and exquisite craftsmanship of these gold leaves suggest significant historical value and high status, which will contribute to the understanding of the burial customs of the Chu State during the Eastern Zhou period. In our research, we applied a variety of scientific methods, including scanning electronic microscopy(SEM), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry(XRF), three-dimensional video microscopy, laser confocal microscopy, colorimetry, vancometer measurement and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry(GC-MS) to study 194 gold leaf samples in terms of their elemental content, thickness, color, glossiness, patterns and manufacturing techniques. The results indicate that 1) the gold leaves are Au-Ag alloys which contains 82%～95% gold and 5%～18% silver; 2) the thickness varies from 7 to 35 μm. Compared with other gold leaves unearthed from pre-Qin tombs, these gold leaves are the thinnest and have relatively higher gold contents. In addition, their surfaces are much brighter and have abundant sculptural types, as well as more elaborate ornamentation. Combining the scientific data obtained, we also evaluated the superb manufacturing techniques of the Chu State based on the technical characteristics of gold leaves. The smelting technology and manufacturing process used for these gold leaves are discussed in this paper.
引文
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[4] 白荣金.淅川下寺春秋楚墓M2出土残马甲的整理[M]//淅川下寺春秋楚墓.北京:文物出版社,1991:437-459.BAI Rong-jin. Arrangement on fragmentary horse armours unearthed from Xiasi No.2 Tomb of Chu in Xichuan County[M]//Xiasi Tomb of Chu in Xichuan County, Henan Province. Beijing: Cultural Relics Publishing House,1991:437-459.
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[6] 黄维,陈建立,吴小红,等.马家塬墓地金制品的成分与制作技术初步研究[M]//边疆考古研究,第11辑.北京:科学出版社,2012:405-422.HUANG Wei, CHEN Jian-li, WU Xiao-hong, et al. A preliminary study of the composition and manufacturing technology of gold artifacts excavated from Majiayuan Site in Gansu Province[M]//Research of China’s Frontier Archaeology, Volume 11. Beijing: Science Press,2012:405-422.
[7] 谢鹏飞.从文献看中国古代炼银技术[D].北京:北京科技大学硕士论文,2005:66.XIE Peng-fei. Documents of ancient Chinese silver smelting technology[D]. Beijing: Master degree of University of Science and technology Beijing,2005:66.
[8] 廉海萍.传统金箔制作工艺调查研究[J].文物保护与考古科学,2002,14(增刊):335-347.LIAN Hai-ping. Investigation of traditional technique of making gold foil[J]. Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology,2002,14(Suppl):335-347.
[9] 曾中懋.三星堆祭祀坑出土金器的成分分析[M]//文物科技研究,第二辑.北京:科学出版社,2004:178-183.ZENG Zhong-mao. The analysis of composition excavated gold vessels from sacrificial pits at Sanxingdui[M]//Scientific and Technological Research Cultural Relics,Volume 2. Beijing: Science Press,2004:178-183.
[10] 四川省文物考古研究所.中国考古文物之美——商代蜀人秘宝3:四川广汉三星堆遗址[M].北京:文物出版社,1994:112-115.Sichuan Provincial Cultural Relics and Archaeology Research Institute. Sanxingdui site in Sichuan Province, a treasure of Shu in Shang Dynasty, the beauty of Chinese archaeological relics[M]. Beijing: Cultural Relics Publishing House,1994:112-115.
[11] 肖璘,杨军昌,韩汝玢.成都金沙遗址出土金属器的实验分析与研究[J].文物,2004(4):78-89.XIAO Lin, YANG Jun-chang, HAN Ru-bin. Scientific examinations on the metal objects from Jinsha near Chengdu[J]. Cultural Relics,2004(4):78-89.
[12] 张剑,赵世刚.河南省淅川县下寺春秋楚墓[J].文物,1980(10):13-19.ZHANG Jian, ZHAO Shi-gang. Xiasi Tomb of Chu in Xichuan County, Henan Province[J]. Cultural Relics,1980(10):13-19.
[13] 秦颖,李小莉,黄凰,等.蚌埠双墩一号墓出土春秋晚期金箔研究[M]//阚绪杭.钟离君柏墓.北京:文物出版社,2013:574-577.QIN Ying, LI Xiao-li, HUANG Huang, et al. Research on gold leaves of Spring and Autumn Era Tomb Number 1 at Shuangdun in Bengbu City[M]//KAN Xu-hang. The Tomb of Ruler Bai Zhongli Kingdom. Beijing: Cultural Relics Publishing House,2013:574-577.
[14] 湖北省博物馆.中国田野考古报告集考古学专刊曾侯乙墓[M].北京:文物出版社,1989:390.The Museum of Hubei Province. Tomb of Marquis Yi of State Zeng[M]. Beijing: Cultural Relics Publishing House,1989:390.
[15] 谭盼盼,纪娟,杨军昌,等.新疆哈密巴里坤西沟遗址1号墓出土部分金银器的科学分析[J].文物,2016(5):85-91.TAN Pan-pan, JI Juan, YANG Jun-chang, et al. Scientific analysis of the partial artifacts made of gold and silver, excavated from No.1 Tomb of Xigou Site, Balikun, Hami in Gansu Province[J]. Cultural Relics,2016(5):85-91.
[2] 安徽省文物管理委员会,安徽省博物馆.寿县蔡侯墓出土遗物[M].北京:科学出版社,1956.Anhui Provincal Cultural Relics Management Committee, Anhui Museum. Archaeological remains excavated from Caihou tomb of Shou County, Anhui Province[M]. Beijing: Science Press,1956.
[3] 甘肃省文物考古研究所,张家川回族自治县博物馆.2006年度甘肃张家川回族自治县马家塬战国墓地发掘简报[J].文物,2008(9):4-28.Gansu Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Museum of Zhangjiachuan Automous County. 2006 excavation on the Majiayuan Cemetery of the Warring States period in Zhangjiachuan Autonomous County of Hui Nationality, Gansu[J]. Cultural Relics,2008(9):4-28.
[4] 白荣金.淅川下寺春秋楚墓M2出土残马甲的整理[M]//淅川下寺春秋楚墓.北京:文物出版社,1991:437-459.BAI Rong-jin. Arrangement on fragmentary horse armours unearthed from Xiasi No.2 Tomb of Chu in Xichuan County[M]//Xiasi Tomb of Chu in Xichuan County, Henan Province. Beijing: Cultural Relics Publishing House,1991:437-459.
[5] 陈允敦,李国清.传统薄金工艺及其中外交流[J].自然科学史研究,1986,5(3):256-265.CHEN Yun-dun, LI Guo-qing. Gold foil technology and its exchange between China and other countries[J]. Studies in the History of Natural Sciences,1986,5(3):256-265.
[6] 黄维,陈建立,吴小红,等.马家塬墓地金制品的成分与制作技术初步研究[M]//边疆考古研究,第11辑.北京:科学出版社,2012:405-422.HUANG Wei, CHEN Jian-li, WU Xiao-hong, et al. A preliminary study of the composition and manufacturing technology of gold artifacts excavated from Majiayuan Site in Gansu Province[M]//Research of China’s Frontier Archaeology, Volume 11. Beijing: Science Press,2012:405-422.
[7] 谢鹏飞.从文献看中国古代炼银技术[D].北京:北京科技大学硕士论文,2005:66.XIE Peng-fei. Documents of ancient Chinese silver smelting technology[D]. Beijing: Master degree of University of Science and technology Beijing,2005:66.
[8] 廉海萍.传统金箔制作工艺调查研究[J].文物保护与考古科学,2002,14(增刊):335-347.LIAN Hai-ping. Investigation of traditional technique of making gold foil[J]. Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology,2002,14(Suppl):335-347.
[9] 曾中懋.三星堆祭祀坑出土金器的成分分析[M]//文物科技研究,第二辑.北京:科学出版社,2004:178-183.ZENG Zhong-mao. The analysis of composition excavated gold vessels from sacrificial pits at Sanxingdui[M]//Scientific and Technological Research Cultural Relics,Volume 2. Beijing: Science Press,2004:178-183.
[10] 四川省文物考古研究所.中国考古文物之美——商代蜀人秘宝3:四川广汉三星堆遗址[M].北京:文物出版社,1994:112-115.Sichuan Provincial Cultural Relics and Archaeology Research Institute. Sanxingdui site in Sichuan Province, a treasure of Shu in Shang Dynasty, the beauty of Chinese archaeological relics[M]. Beijing: Cultural Relics Publishing House,1994:112-115.
[11] 肖璘,杨军昌,韩汝玢.成都金沙遗址出土金属器的实验分析与研究[J].文物,2004(4):78-89.XIAO Lin, YANG Jun-chang, HAN Ru-bin. Scientific examinations on the metal objects from Jinsha near Chengdu[J]. Cultural Relics,2004(4):78-89.
[12] 张剑,赵世刚.河南省淅川县下寺春秋楚墓[J].文物,1980(10):13-19.ZHANG Jian, ZHAO Shi-gang. Xiasi Tomb of Chu in Xichuan County, Henan Province[J]. Cultural Relics,1980(10):13-19.
[13] 秦颖,李小莉,黄凰,等.蚌埠双墩一号墓出土春秋晚期金箔研究[M]//阚绪杭.钟离君柏墓.北京:文物出版社,2013:574-577.QIN Ying, LI Xiao-li, HUANG Huang, et al. Research on gold leaves of Spring and Autumn Era Tomb Number 1 at Shuangdun in Bengbu City[M]//KAN Xu-hang. The Tomb of Ruler Bai Zhongli Kingdom. Beijing: Cultural Relics Publishing House,2013:574-577.
[14] 湖北省博物馆.中国田野考古报告集考古学专刊曾侯乙墓[M].北京:文物出版社,1989:390.The Museum of Hubei Province. Tomb of Marquis Yi of State Zeng[M]. Beijing: Cultural Relics Publishing House,1989:390.
[15] 谭盼盼,纪娟,杨军昌,等.新疆哈密巴里坤西沟遗址1号墓出土部分金银器的科学分析[J].文物,2016(5):85-91.TAN Pan-pan, JI Juan, YANG Jun-chang, et al. Scientific analysis of the partial artifacts made of gold and silver, excavated from No.1 Tomb of Xigou Site, Balikun, Hami in Gansu Province[J]. Cultural Relics,2016(5):85-91.