智能风险与人工智能刑事责任之构建
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摘要
人工智能机器人具有机械性和自主性特点,其刑事归责冲击犯罪主体概念、罪过理论、因果关系认定和行为理论。目前人工智能的法律责任缺失和监管真空将导致严重的伦理危机和社会危害。美国学者类比法人刑事责任原理,提出机器人刑事责任的三种模式,即代理人责任模式、自然—可能—结果责任模式和直接责任模式,对于构建人工智能刑事责任具有借鉴意义。智能机器人刑事责任构建应以同一视原则为基础,以自主性为核心:当智能机器人仅扮演工具角色时,适用代理人责任;当智能机器人行为的结果在编程者/使用者"自然—可能—结果"的范围内,适用自然—可能—结果责任模式;当智能机器人的行为完全超出设计者/使用者的预见范围时,独立承担刑事责任。刑法应拟制智能机器人的法律人格,确认其罪过,避免人工智能技术风险上升为刑法风险。
引文
[1]腾讯研究院、中国信通院互联网法律研究中心:《人工智能》,中国人民大学出版社2017年版,第23页。
[2]Adeel Lari&Frank Douma,“Saf-Driving Vehicles and Policy Implications:Current Status of Autonomous Vehicle Development and Minnesota Policy Implications”,16 MINN.J.L.Sci.&TECH.735,745(2015).
[3]Justin McC urry,“South Korean Woman's Hair‘Eaten’by Robot Vacuum Cleaner as She Slept”,THE GUARDIAN,Feb.9,2015.
[4]See A.Michael Froomkin&P.Zak Colangelo,“Self-Defense against Robots and Drones”,48 Conn.L.Rev.1(2015).
[5]Sabine Gless&Emily Silverman,”If Robots Cause Harm,Who Is to Blame?Self-Driving Cars and Criminal Liability”,19 New Criminal Law Review 415(2016).
[6]Matthew U.Scherer,”Regulating Artificial Intelligence Systems:Risks,Challenges,Competencies,and Strategies”,29 Harvard Journal of Law&Technology 378(2016).
[7]Gabriel Hallevy,”The Criminal Liability of Artificial Intelligence Entities-From Science Fiction to Legal Social Control”,4 Akron Intellectual Property Journal 177-186(2010).
[8](1995)2 AC 500(PC)509(Eng.).
[9]Sabine Gless&Emily Silverman,supra note[5],p.431.
[10]Maruerite E.Gerstner,“Liability Issues with Artificial Intelligence Software”,33 Santa Clara L.Rev.239(1993).
[11]United States v.Powell,929 F.2d 724(D.C.Cir.1991).
[12]State v.Kaiser,918 P.2d 629(Kan.1996);United States v.Andrews,75 F.3d 552(9th Cir.1996).
[13]Robert P.Fine&Gary M.Cohen,“Is Criminal Negligence a Defensible Basis for Criminal Liability?”,16 BUFF.L.Rev.749(1966).
[14]S.M.Solaiman,“Corporate Manslaughter by Industrial Robots at Work:Who Should Go on Trial under the Principle of Common Law in Australia”,35 J.L.&Com.21(2016).
[15]Joshua Dressler,Cases and Materials on Criminal Law,Westlaw Press,2007,p.116.
[16]Lennard's Carrying Co.Ltd.v.Asiatic Petroleum Co.Ltd[1915]AC 705(HL).
[17]Director of Public Prosecutions v.Kent&Sussex Contractors Ltd,[1944]KB 146.
[18]G R Sullivan,“The Attribution of Culpability to Limited Companies”,55 Cambridge Law Journal 515(1996).
[19]John A.Barnden&Donald M.Peterson,“Artificial Intelligence,Mindreading,and Reasoning“22 Cardozo L.Rev.1381(2001).
[20]王勇:《互联网时代的金融犯罪变迁与刑法规制转向》,《当代法学》2018年第3期,第29页。
[21]前引[1],腾讯研究院、中国信通院互联网法律研究中心书,第196页。
[2]Adeel Lari&Frank Douma,“Saf-Driving Vehicles and Policy Implications:Current Status of Autonomous Vehicle Development and Minnesota Policy Implications”,16 MINN.J.L.Sci.&TECH.735,745(2015).
[3]Justin McC urry,“South Korean Woman's Hair‘Eaten’by Robot Vacuum Cleaner as She Slept”,THE GUARDIAN,Feb.9,2015.
[4]See A.Michael Froomkin&P.Zak Colangelo,“Self-Defense against Robots and Drones”,48 Conn.L.Rev.1(2015).
[5]Sabine Gless&Emily Silverman,”If Robots Cause Harm,Who Is to Blame?Self-Driving Cars and Criminal Liability”,19 New Criminal Law Review 415(2016).
[6]Matthew U.Scherer,”Regulating Artificial Intelligence Systems:Risks,Challenges,Competencies,and Strategies”,29 Harvard Journal of Law&Technology 378(2016).
[7]Gabriel Hallevy,”The Criminal Liability of Artificial Intelligence Entities-From Science Fiction to Legal Social Control”,4 Akron Intellectual Property Journal 177-186(2010).
[8](1995)2 AC 500(PC)509(Eng.).
[9]Sabine Gless&Emily Silverman,supra note[5],p.431.
[10]Maruerite E.Gerstner,“Liability Issues with Artificial Intelligence Software”,33 Santa Clara L.Rev.239(1993).
[11]United States v.Powell,929 F.2d 724(D.C.Cir.1991).
[12]State v.Kaiser,918 P.2d 629(Kan.1996);United States v.Andrews,75 F.3d 552(9th Cir.1996).
[13]Robert P.Fine&Gary M.Cohen,“Is Criminal Negligence a Defensible Basis for Criminal Liability?”,16 BUFF.L.Rev.749(1966).
[14]S.M.Solaiman,“Corporate Manslaughter by Industrial Robots at Work:Who Should Go on Trial under the Principle of Common Law in Australia”,35 J.L.&Com.21(2016).
[15]Joshua Dressler,Cases and Materials on Criminal Law,Westlaw Press,2007,p.116.
[16]Lennard's Carrying Co.Ltd.v.Asiatic Petroleum Co.Ltd[1915]AC 705(HL).
[17]Director of Public Prosecutions v.Kent&Sussex Contractors Ltd,[1944]KB 146.
[18]G R Sullivan,“The Attribution of Culpability to Limited Companies”,55 Cambridge Law Journal 515(1996).
[19]John A.Barnden&Donald M.Peterson,“Artificial Intelligence,Mindreading,and Reasoning“22 Cardozo L.Rev.1381(2001).
[20]王勇:《互联网时代的金融犯罪变迁与刑法规制转向》,《当代法学》2018年第3期,第29页。
[21]前引[1],腾讯研究院、中国信通院互联网法律研究中心书,第196页。