气候变化背景下深松播种对玉米农田土壤水热与呼吸特性的影响
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摘要
2017～2018年夏玉米季,设夏玉米深松播种(ST)和常规免耕播种(NT)2个处理,研究不同播种方式对农田土壤水热动态、呼吸速率、硝态氮含量、产量及水分利用特征的影响。结果表明,玉米全生育期,ST处理地积温显著高于NT处理,2个种植季平均提高160.4℃·d,提高幅度为5.3%。全生育期ST处理平均土壤呼吸速率平均比NT处理高11.7%。采用深松播种,0～100 cm根系利用水分较为活跃土层含水量比免耕播种提高1.2个百分点,其中,21～100 cm提高2个百分点。0～20 cm深松播种土壤种硝态氮含量含低于免耕播种;41～60 cm相反。0～60 cm土层,不同处理苗期至穗期,深松播种处理土壤硝态氮含量稍高,但与免耕播种处理差异不显著。深松播种显著降低玉米农田耗水量,提高水分利用效率,肥料偏生产力也有显著提高。
To cope with drought and extreme weather conditions, summer maize is sowed by two cultivation patterns, deep tillage(DT) and conventional no-tillage(NT), at Hengshui Experimental Station of Modern Agricultural Technical System in Hebei province in 2017 and 2018. In different sowing pattern fields, we evaluated the dynamicsof soil temperature, moisture, respiration rate and nitrate content, as well as the yield and water use efficiency ofmaize. In DT treatment, the accumulated temperature was significantly higher than that in NT during the wholemaize growth period, and the averaged increase percentage in two years was 5.3%(160.4℃·d). The averaged soil res-piration rate in DT was 11.7% higher than that in NT treatment. In addition in DT, the water content of 0-100 cmsoil layer(where maize root was active) was 1.2% higher than that in ST, especially the water content in the soil layerof 21-100 cm was increased by 2%. The nitrate nitrogen in 0-20 cm soil layer was lower in DT treatment than inNT, but it showed opposite trend in 41-60 cm soil layer. In total, the soil nitrate nitrogen content of 0-60 cm soil lay-er was a litter higher in DT than in NT during maize whole growth period, but the difference between DT and NT didnot significant. In DT cultivation pattern, the water use efficiency of maize was significantly increased and fertilizerpartial productivity was greatly improved.
To cope with drought and extreme weather conditions, summer maize is sowed by two cultivation patterns, deep tillage(DT) and conventional no-tillage(NT), at Hengshui Experimental Station of Modern Agricultural Technical System in Hebei province in 2017 and 2018. In different sowing pattern fields, we evaluated the dynamicsof soil temperature, moisture, respiration rate and nitrate content, as well as the yield and water use efficiency ofmaize. In DT treatment, the accumulated temperature was significantly higher than that in NT during the wholemaize growth period, and the averaged increase percentage in two years was 5.3%(160.4℃·d). The averaged soil res-piration rate in DT was 11.7% higher than that in NT treatment. In addition in DT, the water content of 0-100 cmsoil layer(where maize root was active) was 1.2% higher than that in ST, especially the water content in the soil layerof 21-100 cm was increased by 2%. The nitrate nitrogen in 0-20 cm soil layer was lower in DT treatment than inNT, but it showed opposite trend in 41-60 cm soil layer. In total, the soil nitrate nitrogen content of 0-60 cm soil lay-er was a litter higher in DT than in NT during maize whole growth period, but the difference between DT and NT didnot significant. In DT cultivation pattern, the water use efficiency of maize was significantly increased and fertilizerpartial productivity was greatly improved.
引文
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[2]刘芳圆,肖嗣荣,刘寒,等.河北地区气候变化及其对农业的影响[J].地理与地理信息科学,2014,30(4):122-126.Liu F Y,Xiao S R,Liu H,et al.Research of impacts of climate change on agricultural of Hebei region[J].Geography and Geo-Information Sciences,2014,30(4):122-126.(in Chinese)
[3]张晓.浅议河北省黑龙港流域节水农业发展[J].河北水利,2017(11):30.Zhang X.Discussion on the development of water saving agriculture in the black dragon harbor basin of Hebei province[J].Hebei Water Resources,2017(11):30.(in Chinese)
[4]刘洋,孙占祥,白伟,等.不同耕法对土壤含水量、玉米生长发育及产量的影响[J].辽宁农业科学,2011(2):10-14.Liu Y,Sun Z X,Bai W,et al.Effect of soil moisture and maize growth and yield the different cultivation method[J].Liaoning Agricultural Sciences,2011(2):10-14.(in Chinese)
[5]蔡丽君,边大红,田晓东,等.耕作方式对土壤理化性状及夏玉米生长发育和产量的影响[J].华北农学报,2014,29(5):232-238.Cai L J,Bian D H,Tian X D,et al.Effect of tillage methods on soil physical and chemical properties,growth and grain yield of summer maize[J].Acta Agriculture Boreali-Sinica,2014,29(5):232-238.(in Chinese)
[6]尹宝重,甄文超,郭丽果.海河低平原不同耕作方式下麦田土壤生态环境特征[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(1):186-194.Yin B Z,Zhen W C,Guo L G.The soil ecological-environment characteristics in wheat growing season under different tillage treatments in Haihe lowland plain[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,29(1):186-194.(in Chinese)
[7]Kasper M,Buchan G D,Mentler A,et al.Influence of soil tillage systems on aggregate stability and the distribution of C and N in different aggregate fractions[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2009,105:192-199.(in Chinese)
[8]于晓芳,高聚林,叶君,等.深松及氮肥深施对超高产春玉米根系生长、产量及氮肥利用效率的影响[J].玉米科学,2013,21(1):114-119.Yu X F,Gao J L,Ye J,et al.Effects of deep loosening with nitrogen deep placement on root growth,grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of super high-yield spring maize[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2013,21(1):114-119.(in Chinese)
[9]Riley H C F,Bleken M A,Abrahamsen S,et al.Effects of alternative tillage systems on soil quality and yield of spring cereals on silty clay loam and sandy loam soils in the cool,wet climate of central Norway[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2005,80:79-93.(in Chinese)
[10]王新兵,侯海鹏,周宝元,等.条带深松对不同密度玉米群体根系空间分布的调节效应[J].作物学报,2014,40(12):2136-2148.Wang X B,Hou H P,Zhou B Y,et al.Effect of strip subsoiling on population root spatial distribution of maize under different planting densities[J].Acta Agronomic Sinica,2014,40(12):2136-2148.(in Chinese)
[11]高青山.浅析汉沽区棉花深松旋耕、平衡施肥技术[J].中国农业信息,2016,28(10):69.Gao Q S.Brief analysis of cotton deep loosening rotary tillage and balanced fertilization technology in Hangu area[J].China Agricultural Information,2016,28(10):69.(in Chinese)
[12]颜学佳,魏江生,周梅,等.兴安落叶松林土壤呼吸及组分的变化特征[J].生态环境学报,2013,22(6):948-954.Yan X J,Wei J S,Zhou M,et al.Variation characteristics of soil respiration and its components in Larix Gmelinii forest[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2013,22(6):948-954.(in Chinese)
[13]张英利,许安民,尚浩博,等.连续流动分析仪测定土壤硝态氮和有效磷的试验及改进[J].中国土壤与肥料,2008(2):77-80.Zhang Y L,Xu A M,Shang H B,et al.Determination study and improvement of nitrate and available phosphorus in soil by continuous flow analytical system[J].Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China,2008(2):77-80.(in Chinese)
[14]仇宽彪,成军锋,贾宝全.中国中东部农田作物水分利用效率时空分布及影响因子分析[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(11):103-109.Qiu K B,Cheng J F,Jia B Q.Spatio-temporal distribution of cropland water use efficiency and influential factors in middle and east of China[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2015,31(11):103-109.(in Chinese)
[15]侯贤清,李荣,韩清芳,等.夏闲期不同耕作模式对土壤蓄水保墒效果及作物水分利用效率的影响[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(3):94-100.Hou X Q,Li R,Han Q F,et al.Effects of different tillage patterns during summer fallow on soil water conservation and crop water use efficiency[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2012,28(3):94-100.(in Chinese)
[16]陈云峰,李双来,胡诚,等.荆州市粮棉油作物肥料偏生产力和农学效率现状[J].湖北农业科学,2010(增刊):67-69.Chen Y F,Li S L,Hu C,et al.Partial productivity and agronomic efficiency of grain and cottonseed oil in Jingzhou[J].Hubei Agricultural Sciences,2010(S):67-69.(in Chinese)
[17]黄高宝,李玲玲,张仁陟,等.免耕秸秆覆盖对旱作麦田土壤温度的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2006,24(5):1-4,19.Huang G B,Li L L,Zhang R Z,et al.Effects of no-tillage with stubble retention on soil temperature of rainfed spring wheat field[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2006,24(5):1-4,19.(in Chinese)
[18]崔骁勇,陈佐忠,陈四清.草地土壤呼吸研究进展[J].生态学报,2001,21(2):315-325.Cui X Y,Chen Z Z,Chen S Q.Progress in research on soil respiration of grasslands[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2001,21(2):315-325.(in Chinese)
[19]A lvarez R,Steinbach H S.A review of the effects of tillage systems on some soil physical properties,water content,nitrate availability and crops yield in the Argentine Pampas[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2009,104(1):1-15.
[20]王宏立,张祖立,张伟.不同耕作方式对寒地旱作区土壤温度的影响[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2008,39(1):44-47.Wang H L,Zhang Z L,Zhang W.Effects of different tillage managements on soil temperature in cold and dry farming areas[J].Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University,2008,39(1):44-47.(in Chinese)
[21]梁金凤,齐庆振,贾小红,等.不同耕作方式对土壤性质与玉米生长的影响研究[J].生态环境学报,2010,19(4):945-950.Liang J F,Qi Q Z,Jia X H,et al.Effects of different tillage managements on soil properties and corn growth[J].Ecology and Environment Sciences,2010,19(4):945-950.(in Chinese)
[22]巨晓棠,刘学军,邹国元,等.冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系中氮素的损失途径分析[J].中国农业科学,2002,35(12):1493-1499.Ju X T,Liu X J,Zou G Y,et al.Evaluation of nitrogen loss way in winter wheat and summer maize rotation system[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2002,35(12):1493-1499.(in Chinese)
[23]尹宝重,甄文超,马燕会.深松一体化播种对夏玉米农田土壤水热特征及微生物动态的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2015(3):285-293.Yin B Z,Zhen W C,Ma Y H.Effects of subsoiling-seeding on soil water,temperature and microbial characteristics of summer maize field[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2015(3):285-293.(in Chinese)
[24]董立国,许浩,张源润,等.宁夏黄土丘陵区冬小麦农田土壤呼吸特征及影响因素分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2013,27(1):75-80.Dong L G,Xu H,Zhang Y R,et al.Characteristics of soil respiration of winter wheat farmland and the affecting factors in the Loess hilly region of Ningxia[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2013,27(1):75-80.(in Chinese)
[25]庞绪.不同耕作措施对土壤碳库和水热特性的影响[D].中国农业科学院,2013.
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