河道淤泥和堆肥蛭石混合发酵制备基质及其育苗效果
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摘要
农村河道清淤产生的淤泥,体量大、有机物浓度高,处置不当会造成二次污染。现代农业的工厂化育苗需求大量的营养土,就地取土导致耕地退化。该研究利用功能微生物发酵淤泥制备育苗基质,研究不同菌株发酵基质的物理和生物学性状,基质培育西瓜苗的生长、生理参数和抗逆性能。结果表明:微生物处理均能够提升淤泥基质物理和生物学性能,同时能够提升育苗质量。其中Trichoderma harzianum T83(T83)、Bacillus amyloliquefaciens IAE(BIAE)菌株发酵基质性能最好。相较于对照处理基质的最大持水量、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、通气孔隙度,T83处理分别增加了64.25%、52.65%、45.05%、56.11%;BIAE处理分别增加了101.17%、45.43%、61.43%、38.14%。相较于对照处理西瓜苗的株高、鲜质量、干质量、叶绿素含量、根系活力、根际真菌、细菌数量,T83处理分别增加了66.85%、52.07%、72.16%、43.13%、54.93%、110.62倍、1.63倍;BIAE处理分别增加了80.40%、57.34%、82.37%、54.88%、46.40%、67.26%、2.60倍、2.94倍。T83和BIAE处理西瓜苗叶片过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶酶活显著增加,根系丙二醛含量显著降低。真菌菌株T. harzianum T83和细菌菌株B. amyloliquefaciens IAE发酵淤泥,能够显著提升其农用品质,为淤泥高附加值化农用提供一条可行的途径。
The sludge produced by rural rivers desilting is large in volume and high in organic matter content, which causes significant pollution if not well disposed. Industrialized agricultural seedling raising requires a large amount of nutritional soil, which leads to the degradation of cultivated land if those soil are from the farmland. In this study, the microorganisms were used for fermenting sludge to produce the seedling raising substrate, instead of using nutritional farm soil. By changing temperature and water content in the fermentation process of the sludge, physical and biological features of the substrate produced by fermentation, and the biological characters, physiological feature and resistance of the watermelon seedlings raised by the substrate were assayed for determine best microbial strains for fermenting substrate. The results showed that, compared to control treatment, the microbial treatments increased the fermentation temperature and decreased water content of the substrate(P<0.05), but no statistical difference was found between microbial treatments. The highest temperatures assayed in the piles in fermentation process all were lower than 60℃, and the duration when temperature higher than 50℃ all were shorter than 9 days. The substrates were well fermented while the piles temperature decreased to room temperature. Assaying the physical features of the substrates demonstrated that the microbial fermentation improved the physical and biological properties of the substrate. Among the microorganisms, Trichoderma harzianum T83(T83) and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens IAE(BIAE) showed the best performance. Compared to the control treatment, bulk density, maximum water holding capacity, total porosity, capillary porosity and aeration porosity of the T83 treatment decreased by 25.52% and increased by 95.50%, 52.65%, 45.05% and 56.11%, respectively, while in BIAE treatment decreased by 27.78% and increased by 101.17%, 45.43%, 61.43% and 38.14%, respectively(P<0.05). Populations of total bacteria and fungi were found 1.94 times and 4.55 times respectively higher than control treatment in T83 treatment(P<0.05), and populations of total bacteria was 2.33 times higher than control treatment in BIAE treatment(P<0.05). Populations of Fusarium spp. and intestinal flora, compared to control treatment, were decreased by 70.97% and 82.31%, respectively in T83 treatment, and decreased by 81.29% and 77.70% in BIAE treatment(P<0.05). Compared to the control treatment, the height, ground fresh weight, root fresh weight, ground dry weight, root dry weight, stem diameter, chlorophyll content, root activity, population of the rhizospheric fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes of watermelon seedlings of the T83 treatment increased by 66.85%, 38.12%, 65.38%, 69.64%, 77.78%, 34.23%, 43.13%, 54.93%, 110.62 times, 1.63 times and 4.38 times, respectively and for BIAE treatment, the increases were by 80.40%, 38.49%, 64.74%, 76.19%, 100.00%, 54.88%, 46.40%, 67.26%, 67.26%, 1.59 times, 2.94 times and 5.66 times, respectively(P<0.05). Contents of malondialdehyde in roots were significantly decreased(P<0.05), and decreased of 70.62% and 61.86% were respectively found in T83 and BIAE treatments as compared to control treatment. The activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase in watermelon seedlings leaves were significantly increased(P<0.05) as compared to control treatment. The sludge could be fermented with the fungus T. harzianum T83 and bacteria B. amyloliquefaciens IAE to produce watermelon seedling raising substrate. The two microbial strains can significantly increase properties and the quality of sludge substrate, improve physiological features and resistance of raised seedling, and promote growth of watermelon seedlings, which provide a high added value way for the sludge agricultural utilization.
The sludge produced by rural rivers desilting is large in volume and high in organic matter content, which causes significant pollution if not well disposed. Industrialized agricultural seedling raising requires a large amount of nutritional soil, which leads to the degradation of cultivated land if those soil are from the farmland. In this study, the microorganisms were used for fermenting sludge to produce the seedling raising substrate, instead of using nutritional farm soil. By changing temperature and water content in the fermentation process of the sludge, physical and biological features of the substrate produced by fermentation, and the biological characters, physiological feature and resistance of the watermelon seedlings raised by the substrate were assayed for determine best microbial strains for fermenting substrate. The results showed that, compared to control treatment, the microbial treatments increased the fermentation temperature and decreased water content of the substrate(P<0.05), but no statistical difference was found between microbial treatments. The highest temperatures assayed in the piles in fermentation process all were lower than 60℃, and the duration when temperature higher than 50℃ all were shorter than 9 days. The substrates were well fermented while the piles temperature decreased to room temperature. Assaying the physical features of the substrates demonstrated that the microbial fermentation improved the physical and biological properties of the substrate. Among the microorganisms, Trichoderma harzianum T83(T83) and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens IAE(BIAE) showed the best performance. Compared to the control treatment, bulk density, maximum water holding capacity, total porosity, capillary porosity and aeration porosity of the T83 treatment decreased by 25.52% and increased by 95.50%, 52.65%, 45.05% and 56.11%, respectively, while in BIAE treatment decreased by 27.78% and increased by 101.17%, 45.43%, 61.43% and 38.14%, respectively(P<0.05). Populations of total bacteria and fungi were found 1.94 times and 4.55 times respectively higher than control treatment in T83 treatment(P<0.05), and populations of total bacteria was 2.33 times higher than control treatment in BIAE treatment(P<0.05). Populations of Fusarium spp. and intestinal flora, compared to control treatment, were decreased by 70.97% and 82.31%, respectively in T83 treatment, and decreased by 81.29% and 77.70% in BIAE treatment(P<0.05). Compared to the control treatment, the height, ground fresh weight, root fresh weight, ground dry weight, root dry weight, stem diameter, chlorophyll content, root activity, population of the rhizospheric fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes of watermelon seedlings of the T83 treatment increased by 66.85%, 38.12%, 65.38%, 69.64%, 77.78%, 34.23%, 43.13%, 54.93%, 110.62 times, 1.63 times and 4.38 times, respectively and for BIAE treatment, the increases were by 80.40%, 38.49%, 64.74%, 76.19%, 100.00%, 54.88%, 46.40%, 67.26%, 67.26%, 1.59 times, 2.94 times and 5.66 times, respectively(P<0.05). Contents of malondialdehyde in roots were significantly decreased(P<0.05), and decreased of 70.62% and 61.86% were respectively found in T83 and BIAE treatments as compared to control treatment. The activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase in watermelon seedlings leaves were significantly increased(P<0.05) as compared to control treatment. The sludge could be fermented with the fungus T. harzianum T83 and bacteria B. amyloliquefaciens IAE to produce watermelon seedling raising substrate. The two microbial strains can significantly increase properties and the quality of sludge substrate, improve physiological features and resistance of raised seedling, and promote growth of watermelon seedlings, which provide a high added value way for the sludge agricultural utilization.
引文
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[12]赵晨浩,张民,刘之广,等.控释复合肥配施保水剂的盆栽月季节水保肥效果[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(13):175-182.Zhao Chenhao,Zhang Min,Liu Zhiguang,et al.Effects of saving water and fertilizer conservation for potted Chinese rose using controlled-release compound fertilizers combined with water retention agent[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(13):175-182.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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[15]赵肖玲,郑泽慧,蔡亚凡,等.哈茨木霉和黑曲霉粗酶液预处理改善秸秆产甲烷性能[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(3):219-226.Zhao Xiaoling,Zheng Zehui,Cai Yafan,et al.Pretreatment by crude enzymatic liquid from Trichoderma harzianum and Aspergillus sp improving methane production performance during anaerobic digestion of straw[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2018,34(3):219-226.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]Bünemann E K,Bongiorno G,Bai Z,et al.Soil quality-Acritical review[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2018,120:105-125.
[17]Chen L,Zhang J,Shao X,et al.Development and evaluation of Trichoderma asperellum preparation for control of sheath blight of rice(Oryza sativa L.)[J].Biocontrol Science and Technology,2015,25:316-328.
[18]Chen L,Han R,Zhang H,et al.Irrigating-continuous cropping with Bacillus subtilis D9 fortified waste water could control the Fusarium wilt of Artemisia selengens[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2017,113:127-134.
[19]Huang X,Liu L,Wen T,et al.Illumina MiSeq investigations on the changes of microbial community in the Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense infected soil during and after reductive soil disinfestation[J].Microbiological Research,2015,181:33-42.
[20]Wen T,Huang X,Zhang J,et al.Effects of water regime,crop residues,and application rates on control of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2015,31:30-37.
[21]Yang X,Chen L,Yong X,et al.Formulations can affect rhizosphere colonization and biocontrol efficiency of Trichoderma harzianum SQR-T037 against Fusarium wilt of cucumbers[J].Biology and fertility of soils,2011,47(3):239-248.
[22]Slimene I B,Tabbene O,Gharbi D,et al.Isolation of a Chitinolytic Bacillus licheniformis S213 Strain Exerting a Biological Control Against Phoma medicaginis Infection[J].Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology,2015,175(7):3494-3506.
[23]Rishad KS,Rebello S,Shabanamol P S,et al.Biocontrol potential of Halotolerant bacterial chitinase from high yielding novel Bacillus Pumilus MCB-7 autochthonous to mangrove ecosystem[J].Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology,2017,137:36-41.
[24]Lynch S V,Pedersen O.The human intestinal microbiome in health and disease[J].New England Journal of Medicine,2016,375(24):2369-2379.
[25]Albenberg L G,Wu G D.Diet and the intestinal microbiome:associations,functions,and implications for health and disease[J].Gastroenterology,2014,146(6):1564-1572.
[26]Chen L,Yang X,Raza W,et al.Solid-state fermentation of agro-industrial wastes to produce bioorganic fertilizer for the biocontrol of Fusarium wilt of cucumber in continuously cropped soil[J].Bioresource technology,2011,102(4):3900-3910.
[27]Bernal M P,Sommer S G,Chadwick D,et al.Chapter threecurrent approaches and future trends in compost quality criteria for agronomic,environmental,and human health benefits[J].Advances in Agronomy,2017,144:143-233.
[28]Tabassum B,Khan A,Tariq M,et al.Bottlenecks in commercialisation and future prospects of PGPR[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2017,121:102-117.
[29]Etesami H.Bacterial mediated alleviation of heavy metal stress and decreased accumulation of metals in plant tissues:Mechanisms and future prospects[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2018(147):175-191.
[30]Huang X F,Chaparro J M,Reardon K F,et al.Rhizosphere interactions:root exudates,microbes,and microbial communities[J].Botany,2014,92(4):267-275.
[31]曲萍,赵永富,宋婧,等.改性脲醛树脂粘合基质块性能及其对黄瓜幼苗生长的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(15):253-259.Qu Ping,Zhao Yongfu,Song Jing,et al.Performance of substrate blocks glued by modified urea formaldehyde resins and its effecton cucumber seedlings[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(15):253-259.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[2]?wierczek L,Cie?lik B,Konieczka P.The potential of raw sewage sludge in construction industry:A review[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2018,200:342-356.
[3]Liu M,Liu X,Wang W,et al.Effect of SiO2 and Al2O3 on characteristics of lightweight aggregate made from sewage sludge and river sediment[J].Ceramics International,2018,44:4313-4319.
[4]Yang X,Geng B,Zhu C,et al.Fermentation performance optimization in an ectopic fermentation system[J].Bioresource Technology,2018,260:329-337.
[5]Wei Y,Zhao Y,Fan Y,et al.Impact of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria inoculation methods on phosphorus transformation and long-term utilization in composting[J].Bioresource Technology,2017,241:134-141.
[6]Etesami H,Maheshwari D K.Use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria(PGPRs)with multiple plant growth promoting traits in stress agriculture:Action mechanisms and future prospects[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2018,156:225-246.
[7]Chen L,Huang X,Zhang F,et al.Application of Trichoderma harzianum SQR-T037 bio-organic fertiliser significantly controls Fusarium wilt and affects the microbial communities of continuously cropped soil of cucumber[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2012,92:2465-2470.
[8]Chen L,Zheng J,Shao X,et al.Effects of Trichoderma harzianum T83 on Suaeda salsa L.in coastal saline soil[J].Ecological Engineering,2016,91:58-64.
[9]Harman G E,Howell C R,Viterbo A et al.Trichoderma species-opportunistic,avirulent plant symbionts[J].Nature Reviews Microbiology,2004,2:43-56.
[10]NY525-2012,有机肥料[S].
[11]杨丹,熊东红,刘守江,等.土壤理化及力学性质对干热河谷台地边坡沟蚀发育的影响[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(4):170-176.Yang Dan,Xiong Donghong,Liu Shoujiang,et al.Impacts of soil physical-chemical and mechanical properties on gully erosion development on terrace slopes in dry-hot valley region[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2018,34(4):170-176.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]赵晨浩,张民,刘之广,等.控释复合肥配施保水剂的盆栽月季节水保肥效果[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(13):175-182.Zhao Chenhao,Zhang Min,Liu Zhiguang,et al.Effects of saving water and fertilizer conservation for potted Chinese rose using controlled-release compound fertilizers combined with water retention agent[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(13):175-182.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]Liu S,Zeng G,Niu Q,et al.Bioremediation mechanisms of combined pollution of PAHs and heavy metals by bacteria and fungi:A mini review[J].Bioresource Technology,2017,224:25-33.
[14]范富,张庆国,马玉露,等.苏打盐碱地围堤养鱼改良土壤的生物性状[J].农业工程学报,2018,34:142-146.Fan Fu,Zhang Qingguo,Ma Yulu,et al.Improving biological traits by soda alkali-saline land diking for fish[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2018,34(2):142-146.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]赵肖玲,郑泽慧,蔡亚凡,等.哈茨木霉和黑曲霉粗酶液预处理改善秸秆产甲烷性能[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(3):219-226.Zhao Xiaoling,Zheng Zehui,Cai Yafan,et al.Pretreatment by crude enzymatic liquid from Trichoderma harzianum and Aspergillus sp improving methane production performance during anaerobic digestion of straw[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2018,34(3):219-226.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]Bünemann E K,Bongiorno G,Bai Z,et al.Soil quality-Acritical review[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2018,120:105-125.
[17]Chen L,Zhang J,Shao X,et al.Development and evaluation of Trichoderma asperellum preparation for control of sheath blight of rice(Oryza sativa L.)[J].Biocontrol Science and Technology,2015,25:316-328.
[18]Chen L,Han R,Zhang H,et al.Irrigating-continuous cropping with Bacillus subtilis D9 fortified waste water could control the Fusarium wilt of Artemisia selengens[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2017,113:127-134.
[19]Huang X,Liu L,Wen T,et al.Illumina MiSeq investigations on the changes of microbial community in the Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense infected soil during and after reductive soil disinfestation[J].Microbiological Research,2015,181:33-42.
[20]Wen T,Huang X,Zhang J,et al.Effects of water regime,crop residues,and application rates on control of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2015,31:30-37.
[21]Yang X,Chen L,Yong X,et al.Formulations can affect rhizosphere colonization and biocontrol efficiency of Trichoderma harzianum SQR-T037 against Fusarium wilt of cucumbers[J].Biology and fertility of soils,2011,47(3):239-248.
[22]Slimene I B,Tabbene O,Gharbi D,et al.Isolation of a Chitinolytic Bacillus licheniformis S213 Strain Exerting a Biological Control Against Phoma medicaginis Infection[J].Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology,2015,175(7):3494-3506.
[23]Rishad KS,Rebello S,Shabanamol P S,et al.Biocontrol potential of Halotolerant bacterial chitinase from high yielding novel Bacillus Pumilus MCB-7 autochthonous to mangrove ecosystem[J].Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology,2017,137:36-41.
[24]Lynch S V,Pedersen O.The human intestinal microbiome in health and disease[J].New England Journal of Medicine,2016,375(24):2369-2379.
[25]Albenberg L G,Wu G D.Diet and the intestinal microbiome:associations,functions,and implications for health and disease[J].Gastroenterology,2014,146(6):1564-1572.
[26]Chen L,Yang X,Raza W,et al.Solid-state fermentation of agro-industrial wastes to produce bioorganic fertilizer for the biocontrol of Fusarium wilt of cucumber in continuously cropped soil[J].Bioresource technology,2011,102(4):3900-3910.
[27]Bernal M P,Sommer S G,Chadwick D,et al.Chapter threecurrent approaches and future trends in compost quality criteria for agronomic,environmental,and human health benefits[J].Advances in Agronomy,2017,144:143-233.
[28]Tabassum B,Khan A,Tariq M,et al.Bottlenecks in commercialisation and future prospects of PGPR[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2017,121:102-117.
[29]Etesami H.Bacterial mediated alleviation of heavy metal stress and decreased accumulation of metals in plant tissues:Mechanisms and future prospects[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2018(147):175-191.
[30]Huang X F,Chaparro J M,Reardon K F,et al.Rhizosphere interactions:root exudates,microbes,and microbial communities[J].Botany,2014,92(4):267-275.
[31]曲萍,赵永富,宋婧,等.改性脲醛树脂粘合基质块性能及其对黄瓜幼苗生长的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(15):253-259.Qu Ping,Zhao Yongfu,Song Jing,et al.Performance of substrate blocks glued by modified urea formaldehyde resins and its effecton cucumber seedlings[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(15):253-259.(in Chinese with English abstract)