基于气候变化特征的广西春玉米播期研究
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摘要
【目的】基于广西气候变化特征,研究不同播期对春玉米生长发育及产量、农艺性状的影响,确定最佳播期并选择合适的品种基因型,为提高广西春玉米产量潜力提供理论依据。【方法】2017年以玉米早熟品种青青700及晚熟品种华优168为试验材料,设8个不同播期(2月7日、2月14日、2月21日、2月28日、3月7日、3月14日、3月21日和3月28日)处理,观测收集玉米生育期内的气象数据,记载玉米各生育时期,并测量玉米株高、产量及产量构成因素。【结果】2月低温少雨,玉米出苗较慢,平均需17.3 d;3月适温多雨,玉米出苗较快,平均需13.5 d。随播期延迟,玉米生育期缩短,播期每延迟7.0 d,生育期平均缩短3.9 d,生育期缩短主要表现在出苗至抽雄阶段。早熟品种青青700的籽粒产量随播期延迟先升后降,最高值出现在2月28日播期处理;晚熟品种华优168在3月21日前的不同播期籽粒产量变化不明显,但晚于3月21日播种其籽粒产量显著下降(P<0.05)。播期对玉米株高、出籽率、百粒重、穗粒数存在不同程度的影响。【结论】气温、光照时数和降雨量是影响春玉米出苗与生长发育的主要因素;随播期延迟,生育期内日平均气温升高,光照时数减少,导致玉米生育期缩短,且早熟品种产量受播期影响程度大于晚熟品种。广西春玉米最适宜播期为2月中旬至3月上旬,晚熟品种适宜播期可延长至3月中旬。
【Objective】Based on climate change characters in Guangxi,the influence of different sowing periods on growth,yield and agronomic characters of spring maize were conducted. The optimal sowing period and varieties were determined,which provided theoretical basis for high yield and high efficiency production of spring maize in Guangxi.【Method】In this study,the early maturity maize variety Qingqing 700 and late maturity maize variety Huayou 168 were used as experimental materials,and eight different sowing times(7 February,14 February,21 February,28 February,7 March,14 March,21 March and 28 March)were chosen. The meteorological data during maize growth period as well as various maize growth stages were recorded,and plant height,yield and yield components were also detected.【Result】In February,the temperature was low and the precipitation was few,so the maize seedling emergence took 17.3 days on average,which was slow. In March,the temperature and rain was suitable for maize seedling emergence,and it took 13.5 days on average for seedling emergence. With the delay of the sowing time,the total growth period was shortened. For every 7.0 d delay in sowing,the growth period was shortened by 3.9 d. The shortening of growth period was mainly manifested in seedling emergence to tasseling stage. The yield of early maturity variety Qingqing 700 was first increased with the delay of sowing time and then decreased,and the maximum yield appeared in 28 February sowing date treatment. The grain yield variation of late maturity Huayou 168 was not obvious among different sowing dates before 21 March,but grain yield decreased significantly in treatments later than 21 March(P<0.05). The effect of different sowing dates on plant height,grain yield,grain weight and grain number per ear was at different levels.【Conclusion】The temperature,light hours and rainfall are the main factors affecting the seedling emergence and growth of spring maize. With the delay of sowing time,the average daily temperature increases,the number of light hours decreases,and the growth period shortens.The grain yield of early maturity varieties is more greatly affected by the sowing date than late maturity varieties. The optimum sowing time for spring maize is from middle February to early March in Guangxi,and the suitable planting time for late maturity varieties can be extended to middle March.
【Objective】Based on climate change characters in Guangxi,the influence of different sowing periods on growth,yield and agronomic characters of spring maize were conducted. The optimal sowing period and varieties were determined,which provided theoretical basis for high yield and high efficiency production of spring maize in Guangxi.【Method】In this study,the early maturity maize variety Qingqing 700 and late maturity maize variety Huayou 168 were used as experimental materials,and eight different sowing times(7 February,14 February,21 February,28 February,7 March,14 March,21 March and 28 March)were chosen. The meteorological data during maize growth period as well as various maize growth stages were recorded,and plant height,yield and yield components were also detected.【Result】In February,the temperature was low and the precipitation was few,so the maize seedling emergence took 17.3 days on average,which was slow. In March,the temperature and rain was suitable for maize seedling emergence,and it took 13.5 days on average for seedling emergence. With the delay of the sowing time,the total growth period was shortened. For every 7.0 d delay in sowing,the growth period was shortened by 3.9 d. The shortening of growth period was mainly manifested in seedling emergence to tasseling stage. The yield of early maturity variety Qingqing 700 was first increased with the delay of sowing time and then decreased,and the maximum yield appeared in 28 February sowing date treatment. The grain yield variation of late maturity Huayou 168 was not obvious among different sowing dates before 21 March,but grain yield decreased significantly in treatments later than 21 March(P<0.05). The effect of different sowing dates on plant height,grain yield,grain weight and grain number per ear was at different levels.【Conclusion】The temperature,light hours and rainfall are the main factors affecting the seedling emergence and growth of spring maize. With the delay of sowing time,the average daily temperature increases,the number of light hours decreases,and the growth period shortens.The grain yield of early maturity varieties is more greatly affected by the sowing date than late maturity varieties. The optimum sowing time for spring maize is from middle February to early March in Guangxi,and the suitable planting time for late maturity varieties can be extended to middle March.
引文
陈辰,李楠,薛晓萍,李鸿怡,李曼华,张继波,董智强,李文科.2017.播期对山东夏玉米生长发育和产量形成的影响[J].江苏农业科学,45(12):52-55.[Chen C,Li N,Xue X P,Li H Y,Li M H,Zhang J B,Dong Z Q,Li WK.2017.Effect of sowing date on growth and yield of summer maize in Shandong[J].Journal of Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,45(12):52-55.]
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魏雯雯,胡楠,胡文河,谷岩,曹玉军,吴杨,姚凡云,吕艳杰,谭国波.2017.播期对吉林省不同品种玉米生长发育及产量的影响[J].玉米科学,25(6):95-100.[Wei W W,Hu N,Hu W H,Gu Y,Cao Y J,Wu Y,Yao F Y,LüY J,Tan G B.2017.Effect of sowing date on growth,development and yield of different maize varieties in Jilin Province[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,25(6):95-100.]
薛庆禹,王靖,曹秀萍,马薇,冯利平.2012.不同播期对华北平原夏玉米生长发育的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,17(5):30-38.[Xue Q Y,Wang J,Cao X P,Ma W,Feng LP.2012.Effect of sowing date and variety on growth and population characteristics of summer maize in North China Plain[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,17(5):30-38.]
钟昌松,张玉,吕巨智,闫飞燕,程伟东,石达金,范继征.2016.不同播期对广西春玉米生长特性及产量的影响[J].西南农业学报,29(3):511-515.[Zhong C S,Zhang Y,LüJ Z,Yan F Y,Cheng W D,Shi D J,Fan J Z.2016.Effects of different sowing dates on growth characteristics and yield of spring maize in Guangxi[J].Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,29(3):511-515.]
Dahmardeh M,Dahmardeh M.2010.The effect of sowing date and some growth physiological index on grain yield in three maize hybrids in Southeastern Iran[J].Asian Journal of Plant Sciences,9(7):432-436.
郭庆法,王庆成,汪黎明.2004.中国玉米栽培学[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社.[Guo Q F,Wang Q C,Wang LM.2004.Chinese Maize Cultivation[M].Shanghai:Shang hai Scientific and Technology Press.]
胡树平,青格尔,高聚林,侯昆化.2015.播期对不同品种春玉米生长发育和产量形成的影响[J].内蒙古农业科技,43(1):1-5.[Hu S P,Qing G E,Gao J L,Hou K H.2015.The effects of sowing on the growth and yield of different hybrids of spring maize[J].Inner Mongolia Agricultural Science and Technology,43(1):1-5.]
刘文海,赵彦平,王慧.2015.浅析温度对玉米生长发育及产量的影响[J].农业科技通讯,(10):56-60.[Liu W H,Zhao Y P,Wang H.2015.Effect of temperature on maize growth and yield[J].Bulletin of Agricultural Science and Technology,(10):56-60.]
罗新兰,崔佳龙,蔡福,陈伟,朱明宇.2017.播期对玉米生长发育和产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,35(5):14-20.[Luo X L,Cui J L,Cai F,Chen W,Zhu M Y.2017.Effect of sowing date on growth and yield of maize[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,35(5):14-20.]
任丽伟,申健.2017.播种和气象条件对浚单玉米系列品种生长发育及产量的影响研究[J].安徽农业科学,45(30):22-24.[Ren L W,Shen J.2017.Effect of sowing date and meteorological condition on growth and yield of Xundan maize varieties[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,45(30):22-24.]
魏雯雯,胡楠,胡文河,谷岩,曹玉军,吴杨,姚凡云,吕艳杰,谭国波.2017.播期对吉林省不同品种玉米生长发育及产量的影响[J].玉米科学,25(6):95-100.[Wei W W,Hu N,Hu W H,Gu Y,Cao Y J,Wu Y,Yao F Y,LüY J,Tan G B.2017.Effect of sowing date on growth,development and yield of different maize varieties in Jilin Province[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,25(6):95-100.]
薛庆禹,王靖,曹秀萍,马薇,冯利平.2012.不同播期对华北平原夏玉米生长发育的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,17(5):30-38.[Xue Q Y,Wang J,Cao X P,Ma W,Feng LP.2012.Effect of sowing date and variety on growth and population characteristics of summer maize in North China Plain[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,17(5):30-38.]
钟昌松,张玉,吕巨智,闫飞燕,程伟东,石达金,范继征.2016.不同播期对广西春玉米生长特性及产量的影响[J].西南农业学报,29(3):511-515.[Zhong C S,Zhang Y,LüJ Z,Yan F Y,Cheng W D,Shi D J,Fan J Z.2016.Effects of different sowing dates on growth characteristics and yield of spring maize in Guangxi[J].Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,29(3):511-515.]
Dahmardeh M,Dahmardeh M.2010.The effect of sowing date and some growth physiological index on grain yield in three maize hybrids in Southeastern Iran[J].Asian Journal of Plant Sciences,9(7):432-436.