安庆西江长江江豚迁地保护基地河岸带植物群落结构特征
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摘要
安庆西江是长江下游唯一的长江江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis)迁地保护区。为了解安庆西江河岸带植物群落结构,进而评价西江长江江豚栖息地的生境情况,于2017年夏季对西江河岸带10个断面的植被进行了系统调查。研究结果表明,西江河岸带植被中共有维管植物166种,隶属于50科131属,其中藻类植物1科1属1种,蕨类植物1科1属2种,种子植物48科129属163种,以蝶形花科、菊科、禾本科为优势科,科、属的分布类型较为丰富。对植物群落结构分析的结果显示, Shannon-Wiener指数变幅为0.213—0.899,均值为0.629±0.399; Simpson指数变幅为0.135—0.465,均值为0.315±0.204,物种丰富度变化范围在3—14,多样性指数与丰富度指数变化一致。西江河岸带植被分布还呈现出显著的空间特征,两岸受人类活动影响较大的区域,河岸带植被多样性指数较低;自然区域的植物覆盖面积大,群落多样性指数和丰富度则较高。总体而言,西江河岸带植被物种丰富,覆盖率高,既可以改善水质,又可以为小型定居性鱼类提供良好的产卵场和索饵场,对于维持长江江豚迁地种群的栖息和繁衍生境具有重要意义。
The Xijiang Oxbow located in the Anqing section of Yangtze River is the only ex-situ conservation area for the Yangtze finless porpoise(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis). In order to understand the plant community structure in riparian zone of the Xijiang Oxbow and the habitat of the Yangtze finless porpoise in this area, the vegetation in 10 transects of the Xijiang Oxbow was investigated in the summer, 2017. This study identified 166 species of vascular plants with 50 families and 131 genera including 1 family with 1 genus and 1 species of algae, and, 1 family with 1 genus and2 species of ferns, as well as 163 species of 129 genus belonging to 48 families of seed plants. The main families were the Papilionaceae, Compositae and Gramineae, and the distribution types of families and genera were relatively rich.Besides, plant community structure showed that Shannon-Wiener indexes were between 0.213—0.899 with a mean of0.629±0.399, and Simpson indexes were between 0.135—0.465 with a mean of 0.315±0.204. The richness of species ranged from 3 to 14 with the same trend as the diversity indexes. The vegetation distribution in riparian zone of the Xijiang Oxbow presents a significant spatial feature. The areas destroyed by human activities on both sides of the river have lower diversity compared to the natural area covered by plant that has higher community diversity and richness. In general, the riparian zone of the Xijiang Oxbow has rich vegetation and high coverage to improve water quality and provide a good spawning and feeding ground for small settled fish, which own great significance to maintain the habitat and breeding for the migratory population of the Yangtze finless porpoise.
The Xijiang Oxbow located in the Anqing section of Yangtze River is the only ex-situ conservation area for the Yangtze finless porpoise(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis). In order to understand the plant community structure in riparian zone of the Xijiang Oxbow and the habitat of the Yangtze finless porpoise in this area, the vegetation in 10 transects of the Xijiang Oxbow was investigated in the summer, 2017. This study identified 166 species of vascular plants with 50 families and 131 genera including 1 family with 1 genus and 1 species of algae, and, 1 family with 1 genus and2 species of ferns, as well as 163 species of 129 genus belonging to 48 families of seed plants. The main families were the Papilionaceae, Compositae and Gramineae, and the distribution types of families and genera were relatively rich.Besides, plant community structure showed that Shannon-Wiener indexes were between 0.213—0.899 with a mean of0.629±0.399, and Simpson indexes were between 0.135—0.465 with a mean of 0.315±0.204. The richness of species ranged from 3 to 14 with the same trend as the diversity indexes. The vegetation distribution in riparian zone of the Xijiang Oxbow presents a significant spatial feature. The areas destroyed by human activities on both sides of the river have lower diversity compared to the natural area covered by plant that has higher community diversity and richness. In general, the riparian zone of the Xijiang Oxbow has rich vegetation and high coverage to improve water quality and provide a good spawning and feeding ground for small settled fish, which own great significance to maintain the habitat and breeding for the migratory population of the Yangtze finless porpoise.
引文
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[16]Fu P,Lu Y Q,Yang L Y,et al.Floristic composition of wild vascular plants in Tian-e-Zhou wetlands,Shishou[J].Wetland Science,2017,15(4):540-545[付鹏,鲁燕琴,袁龙义,等.石首天鹅洲湿地野生维管束植物区系组成研究.湿地科学,2017,15(4):540-545]
[17]Hou Z Y,Xie Y H,Gao D L,et al.The life form and environment factors of typical plantcommunities in the Dongting Lake wetlands[J].Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology,2016,22(6):993-999[侯志勇,谢永宏,高大立,等.洞庭湖湿地典型植物群落生活型构成及其环境影响因子.应用与环境生物学报,2016,22(6):993-999]
[18]Liu K,Dai J X,Tang C F,et al.Diversity of vascular plant and classification system of vegetation in wetlands of Anhui Province[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(19):5434-5444[刘坤,戴俊贤,唐成丰,等.安徽湿地维管植物多样性及植被分类系统.生态学报,2014,34(19):5434-5444]
[19]Ren B.Analysis on the typical phytocoenoses and its principle factors of distribution paterns in East Dongting Lake wetland[D].Hunan Agricultural University.2012[任勃.东洞庭湖湿地典型植物群落及其格局主因子分析.湖南农业大学.2012]
[20]Coller A L V,Rogers K H,Heritage G L.Riparian vegetation-environment relationships:complementarity of gradients versus patch hierarchy approaches[J].Journal of Vegetation Science,2000,11(3):337-350
[21]Alireza N,Adel J,Farideh A,et al.Floristic characteristics of the wetland sites on dry southern slopes of the Alborz Mts.N.Iran:The role of altitude in floristic composition[J].Flora,2009,204(4):254-269
[22]Mitsch W J,Zhang L,Waletzko E,et al.Validation of the ecosystem services of created wetlands:Two decades of plant succession,nutrient retention,and carbon sequestration in experimental riverine marshes[J].Ecological Engineering,2014,72:11-24
[23]Harmá?kováZ V,Va?ká?D.Modelling regulating ecosystem services trade-offs across landscape scenarios in T?eboňsko Wetlands Biosphere Reserve,Czech Republic[J].Ecological Modelling,2015,295:207-215
[24]Ji C P,Wang H.Response of vegetation distribution to soil environmental factors in wetlands of Poyang Lake[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2018,27(8):1424-1431[纪昌品,王华.鄱阳湖湿地植物群落分布特征及其对土壤环境因子的响应.生态环境学报,2018,27(8):1424-1431]
[25]Davis R W,Ortega-Ortiz J G,Ribic C A,et al.Cetacean habitat in the northern oceanic Gulf of Mexico[J].Deep Sea Research PartⅠ:Oceanographic Research Papers,2002,49(1):121-142
[26]Schofield P J.Habitat selection of two gobies(Microgobius gulosus,Gobiosoma robustum):influence of structural complexity,competitive interactions,and presence of a predator[J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biology&Ecology,2003,288(1):125-137
[27]Yu D P,Jiang W H,Huang L X.Swimming areas and their seasonal variation for Yangtze finless porpoise in the semi-natural conservation district[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2003,27(6):657-659[于道平,蒋文华,黄立新.半自然水域中长江江豚活动区域及其季节性变化.水生生物学报,2003,27(6):657-659]
[28]Zhao X,Barlow J,Taylor B L,et al.Abundance and conservation status of the Yangtze finless porpoise in the Yangtze River,China[J].Biological Conservation,2008,141(12):3006-3018
[29]Zhao X J.Investigation of survey methodology on the abundance of cetaceans in riverine systems and its applications[D].Institute of Hydrobiology,Chinese Academy of Sciences.2009[赵修江.河流系统鲸豚类种群数量调查方法探索及其应用研究.中国科学院水生生物研究所.2009]
[30]Yang G,Zhou K Y.An initial study on the population size and distribution of bottlenose dolphin in the East China Sea[J].Acta Theriologica Sinica,1997,17(4):241-247[杨光,周开亚.东海水域瓶鼻海豚种群数量和分布的初步研究.兽类学报,1997,17(4):241-247]
[31]Wei Z,Wang D,Zhang X F,et al.Population size,behavior,movement pattern and activity protection of Yangtze finless porpoises at Bailijiang section of the Yangtze River[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2002,11(5):427-432[魏卓,王丁,张先锋,等.长江八里江江段江豚种群数量、行为及其活动规律与保护.长江流域资源与环境,2002,11(5):427-432]
[32]Nisbet T R.The role of forest management in controlling diffuse pollution in UK forestry[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2001,143(1):215-226
[33]Sullivan T J,Moore J A,Thomas D R,et al.Efficacy of vegetated buffers in preventing transport of fecal coliform bacteria from pasturelands[J].Environmental Management,2007,40(6):958-965
[34]Kimura S,Akamatsu T,Li S H,et al.Seasonal changes in the local distribution of Yangtze finless porpoises related to fish presence[J].Marine Mammal Science,2012,28(2):308-324
[2]Naiman R J,Decamps H,Pollock M.The role of riparian corridors in maintaining regional biodiversity[J].Ecological Applications,1993,3(2):209-212
[3]Naimanand R J,Décamps H.The ecology of interfaces:riparian zones[J].Annual Review of Ecology&Systematics,1997,28(1):621-658
[4]Tabacchi E,Correll D L,Hauer R,et al.Development,maintenance and role of riparian vegetation in the river landscape[J].Freshwater Biology,1998,40(3):497-516
[5]Gao A L,Zhou K Y.Notes on classical literatures and contemporary researches on the finless porpoise(Neophocaena phocaenoides)[J].Acta Theriologica Sinica,1993,13(3):223-234[高安利,周开亚.关于江豚的古籍记载及现代研究.兽类学报,1993,13(3):223-234]
[6]Zhou X,Guan X,Sun D,et al.Population genomics of finless porpoises reveal an incipient cetacean species adapted to freshwater[J].Nature Communications,2018,9(1):1276
[7]Wang D,Zhang X F,Liu R J.The Present Situation and Future of the Protection of Yangtze River White Dolphin and Finless Porpoise in China,See:21st Century Ecological and Environmental Protection in Large-scale Water Conservancy Project of Changjiang River[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press.1998,218-226[王丁,张先锋,刘仁俊.中国长江白鱀豚、江豚保护的现状及其未来,见:21世纪长江大型水利工程中的生态与环境保护.北京:中国环境科学出版社.1998,218-226]
[8]Mei Z G,Zhang X Q,Huang S L,et al.The Yangtze finless porpoise:on an accelerating path to extinction[J].Biological Conservation,2014,172:117-123
[9]Wu Q Q.Agricultural and rural department held a press conference:The number of Yangtze finless porpoises is about 1012,and the protection work will be further upgraded[J].Rural Work Communication,2018,(15):60[王琦琪.农业农村部举行发布会:长江江豚数量约为1012头,保护工作将进一步升级.农村工作通讯,2018,(15):60]
[10]Zhu Y,Liao W G,Feng S X.Study on the physical habitat characteristics of Yangtze finless porpoise in Tian-ezhou Oxbow of Yangtze River[J].Journal of China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research,2012,10(3):185-191[朱瑶,廖文根,冯顺新.长江江豚的天鹅洲故道栖息地特征研究.中国水利水电科学研究院学报,2012,10(3):185-191]
[11]Zhang X K,Liu K,Wang A,et al.Community structure of zooplankton and its relationship with survivability of the Yangtze finless porpoises in Xijiang Oxbow,Anqing city[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2018,42(2):392-399[张晓可,刘凯,万安,等.安庆西江浮游动物群落结构及江豚生存状况评估.水生生物学报,2018,42(2):392-399]
[12]Lian Y X,Yang X G,Wan A,et al.Evaluation of bait fish resources for Yangtze finless porise in Xijiang Oxbow,Anqing[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2018,27(5):1051-1060[连玉喜,杨晓鸽,万安,等.安庆西江长江江豚饵料鱼资源评估.长江流域资源与环境,2018,27(5):1051-1060]
[13]Chinese plant flora editorial committee of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.Flora of China[M].Beijing:Science Press.1959-2004[中国科学院中国植物志编辑委员会.中国植物志.北京:科学出版社.1959-2004]
[14]Wu Z Y.The areal-types of Chinese genera of seed plants[J].Acta Botanica Yunnanica,1991,4:1-139[吴征镒.中国种子植物属的分布区类型.云南植物研究,1991,4:1-139]
[15]Wu Z Y.The areal-types of the world families of seed plants[J].Acta Botanica Yunnanica,2003,25(5):535-538[吴征镒.世界种子植物科的分布区类型系统.云南植物研究,2003,25(5):535-538]
[16]Fu P,Lu Y Q,Yang L Y,et al.Floristic composition of wild vascular plants in Tian-e-Zhou wetlands,Shishou[J].Wetland Science,2017,15(4):540-545[付鹏,鲁燕琴,袁龙义,等.石首天鹅洲湿地野生维管束植物区系组成研究.湿地科学,2017,15(4):540-545]
[17]Hou Z Y,Xie Y H,Gao D L,et al.The life form and environment factors of typical plantcommunities in the Dongting Lake wetlands[J].Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology,2016,22(6):993-999[侯志勇,谢永宏,高大立,等.洞庭湖湿地典型植物群落生活型构成及其环境影响因子.应用与环境生物学报,2016,22(6):993-999]
[18]Liu K,Dai J X,Tang C F,et al.Diversity of vascular plant and classification system of vegetation in wetlands of Anhui Province[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(19):5434-5444[刘坤,戴俊贤,唐成丰,等.安徽湿地维管植物多样性及植被分类系统.生态学报,2014,34(19):5434-5444]
[19]Ren B.Analysis on the typical phytocoenoses and its principle factors of distribution paterns in East Dongting Lake wetland[D].Hunan Agricultural University.2012[任勃.东洞庭湖湿地典型植物群落及其格局主因子分析.湖南农业大学.2012]
[20]Coller A L V,Rogers K H,Heritage G L.Riparian vegetation-environment relationships:complementarity of gradients versus patch hierarchy approaches[J].Journal of Vegetation Science,2000,11(3):337-350
[21]Alireza N,Adel J,Farideh A,et al.Floristic characteristics of the wetland sites on dry southern slopes of the Alborz Mts.N.Iran:The role of altitude in floristic composition[J].Flora,2009,204(4):254-269
[22]Mitsch W J,Zhang L,Waletzko E,et al.Validation of the ecosystem services of created wetlands:Two decades of plant succession,nutrient retention,and carbon sequestration in experimental riverine marshes[J].Ecological Engineering,2014,72:11-24
[23]Harmá?kováZ V,Va?ká?D.Modelling regulating ecosystem services trade-offs across landscape scenarios in T?eboňsko Wetlands Biosphere Reserve,Czech Republic[J].Ecological Modelling,2015,295:207-215
[24]Ji C P,Wang H.Response of vegetation distribution to soil environmental factors in wetlands of Poyang Lake[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2018,27(8):1424-1431[纪昌品,王华.鄱阳湖湿地植物群落分布特征及其对土壤环境因子的响应.生态环境学报,2018,27(8):1424-1431]
[25]Davis R W,Ortega-Ortiz J G,Ribic C A,et al.Cetacean habitat in the northern oceanic Gulf of Mexico[J].Deep Sea Research PartⅠ:Oceanographic Research Papers,2002,49(1):121-142
[26]Schofield P J.Habitat selection of two gobies(Microgobius gulosus,Gobiosoma robustum):influence of structural complexity,competitive interactions,and presence of a predator[J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biology&Ecology,2003,288(1):125-137
[27]Yu D P,Jiang W H,Huang L X.Swimming areas and their seasonal variation for Yangtze finless porpoise in the semi-natural conservation district[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2003,27(6):657-659[于道平,蒋文华,黄立新.半自然水域中长江江豚活动区域及其季节性变化.水生生物学报,2003,27(6):657-659]
[28]Zhao X,Barlow J,Taylor B L,et al.Abundance and conservation status of the Yangtze finless porpoise in the Yangtze River,China[J].Biological Conservation,2008,141(12):3006-3018
[29]Zhao X J.Investigation of survey methodology on the abundance of cetaceans in riverine systems and its applications[D].Institute of Hydrobiology,Chinese Academy of Sciences.2009[赵修江.河流系统鲸豚类种群数量调查方法探索及其应用研究.中国科学院水生生物研究所.2009]
[30]Yang G,Zhou K Y.An initial study on the population size and distribution of bottlenose dolphin in the East China Sea[J].Acta Theriologica Sinica,1997,17(4):241-247[杨光,周开亚.东海水域瓶鼻海豚种群数量和分布的初步研究.兽类学报,1997,17(4):241-247]
[31]Wei Z,Wang D,Zhang X F,et al.Population size,behavior,movement pattern and activity protection of Yangtze finless porpoises at Bailijiang section of the Yangtze River[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2002,11(5):427-432[魏卓,王丁,张先锋,等.长江八里江江段江豚种群数量、行为及其活动规律与保护.长江流域资源与环境,2002,11(5):427-432]
[32]Nisbet T R.The role of forest management in controlling diffuse pollution in UK forestry[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2001,143(1):215-226
[33]Sullivan T J,Moore J A,Thomas D R,et al.Efficacy of vegetated buffers in preventing transport of fecal coliform bacteria from pasturelands[J].Environmental Management,2007,40(6):958-965
[34]Kimura S,Akamatsu T,Li S H,et al.Seasonal changes in the local distribution of Yangtze finless porpoises related to fish presence[J].Marine Mammal Science,2012,28(2):308-324